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HISTORY OF 
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 



BY 



JOSIAH H. SHINN 

SUPERINTENDENT Ol- PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR THE 
STATE OF ARKANSAS 



NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI ■ : • CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



^s-^"^^^ 



GtOJL ) ;OPV, 

l&ii3. 




.ni 



40916 

Copyright, 1893 and 1899, by 
American Book Company. 

Hist. Am. People. 

T-P 17 




\'^'3\Vi:^Ms.'Xo. 3<5 . 



PREFACE. 

THE aim of this book is to present the history of our country 
in a somewhat more elaborate form than is usually adopted 
in books of this class. An experience of eighteen years as a 
teacher of youth from eleven to twenty years of age has led the 
author to believe that the power of history is too frequently lost 
in an attempt to simplify it unduly. Reason has begun its vig- 
orous work at the ages named, and its habit is to seek for the 
language of maturity rather than for that of childhood. 

Another aim is to unfold and display the neglected history of 
many parts of our country. 

In the preparation of the book, the archives of many States, 
old manuscripts, State and private libraries, have been carefully 
consulted. Nearly every book that historians recognize as an 
authority has been studied, and in cases of conflict the truth has 
been dihgenfely sought for. 

The fact is recognized that many fables or myths have crept 
into the sacred domain of history ; but this has not been made a 
warrant for an indiscriminate rejection of the many truths that 
incredulity has attacked. 

In the case of the disputed voyage of Vespucci, although in- 
volved in much doubt, the common decision of modern scholar- 
ship has been permitted to outweigh the ingenious theories of 
Varnhagen and Fiske. 

In political matters even-handed justice has been invoked 
upon every question. It is believed by the author that the full 

5 



6 PREFACE. 

presentation of both sides of every question is the surest and 
most direct route to truth, and that truth is the only basis for a 
common love of country. 

An honest endeavor has been made to be accurate, clear, and 
impartial. Every line has been penned with a sincere desire to 
magnify the greatness of the whole country by presenting faith- 
fully the wisdom, prowess, and worth of every part. 

JosiAH H. Shinn. 
Cumberland Place, 
Little Rock, Ark. 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. — PREHISTORIC AMERICA. 

CHAP. PAGE 

I. The Mound Builders 9 

II. The Indians 14 

III. The Northmen 20 

PART II. — EXPLORATION AND ADVENTURE. 

IV. Search for a Western Route to Asia 25 

V. Exploration of the Coasts '. 36 

VI. Exploration by Spaniards and Huguenots 41 

VII. English Explorations 48 

VIII. Explorations of the French 54 

PART III. — ERA OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL 
DEVELOPMENT. 

IX. The First English Settlement 63 

X. Development of the Virginia Colony 71 

XI. Settlement of New England 77 

XII. United New England 84 

XIII. The Dutch Colony of New Netherland 90 

XIV. The Fall of New Netherland 95 

XV. New Jersey 100 

XVI. Pennsylvania 103 

XVII. Maryland 108 

XVIII. North Carolina 112 

XIX. South Carolina 117 

XX. Georgia 121 

PART IV. — STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY BETWEEN THE 
ENGLISH AND FRENCH. 

XXI. The French in Louisiana 129 

XXII. The Early Colonial Wars .... 133 

XXIII. French and Indian War 139 

XXIV. French and Indian War, Continued 145 

PART V. — REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE. 

XXV. Oppressive Legislation 153 

XXVI. Colonies Organizing for Resistance 164 

XXVII. Opening Scenes of the Revolution 171 

XXVIII. Campaign of 1776 178 

3 



8 CONTENTS. 

CHAP. PAGE 

XXIX. Campaign of i 777 186 

XXX. Campaigns OF 1778 AND 1779 192 

XXXI. Campaign of i 7S0 199 

XXXII. Events West of the Mountains . 204 

XXXIII. Campaign of 1781 212 

XXXIV. State and Federal Government 218 

XXXV. The West, and State Education 226 

PART VI. — RISE OF THE REPUBLIC. 

XXXVI. Washington's Administration 233 

XXXVII. Adams's Administration 242 

XXXVIII. Jefferson's Administration 245 

XXXIX. Madison's Administration 252 

XL. Monroe's Administration 268 

XLI. John Quincy Adams's Administration 275 

XLII. Jackson's Administration 280 

XLIII. Van Buren's Administration 288 

XLIV. Harrison-Tyler Administration 292 

XLV. Polk's Administration 300 

XLVI. Taylor-Fillmore Administration 307 

XLVII. Pierce's Administration 312 

XLVIII. Buchanan's Administration 317 

PART VII. — THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY WAR. 

XLIX. Lincoln's First Administration (Events of 1861) 329 

L. Lincoln's First Administration (Events of 1862) 339 

LI. Lincoln's First Administration (Events of 1863, East). 349 

LII. Lincoln's First Administration (Events of 1863, West) 354 

LIII. Lincoln's First Administration (Events of 1864) 363 

LIV. Lincoln's Second Administration 372 

LV. Johnson's Administration 378 

PART VIII. — THE RECONSTRUCTED UNION. 

LVT. Grant's First Administration 385 

LVII. Grant's Second Administration 390 

LVIII Hayes's Administration 394 

LIX. Gakfield-Arthur Administration 399 

LX. Cleveland's First Administration 403 

LXI. Harrison's Administration 408 

LXII. Cleveland's Second Administration 414 

LXIII. McKinley's Administration 416 

LIST OF MAPS. 

North America, showing Indian Tribes 18, 19 

French and Indian War 134, 135 

Revolutionary War • 154, 155 

War of 1812 254, 255 

The Southern Confederacy War 322, 323 

Growth of the United States 422,423 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

PART 1. — PREHISTORIC AMERICA. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE MOUND BUILDERS. 

Chief Topics. 
Occupants of America. 1 Distribution of Earthworks. 
Ancient Earthworl<s. Their Probable Age. 

What they teach. | Who built them. 

1. America has been occupied by (i) the Mound Builders; 
(2) the Indians; (3) the Northmen; and (4) Europeans of the 
Spanish, French, Dutch, Swedish, and EngHsh races. 

2. Ancient Earthworks. — In many parts of the Mississippi 
Valley, earthworks are found which appear to be the remains 
of ancient fortresses or defensive structures, dwelling-houses, 
and burial sites. These mounds of earth are of peculiar shapes : 
the general forms being (i) low, circular burial heaps; (2) huge 
truncated pyramids; (3) embankments; (4) eifigies ; (5) stone 
cairns ; (6) house sites. They vary in size from a few feet in 
circumference and elevation to structures with a circumference 
of two thousand feet and an altitude of from sixty to ninety 
feet. One in Mississippi covers a base of six acres. The ram- 
parts, or fortifications, inclose from a hundred to four hundred 
acres, and are from six to thirty feet high. One in Missouri 
incloses four hundred acres. They are generally nearly exact 
circles or squares. Others in Wisconsin take the shapes of 
men, birds, and quadrupeds. An earthwork on Spring Creek, 

9 



HISTORY OF THE .L]fF.R/C.lX PI-.ori.E. 




Ri-liis /li'in Auiiiut Kiirtlr. 



in Tennessee, contains the remains of a walled town. At 
Newark, Ohio, a complex structure has been found cover- 
ing an area more than two miles square, while one in 
Adams County, in the same state, bears the appearance of a 
serpent. It is about a thousand feet long. One has been found 
near St. Louis covering eight acres of ground. In Arkansas sev- 
eral mounds have been examined, and found to contain tools 
made of copper, ornaments of copper and silver, stone pipes, 
and clay pottery decorated in a most skillful manner. 

3. What we learn from these Earthworks. — In a gen- 
eral way the earthworks take the place of a written history of those 
people who had no well-developed written language. They tell us 
Indian habits, Indian beliefs, and Indian arts in a better way 
than all their other works have done. The gifts in the graves 
show their arts and customs, together with their home life and 
their regard for the dead. Their religions and superstitions are 
also shown in the modes of burial. The pyramidal mounds, the 
inclosures, the canals, and the walls show their character and 
strength as tribes. The differences in the burial rites and earth- 
works help us to a better knowledge of their tribal differences, 
and from this we learn the respective areas occupied by various 
tribes during the mound-building period. 

4. Areas occupied by Different Peoples or Tribes. — 
From a careful exploration of these earthworks by scientific men 



THE MOUND BUILDERS. il 

appointed by the government,^ it appears that the following areas 
were occupied by different peoples during the mound-building 
age, although the evidence leads to the belief that these were of 
a common origin or ancestry : — 

(i) The Wisconsin District. — Southern Wisconsin, northern 
Illinois, and northeastern Iowa. The characteristic is the em- 
blematic or effigy mounds. 

(2) The Illinois District. — Eastern Iowa, northeastern Mis- 
souri, and central Illinois. The characteristics are the conical 
tumuli or burial places, the wooden or stone vaults, absence of 
pottery, frequency of pipes, and the presence of copper axes. 

(3) The Ohio District. — Ohio, western part of West Virginia, 
and eastern Indiana. Much of all that is found here allies 
this with the Gulf district (6), but it has some distinctive char- 
acteristics. These are the great circles and squares and parallel 
lines of earthen walls, the altar mounds, the carved stone pipes, 
the peculiar forms of pottery, and the modes of burial. 

(4) The Appalachian District. — Western North Carolina, eastern 
Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and southeastern Kentucky. 
Many things have been found in this region in graves made within 
the historic time, which correspond to things of a similar character 
found in the three preceding divisions. These show beyond any 
reasonable doubt that the ancestors of the Cherokees were the 
inhabitants of these other regions. 

(5) The Tennessee District. — Southeast Missouri, Arkansas,^ 
middle and western Tennessee and Kentucky, Missi.ssippi, Lou- 



1 The United States Government, through its Bureau of Ethnology, em- 
ploys scientific men, eminent scholars, and trained experts to ascertain in a 
comprehensive way all that is to be learned about the historic and prehistoric 
races of America. This bureau, although yet quite young, has done more 
towards a solution of these questions than all other agencies combined. 

2 The house sites in southern Arkansas are numerous, and change into low 
mounds from one to three feet high, containing in nearly every case a layer 
of clay and ashes. The custom was to bury the dead in the floor, burn the 
dwelling, and cover the embers while yet alive with dirt. The pottery in 
Arkansas and Louisiana is remarkable for its character and ornamentation. 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




An AiuUiit liiDuil Mound. 



isiana, and the Wabash valley. The characteristics are the 
large mounds (in some cases pyramidal, truncated, or terraced), 
ditches, canals, stone coffins, and circular house sites. This is 
the great pottery region, the principal forms being the long- 
necked, the gourd-shaped, and the image vessels. 

(6) The Gulf District. — This region is very much like the 
Tennessee District. The great difference is in the forms of the 
pottery, and in the modes of burial. 

5. Age of Earthworks. — There is nothing to justify the 
opinion that these earthworks are of great antiquity. The trees 
found growing on them are no proof of immense age. The 
growth of forests within the historic age has proved that the 
rings of trees are no sure indication of age. Many Spanish tools 
are found in these graves, which fact proves a contact of the 
mound builders with the white race. Modern history shows 
that the Indians of the Gulf States were mound builders. 
De Soto said, "The Indians try to place their villages on 
elevated sites, but, inasmuch as in Florida there are not many 
sites of this kind where they can build, they erect elevations 
themselves." Again : " The chief's house stood on a very high 
mount made by hand for defense." Another writer says, " When 



THE MOUND BUILDERS. 13 

the chief of the Natchez dies, they demolish his cabin, and raise 
a new mound, on which they build the cabin of him who is to 
be chief." ^ 

6. Indians and Mound Builders the same. — The behef 
held by Bishop Madison of Virginia, that all the earthworks of 
the United States are of Indian origin, is gaining ground as ex- 
plorations and comparisons increase. Many distinct stocks of 
the present Indians were mound builders. Many other mound- 
building stocks were in existence during the early history of the 
country. There is no need of resorting to lost tribes or stocks 
for the culture or art indicated by the relics in the mounds or ruins. 
Many historic Indian tribes were sufficiently advanced in these 
respects to be the authors.^ 

1 The age of the mounds in the Mississippi Valley is placed at about thir- 
teen hundred years. It is claimed that the Cherokees made the mounds of 
East Tennessee and West North Carolina, the ancient earthworks of the 
Kanawha Valley, and the principal mounds of Ohio. The proof is equally 
strong that the Shawnees are the authors of the box-shaped stone graves of 
Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Georgia, as well as of the graves around 
Cincinnati. The stone graves in the valley of the Delaware, and most of 
those in Ohio, were made by the Delawares. The ancient works in North 
Mississippi were built by the Chickasaw, and those in Arkansas by the 
Akansa, tribes ; those about the Flint River, Georgia, by the Uchees ; while 
the most of those in the Gulf States were built by the Muskogees. The 
effigy mounds of Wisconsin were probably made by the Winnebagoes, while 
the Iroquois established the earthworks of New York. Some have averred 
that the Yucatec is the original inhabiting race in America, and that the 
highest development of this people was in Central America. 

2 At the time of the conquest of the southwestern part of the United 
States, about sixty pueblos were discovered. During the conquest, about 
half of them were destroyed. These pueblos were villages of untooled stone. 
The ruins of thirty-one of these still remain. They were the work of the 
Navajos (a group of tribes of the Athabascan family) and the Ceaninis (who 
live on the south side of the Grand Canon of the Colorado). 



CHAPTER II. 

THE INDIANS. 



Chief Topics. 



Physical and Mental 

Characteristics. 
Family Relation. 



Tribal Relation. 
Property Rights. 
Distribution. 



7. The American Indians have straight, coarse black hair, 
sHght beard, small black eyes, narrow eyebrows, and prominent 
cheek bones. They are called " red men," but no race on the 
earth presents so great a \'ariety of color. The variation in 
stature is equally marked. From the dwarfish Eskimos, Peru- 
vians, and Fuegians to the gigantic 
Patagonians is a step from the low- 
est to the tallest race on the globe. 
Hie difference is still more varied 
when we look at mental capacity. 
The Cherokees of North Carolina, 
Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama 
invented a complete syllabic Avriting 
system, and could reckon to a mil- 
lion with accuracy. The Chiquitos 
of Bolivia could not count at 
all. Between the highest and the 
lowest was every degree of capacity. 
In North America alone more than 
five hundred different languages were 
spoken by the different Indian tribes. 
Each language stock had its own 
philosophy and as many branches of this as there were branches 
of language or dialect. The absence of a written language 
accounts for very many of these differences. 

14 




Itnliati Wnriior. 



THE INDIANS. 



15 



The Indians dififered also in physical achievements. Some 
Hved by hunting, some by fishing, some by gathering vegetable 
products, and others by a rude cultivation of garden patches. 
Some had 'i\w^ herds and flocks, others built villages and carved 
their homes in the faces of the cliffs. At the discovery of the 

continent, nine tenths _^^^ 

of the tribes in the vX^'*^^^. 1 

mound district had ■ ^- ■*v-'->'f 
fixed homes, and culti- 
vated the soil. 

In Mexico and Peru 
they built large cities 
with massive temples 
and houses of stone, 
while others built paved 
roads, reduced their lan- 
guage to permanent 
form, and carved de- 
signs with skillful hand 
into the lasting body of 
the sohd rock. The 
majority of the Indians, 
however, were idlers, 
and followed no pursuit 
save the chase and war. 
They gloried in a personal independence, and recognized no 
authority which curbed their will or thwarted their purposes. 

8. Characteristics. — The Indian was brave, cruel, and fero- 
cious. He was noted for his endurance of fatigue or pain. His 
oratory was heated and exciting, quickly rousing his companions 
to the fight ; but he was almost entirely lacking in the ability to 
reason closely, or to express himself accurately either in speech 
or in writing. He was ignorant and superstitious. His heaven 
was a series of happy hunting grounds. In the time of peace he 
was gloomy, lazy, improvident, and addicted to gambling. He 




CuJil /' 



i6 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



would not work. His wife cut the wood, carried the burdens, 
cukivated the ground, prepared the food, dressed the skins for 
his clothing, and built the wigwams. 

9. The Indian Family. — To compensate for this drudgery, 
the woman was called the head of the family. The " family " 
was nearly synonymous with our English word "household." 
All the persons occupying one lodge composed the family. The 
gens was an organized body of blood kin in the female line. 
Each gens took the name of an animal, as Deer, Bear, Mud- 
turtle, etc. In speaking of an individual, he was .said to be a 
wolf, a deer, or a bear, as the case might be, meaning thereby 
that he belonged to that gens.^ 

10. The Indian Tribe. — A tribe was a body of kindred. The 
Indian woman was the head of the family, but the man was chief 
or sachem of the tribe. The government of the tribe was carried 




Wamptim Belt. 

on by means of councils. At these councils all were permitted 
to speak. Before doing this, however, the leader of some gens 
called them to order, filled and lighted a pipe, sent one puff of 
smoke towards heaven and another towards earth, and passed the 
pipe to the sachem. The sachem filled his mouth with smoke, 
and, turning to the right, slowly puffed it out over the heads of 
the councilors, who were sitting in a circle. He then handed the 
pipe to the man on the left, who puffed it and gave it to the 
next in turn, who did the same, until it passed around the cir- 

1 The " totem," or badge, indicated by the picture upon it the gens of the 
wearer. It was the coat of arms of the Indian nobility. Tlie grave-stones 
were frequently marked by the " totem," and it was also used as a seal. 
The Indians believed that they were descended from the spirit of the particu- 
lar animal pictured upon the " totem," and reverenced it accordingly. 




THE IXDIANS. t7 

cle.i Each man then spoke, "and, when all were through, the 
sachem decided what had been agreed upon. After a man iiad 
spoken, it was considered dishonorable to reverse his decision. 

11. Property Rights. — In a rude way the Indians recog- 
nized certain rights, and required certain duties. These were 
prescribed not so much by statute law as by custom or usage. 
The rights were marriage, names, personal adornments, order in 
encampment and migration, property, person, community, and 
religion. The property and com- 
munal rights rested upon the broad 
principle that the men do the fight- 
ing, the hunting, and the fishing, 
while the women do the work. In .^ 

moccastiis. 

carrying out this principle, the wig- 
wam and all articles of the household were the property of the 
head of the family, and at her death passed to the eldest daugh- 
ter or the nearest female kin. The man was permitted to own 
his clothing, his hunting and fishing implements, and a canoe.- 

12. Distribution. — By looking at the map,''' it will be seen 
that the Shoshones, Dakotas, and the Algonquins ^ were the most 
powerful groups of tribes, and occupied nearly all of the United 
States and British America. Within the territory of the Algon- 
quins lived the Huron-Iroqnois, — a confederacy of five vigorous 
tribes. They had made some advancement over the Algonciuins. 
They tilled the soil, and had respectable vihages. The Cherokees 
and Mobilians had made even greater progress. 



1 The record of each council was kept by means of a belt, upon wliich 
pictures were drawn by means of beads of different colors. This belt w as 
called " wampum," and the men who translated its meaning were wampum 
interpreters. The beads sometimes served the purpose of money. 

2 The .artistic skill of the Indian was exhibited in the manufacture of the 
snowshoe, the moccasin, and the birch-bark canoe. No covering for the foot 
has ever equaled the moccasin, which is pliant, dural)le, and noiseless. 

^ See next page. 

•1 At the discovery of America the Algonquins began to decline in num- 
bers. Only a few are left. 




ilO) 



CHAPTER III. 

THE NORTHMEN. 



Discovery of Iceland and Greenland. 
Discovery of Markland and Vinland 



Chief Topics. 

Settlement in Vinland. 
Disappearance of Northmen, 



13. Iceland and Greenland. — Iceland is almost at the door 
of Greenland, and is also close to Norway. King Arthur is said 
to have conquered the savages of Iceland in the sixth century. 
Thither went the Irish in the ninth century, with monks and a 




r/ of Iceland and Greenland, show- 
ing Herjnlfsson's Route. 



small colony for settlement. In 
A.D. 874 Ingolf Jarl {Graf ox carl) 
of Norway entered Iceland with 
a band of Norse settlers. These 
built Ingolfshodi and Reikiavik. 
The Irish left the island. Other Norsemen followed, and within 
fifty years a hardy republic of more than sixty thousand souls 
was established. 

In A.I). 876 Gunnbjorn, driven westerly in his ship, sighted 
Greenland. After this, Eric the Red, an outlaw banishetl from 
Norwav and also from Iceland, discovered Gunnbjorn's Land, 
and remained on its coast for about three years, exploring it 
pretty thoroughly. Hoping to clear his bad name, he sailed 

20 



THR NORTHMEN. 21 

back to Iceland, telling the people there that he had been to 
Greenland. He chose this pleasant name so that he might 
induce people to settle there. In this way the island got a name 
which was by no means appropriate. Settlements sprang up 
along the southwest coast of Greenland ^ wherever a habitable 
place could be found. Eric brought a priest to the new land, 
and thus introduced Christianity into Arctic America. 

14. Markland and Vinland. — About 998 a Norseman or 
Northman, Bjarni Herjulfsson, with his vessel, was driven to the 
southwest from Greenland, and reported the sighting of level 
land. Two years later, Lief, son of Eric, took thirty-five com- 




panions and sailed in quest of Bjarni's Land. He found first 
a barren shore stretching back to ice-covered mountains. He 
called it Helluland because of the stones. Farther south he 
found a sandy shore with a level forest country back of it. He 

1 The western colony of Greenland, in the fourteenth century, had ninety 
settlements and four churches ; the eastern colony had a hundred and ninety 
settlements, a cathedral, eleven churches, two large towns, and three or four 
monasteries. 



22 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

called it Markland, on account of the trees. Farther on he 
found grass with " sweet dew." Farther south and westerly, and 
" up a river," he found a large expanse of water. On the shores 
of this water he built huts for the winter, and sent out exploring 
parties. One of these found vines loaded with fruit, and Lief 
called the country Vinland. There is no reason for doubting 
any one of these statements concerning the Northmen. But 
we cannot identify with certainty the regions called Helluland, 
Markland, and Vinland. 

15. Settlement in Vinland. — After this, Lief's brother, 
Thorwald, spent three winters in Vinland, exploring the country 
north and south. Thorfinn then sailed for this country with 
ships, live stock, and other necessaries for a permanent settlement. 
After one severe winter, during which a son, who was named 
SnorrOji was born to the wife of Thorfinn, the Northmen appear 
to have abandoned their settlement, and gradually to have for- 
gotten the very existence of Vinland.'-^ 

16. The Northmen continued to live in Greenland, where 
they maintained government, society, and commerce for about 
four hundred years. After this they were extinguished ; but the 
ruins of the churches, houses, and baptisteries attest their occu- 
pancy. The cause of their extinction in Greenland is wrapped 
in as great mystery as the location and abandonment of \'inland. 
The inroads of the Eskimo, famine, and black death are each 
and all alleged as causes for this extinction. 

1 The famous Danish sculptor Thorwaldsen is said to be a descendant of 
this cliild born in the unknown wilds of Anieriea. 

'^ The most probable location of Vinland was not farther north than Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, possibly between Cape Cod and Cape Ann. The " Dighton 
Inscription" was long considered Norse, hvX this belief has been exploded. 
It was a kind of rock writing executed by the Algonquins, and thousands of 
similar inscriptions have been found in the United States. The old stone 
windmill at Newport has been foolishly credited to the Northmen. None of 
these errors invalidate the fact that the Northmen visited the eastern shores 
of the United States. 



General Classijication of tlie Progress of Human Development 
from the Loivest Stage of Savagery to the Lowest Stage 
of Civilization. 



Note to Teachers. — This classification is an effort to simplify a great general truth, 
and should be so considered. It will not fit every case that may be adduced, and will there- 
fore bear modification ; but, with this caution, it will be found of great value. Morgan's 
"Ancient Society" and Fiske's " Discovery of America," from which this scheme was pre- 
pared, are invaluable helps. 






Uncivilized. < 



Savage. 



I . Lower, 



2. Middle. 
(Fishers.) 



Barbarous. 



Civilized. 



f Articulate speech ; stone 
) hatchets and spear- 



heads ; 
nuts. 



food, fruit and 



' Men learn to catch fish 
and use fire ; they 
spread over the earth, 
following coasts and 
rivers. 



3. Upper. ^ Invention of bow and 

(Hunters.) \ arrow. 

T ( Invention of pottery, 

I. Lower. ) . , ,• u t 

(Settlers ) \ ""P'""^'^'^ "•■ polished 

^ ' stone implements. 

Domestication of ani- 
mals in Old World, 
and of dog and llama 
Middle. alone in New; rude 

(Farmers.) 1 agriculture; use of 
adobe brick and irri- 
gation ; metal im- 
plements. 



Smelting of iron ore. 

Invention of ])honetic 
alphabet ; production 
of written records. 



3. Upper. S 

(Builders.) \ 

s 



23 



24 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Application of the Preceding Table to Mankind. 



Lower Savages. 
Middle Savages 



Upper Savages ] 

Lower Barbarians . . 

Middle Barbarians . . 
Upper Barbarians . . 

Lower Civilization . . 



Prehistoric man. 

Natives of Australia. 

Columbia River tribes, Athabascans of Hudson Bay, 
and Fuegians. 

Algonquins, Iroquois, Creeks, Dakotas, and Chero- 
kees. 

Ancient Britons ; lake dwellers of Switzerland ; Zunis, 
Aztecs, Mayas, and Peruvians.' 

Greeks of Homer, Germans of the time of Caesar. 

Ancient Phoenicians and Egyptians, Hebrews after 
Exodus, rulers of Nineveh and Babylon, Aryans 
of Persia and India, Japanese, and Chinese. 




Fueblo of Zunis. 



PART II. — EXPLORATION AND ADVENTURE 
(1492- 1 690). 



CHAPTER IV. 

SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. 
Leading Events. 



Early Geographical ideas. 
Christopher Columbus (1436-1506). 
His Plan to reach Asia (1474). 
Isabella aids him (1492). 



The Great Discovery (1492). 
Voyages of the Cabots (1497). 
The Name "America" (1507). 
Magellan's Voyage (1519-31). 



17. Prevalent Ideas. — Many Norsemen had thus seen x-Vmer- 
ica before the end of the fifteenth century ; but their transient 
ghmpses led to no certain results, and were therefore of little 
value to mankind. The most intelligent men at that time had 
no just conception of the real shape of the earth, while to the 
ignorant the ocean was a home for fabulous monsters of mighty 
power, whose breath moved the ocean into billows of wrath. 

Some vague ideas were prevalent that the earth was round, 
and Eratosthenes had declared before the Christian era that but 
for the great width of the ocean it would be easy to sail west from 
Spain to India ; but the mass of mankind, including very nearly 
all the sailors, had no such " unstable belief," and stubbornly 
maintained the flatness of the earth, and the squareness of the 
universe. 

18. Prince Henry the Navigator. — The discoveries of the 
preceding century had brought to light the Canary and the Madeira 
Islands. Prince Henry of Portugal, called " The Navigator," 
was a master mind of that age. He had been to Africa, and 
from the Moors had learned of the coast of Guinea and of the 

25 



26 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

interior. 'I'his led him to believe that Africa could be circum- 
navigated. To find a new route to the Ea.st Indies, and thereby 
to divert its rich trade ^ from Italy to Portugal, was the grand 
idea of Prince ilenry. He established a naval college, and in- 
stalled therein the most eminent nautical professors, 'llie fame 
of this college soon drew to it all the learning of the age ; and, 
under the wise management of its j)resident, this knowledge was 
reduced to a system. Maps were improved, the compass came 
to be better understood ; and from its unerring power the Portu- 
guese gathered a greater courage, and ventured farther out on 
the deep. Prince Henry explored the African coast from Cape 

Blanco to Cape A^erde. Stimu- 
lated by his successes, he steered 
farther out into the ocean, and 
discovered the Azores. He died 
in 1473. 

19. Christopher Colum= 
bus. 2 — The first practical be- 
liever in the roundness of the 
earth was Christopher Colum- 
k bus, of the city of Genoa, Italy. 
.5_^^ The enterprises of Prince Henry 
=~ the Navigator stimulated Co- 
, , , ^, , , , lumbus, and in a great measure 

led to his larger idea of finding 
India by sailing west. In 1474 he received from Tcscanelh, a 
famous astronomer of Florence, a map of the world in which 

1 The rich trade of Asia, consisting of sili<, gums, perfumes, precious 
stones, and other costly commodities, was monopolized by the Lombards. 
Venice and Genoa had become rich and powerful l)ecause of this eastern com- 
merce. The merchandise had to be carried to the Mediterranean Sea by way 
of the Red Sea, or by way of the Persian Clulf, the Euphrates, anil the Black 
Sea. Thence it was distributed over Europe by the opulent Venetian and 
Genoese merchants. Their depots were in the remotest parts of Europe, and 
they rivaled kings in their magnificent display. 

2 The Italian name is Christoforo Colombo; the Spanish, Christoval 




SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. 27 

Asia was placed west of Europe, with a narrow strip of sea 
between them. The error in the calculations of Toscanelli 
and of Columbus arose mainly from their ignorance of the true 
size of Asia, which they thought was very much larger than it 
really is. 

20. The Great Plan of Columbus. — Columbus had read 
and had been greatly impressed by the writings of Marco Polo 
and of Sir John Mandeville on Cathay and the far East. Because 
of the agreement of these two descriptions, Columbus followed 
them as authorities. Hence his maps of the East Indies made 
Cathay, Mangi, and Cipango the focus to which discovery was to 
trend. To reach these marvelous regions by sea, and to convert 
the great Khan to Christianity, were the leading ideas which led 
Columbus to plan the expedition which gave to Europe a new 
world. 

21. To carry out his Design, he needed ships, sailors, and 
money. To obt'ain these it was necessary to have the help of 
some sovereign or ruling power. It has been asserted that his 
first oflfer was made to the Senate of Genoa, his native city. The 
proposition was rejected : in fact, many of the wise nobles of 
Genoa thought it the scheme of a madman. To get east by 
going west was contrary to experience, and therefore impossible. 

Columbus went next to John II. of Portugal. John listened 
to him with partial favor, and referred him to a learned council 



Colon ; and tlic Latinized form, Cliristopher Columbus. Of the early days 
of Columbus little is recorded : and the date of his blrtli is not certainly 
known, though there is a tolerable certainty that he was born in 1436. His 
father, who was a wool-comber, was poor, and thus unable to give his four 
children the bounties of fortune or the graces of education. Christopher 
could read and write, and so well could he write that an eminent scholar has 
said, " With such a liand, he miglit have earned In's bread." It is stated 
that he knew arithmetic, drawing, and design. Later he applied himself to 
grammar and the Latin tongue. His passion was geography, and no parental 
restraint could keep him from the sea. He went to Pavia, and learned geom- 
etry, geography, astrology, and navigation. Tn after life he attrd^uted his 
early determination to study these thmgs to an impulse from God. 



28 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



upon geographical affairs. The council disagreed with Colum- 
bus. The King was not so easily convinced, however, that the 
theory of Columbus was not correct, and he determined upon a 
course which, if it had succeeded, would have robbed Columbus 
of his triumph. The King, upon the suggestion of one of his 
advisers, dispatched in secret a light frigate to traverse the seas 
westwardly for Cathay ; but the frigate returned after a short 
absence without having accomplished anything. When Colum- 
bus discovered the treachery of the King, he sent his brother 
to England with offers to Henry VIL, while he himself went to 
Spain. Here he remained nearly eight years. 

22. Ferdinand and Isabella, ^ the Spanish sovereigns, were 
engaged in their final struggle with the Moors at Granada. 

Columbus was referred to a junto 
of learned men and professors 
of the University of Salamanca. 
Columbus argued from his geo- 
graphical knowledge. He was 
answered with texts from the 
Bible and with religious objec- 
tions. Though many priests were 
convinced by his arguments, the 
junto decided that the plan was 
vain ; and the King, while not 
convinced, confirmed the deci- 
sion. 

23. Isabella's Grand Decision. — At last, however, several 
of the great prelates of Spain persuaded the Queen to look with 
favor upon Columbus, and Isabella determined to undertake the 
mission upon her own responsibility. She dispatched a messen- 
ger after Columbus, and he was brought before the throne again. 
He repeated his previous demands. After some argument, the 

1 Ferdinand and Isabella, though Imsband and wife, were each rulers by 
separate right,— he as King of Aragon, she as Queen of Castile, which in- 
cluded the old kingdoms of Castile and Leon. 




Queen Isabella. 



SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. 29 

King said that there was no money in the treasury. Isabella 
answered with these memorable words: " I midertake the enter- 
prise for my own crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to 
raise the necessary funds." The contract was then signed and 
sealed, and Columbus had succeeded at last. Next to the faith 
of Columbus, we should admire the faith of Isabella. Her per- 
ception was greater than that of the learned Senate of Genoa or 
of the learned societies of Spain. The simple decision of one 
woman has affected the world in a more wonderful way than the 
learning of all the scientific societies before her day. 

24. The Great Preparation. — To obtain ships and seamen 
something more than money and royal favor was required. The 
owners refused to furnish ships for so desperate a service, and the 
boldest seamen shrank from the voyage. The King issued more 
absolute orders, requiring the magistrates along the seacoast to 
press into service such vessels as were needed, together with their 
masters and crews. This, however, failed. Confusion and dis- 
turbances followed, but no ships and no sailors were secured. 

25. Martin Alonzo Pinzon. — At this juncture a rich navi- 
gator, Martin Alonzo Pinzon, became interested in the expedition. 
He and his brother agreed to lend Columbus money, to furnish 
one ship, and to go upon the journey themselves. The effect 
of this brave resolution was wonderful. Their friends and rela- 
tives agreed to go, and within a month they were ready for sea. 
Almost as much praise is due to the brave Pinzon as to the noble 
Queen. The fleet of Columbus, which has become immortal, con- 
sisted of three small vessels, — the "Santa Maria," the " Pinta," 
and the " Nina." The three boats left Palos on Friday, Aug. 3, 
1492, with a hundred and twenty persons on board. 

26. The Great Voyage. — Going southwest, the voyagers 
reached the Canary Islands on the 9th, where they remained 
three weeks, repairing the " Pinta." On the 6th of September 
Columbus set sail from the Canaries, and boldly entered the 
unknown ocean, steering west. For three days they remained in 



30 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



sight of the island, after which the hearts of the crew failed them. 
They cried and lamented. They bellowed with fear. Home 
would never be seen again, and there was no hope. Columbus 
described the countries he hoped to discover, and promised them 
gold and riches. His confidence in his voyage, and his daunt- 








^> 






.o*^^""- 



/ \ 



^ 






« 0/os / ^ 






Bradley i Poii'cs, £nj/r'a, X.F. 
Map shelving Rontcs of Voyages of Coluinbus. 

less courage, brought about a partial confidence in the minds of 
the men. He kept two reckonings, so that the real distance 
sailed should not be known by the men. On the 13th of Sep- 
tember he noticed a variation of the needle, and by plausible 
reasoning overcame the terror of his pilots. Deceived by herons, 



SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. 31 

floating herbs and weeds, becalmed by winds, and misled by clouds 
which took the shape of land, the crew became terrified, and 
began to grow rebellious. Some of them proposed to throw the 
commander overboard, and to turn back. The next day fresh 
signs of land appeared, — river weeds, and a branch of thorns 
with berries on it ; then a reed, a small board, and a staff with 
carvings upon it. Rebellion gave way to expectation and joy. 

27. The First Landing. — One night a light was seen in the 
distance, and at two o'clock on Friday morning, Oct. 12, 1492,1 
the gun from the " Pinta" was fired as a signal that land was seen. 
Eagerly they waited for the morning. As the sun came up from 
the eastern sky, the sailors of Spain beheld for the first time a 
new world. Drawing near to the shore, Columbus landed, and, 
upon touching the earth, kneeled down, kissed it, and gave thanks 
to God.- The whole crew followed his example. What a sight 
this must have been ! — Columbus, richly dressed in scarlet, under 
the royal standard ; around him his captains and men, richly 
dressed, with flowing banners ; while before him, in wonder and 
awe, stand the naked savages, "the Indians." Columbus drew 
his sword, planted the royal banner, took possession in the name 
of Spain, and named the island "San Salvador." 

28. The Return. — Columbus remained there three days, and 
then sailed around among the islands, discovering Cuba and 
Hispaniola (Haiti). He built a fort^ on the latter island, left a 
small garrison there, and on Jan. 4, 1493, started back to Spain. 
He reached Palos on the 15th of March, and was received with 
wonder. His march to Seville was a triumph. Every one, in- 
cluding Columbus himself, thought that the islands which had 



' By the Gregorian or new-style calendar the date becomes Oct. 21 ; and 
the anniversary may be construed as being Oct. 12 or Oct. 21, according as 
reckoning is made by the old or new style calendar. 

'^ The form of prayer used was adopted later, upon similar occasions, by 
Balboa, Cortes, Pizarro, etc. 

^ The fort was called " La Navidad," and was built out of the timbers of 
the " Santa Maria," which was wrecked at that place. 



32 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

■nmTTrTHifiniiTViit;;^ 




Return of Coluiiibiis. 

been discovered were near the eastern coast of India or Asia, 
and, as they had been reached by sailing westward, they were 
called the " West Indies." 

29. Subsequent Voyages of Columbus. — Preparations 
were made for a second voyage. Seventeen vessels departed 
with twelve hundred souls, including many persons of note. 
This expedition started from Cadiz on the 25th of September, 
1493. Upon reaching Haiti, Columbus found the fort a waste. 
Near the ruins a new city was started, which, in honor of the 
Queen, they called " Isabella." Mines were opened, but they did 
not yield much. Jamaica was discovered ; but the lands dis- 
covered were not the rich lands which had been pictured by 
Polo. Enthusiasm died out. In 1498 the third voyage of Co- 
lumbus was made. He discovered Trinidad and the northern 
coast of South America. Passing the mouth of the Orinoco, 
which he said came from some terrestrial paradise, he sailed on 
to Haiti. Here he was arrested, placed in irons, and sent to 
Spain. He landed in chains, which shocked both sovereigns and 
people, and effected his release. With four vessels he set out 
upon his fourth voyage. In 1502 he discovered and named 
many new islands, and reached the coast of Honduras. He sailed 



SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. ZZ 

south along Costa Rica, and reached the Isthmus of Darien, He 
returned to Spain in 1504. For the next two years he attempted 
to obtain his rights from the King, but without success. He died 
on the 20th of May, 1506, in poverty. 

30. His Everlasting Monument. — There is a tradition to 
the eflfect that Ferdinand, as an offset to the great injustice he 
had done Cohimbus, ordered a monument to be erected to his 
memory, on which were inscribed the words in Spanish, " To Cas- 
tile and Leon, Columbus gave a new world." Washington Irving 
has said of this, " However great an honor a monument may be 
for a subject to receive, it is certainly a cheap reward for a sov- 
ereign to bestow. As to the motto inscribed upon it, it remains 
engraved in the memory of mankind more indelibly than in brass 
or marble, — a record of the great debt of gratitude due to the 
discoverer, which the monarch had so faithlessly neglected to 
discharge." 

31. John Cabot's Voyage. — In the spring of 1497 John 
Cabot, a Venetian residing in Bristol, England, encouraged by 
Henry VII., King of England, sailed westward upon the Atlantic 
with the purpose of finding a northern passage to China. Instead 
of finding this, he discovered a continent. Columbus had dis- 
covered the islands to the southeast of the present United States, 
but Cabot had found the mainland of America. No one can 
designate the point where Cabot first saw land : it was probably 
near Cape Breton Island, at the entrance to the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. ^ He raised the English flag on the coast, and took pos- 
session of the country in the name of the English King. 

32. Sebastian Cabot. — In 1498 Sebastian Cabot, son of 
John, made a voyage to the land which his father had discovered, 
and explored the whole region from Nova Scotia to Cape Hat- 
teras. He drew a map 2 of the region, upon which he wrote the 

1 Some authorities name Labrador, others Newfoundland. 

2 In the Archives at Paris there is a map that was found in Germany that 
agrees with the above map except that the date is 1494. This is probably 
due to an error in reading M.CCCC.XCIIII for M.CCCC.XCVII. 



34 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

following words : " In the year of our Lord 1497, John Cabot, a 
Venetian, and his son Sebastian, discovered that country which 
no one before his time had ventured to approach, on the 24th of 
June, about five o'clock in the morning." 

^^. Upon these Voyages of the Cabots the English King^ 
rested his claim to America, and paid for them a trifling pension, 
and a private gift of about fifty dollars. Thus the country was 
discovered. We shall now learn how it was named. 

34. Naming the Continent. — Amerigo Vespucci 2 was born 
in Florence in 1452. The report of the discoveries of Columbus 
induced Amerigo to seek new lands. In two letters on his travels 
he described what he saw upon four different voyages, and placed 
the first voyage on the loth of May, 1497. This, if true, would 
antedate Cabot, and establish Vespucci as the discoverer of the 
continent. Most investigators believe, however, that Vespucci 
was in Seville from the middle of April, 1497, to the end of May, 
1498. That he made his first voyage at this date is denied, but 
that he made four voyages is quite probable. It is known, how- 
ever, that before 1503 he had explored the east coast of South 
America nearly to Rio de la Plata. The three parts of the world 
then known were Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the discoveries 
in the west were supposed by all to be parts of Asia. This long- 
continuous coast did not fit any known land southeast of A.sia, 
and it was supposed that it must belong to a great continental 
island — a new world — hitherto unknown. An account of the 
four trips of Vespucci was first published in St. Die, a little town 
in the Vosges Mountains. In the St. Die book these words 
occur : "And the fourth part of the world having been discovered 



1 Edmund Burke, a leading statesman of England, said in Parliament 
nearly three centuries later, " We derive our right in America from the dis- 
covery of Cabot, who first made the northern continent in 1497." 

2 The Latin form is Americus Vespucius. By a strange coincidence the 
three men most prominently connected with the earliest history of our 
country were all natives of the same land, — sunny Italy. Columbus was 
born in Genoa ; Cabot, in Venice ; Amerigo Vespucci, m Florence. 



SEARCH FOR A WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. 35 

by Americus, it may be called Amerigo ; that is, the land of 
Americus or America." Thus a professor of geography, Martin 
Waldseemiiller, in a mountain college of French Lorraine, be- 
came the inventor of the word which in time came to stand for 
all the New ^Vorld. 

35. The Real Significance of the Discoveries. — Despite 
these discoveries, their real signilicance was not appreciated. 
Columbus died believing he had discovered only a new route 
to Asia. Even after South America became better known, it was 
believed by some to be but a peninsula projecting from Asia. 

36. Magellan. — Between 15 19 and 1521 the Spaniard ^ Ma- 
gellan sailed southwest to the eastern coast of South America, 
followed the coast to the strait which bears his name, passed 
through it, and entered the great ocean which he named the 
Pacific. He coasted north for a long distance, and then set sail 
for the west over the broadest part of the sea. Some of his ships 
were lost, and Magellan died on the route ;2 but one ship doubled 
the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Spain after a complete 
voyage around the globe. This was the last and most convincing 
discovery that had been made. The strange coasts no longer 
meant a few islands or peninsulas belonging to Asia, but a sepa- 
rate continent, — a New World. This discovery magnified the 
work of Columbus, and showed mankind the real nature of our 
globe.3 

1 Magellan was a native of Portugal, but, upon being insulted by his 
King, he renounced his country with great form, and entered the service of 
Charles V. of Spain. 

^ He was killed on one of the East Indies. The King of Spain gave to 
the captain who reached home a coat of arms, on which a globe was pictured 
with the motto Primus circimidedisti >ne ( " You first sailed round me " ). 

3 Besides the strait which bears his name, Magellan discovered the Philip- 
pine Islands. These have belonged to Spain ever since. The crew, upon 
reaching Seville, were amazed to find that they had lost a day. 



CHAPTER V. 

EXPLORATION OF THE COASTS. 
Leading Events. 



Da Qama reaches India (1497). 
Corte=Real at Newfoundland (1500). 
Balboa discovers the Pacific (1513). 



DeLeon visits Florida (1513). 
Pineda traces the Gulf Coast (1519). 
De Ayllon in the Chesapeake (1526). 



37. The Doubling of the Cape of Good Hope. — The Ma- 
deira Islands were discovered by an Englishman between 1327 
and 1378. Cape Blanco was discovered by the Portuguese in 
1445. Diego Cam reached the Congo coast in 1470. In 1487 
he doubled the Cape of Good Hope, but did not proceed farther. 
In 1497 Vasco da Gama passed around the Cape, and sailed to 
Calicut in India. Thus the Portuguese were the first to reach the 
East Indies, and they held the trade of these rich regions for 
several centuries. This was more than twenty years before Ma- 
gellan reached these regions by way of Cape Horn. 

38. Gaspar Corte=Real. — In the year 1500 Caspar Corte- 
Real set sail from Portugal, and explored the Newfoundland 
region. He made another voyage in 1501. He appears to 
have coasted the Atlantic shore of America from Delaware Bay 
to Baffin's Bay. He constructed the first Portuguese map of 
the new country. He named Labrador, and called Greenland 
" Ponta d'Asia." He was lost in the Arctic Seas. 

39. Discovery of the Pacific. — Many expeditions between 
1500 and 1 5 13 were sent out by the Spaniards to explore and 
colonize the coast between Yucatan and the mouth of the Ama- 
;;on. Upon one of these went Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Being 
left in command of some colonists in Central America, he explored 
the surrounding country, and won the friendship of the Indians. 
One of them told him that on the shores of a sea to the south- 

36 



EXPLORATION OF THE COASTS. 



37 



ward was a country where gold was to be obtained in enormous 
quantities. He determined to find the sea, and on Sept. 25, 1 513, 
he, in company with sixty-seven men, reached the mountain from 




Balboa discovering the Pacific. 

whose top he had been told that it could be seen. When the 
ascent was made, his eyes rested upon the Pacific Ocean, which 
he named Mar del Sur, or South Sea. He thus became the dis- 
coverer of this grand ocean, although Magellan gave it its name. 
40. Florida and Juan Ponce de Leon. — Florida appears 
upon the Cantino map^ in 1502, but it is not certainly known 
when and by whom it was discovered.^ Stories had reached Spain 
very early in the century that there was an island north of Cuba 

1 The principal maps published at this time were the map of Toscanelli 
(1474), used by Columbus ; the chart of La Cosa (1500), showing Cuba as an 
island, and the Spanish, Portuguese, and English discoveries (see p. t^) ; 
the Cantino map, or that of Corte-Real (1502) ; and the map of Peter Martyr 
(151 1). Between 15 12 and 15 15 the name "America" was generally adopted 
upon maps. 

2 This discovery is attributed by some eminent historians to the disputed 
first voyage of Vespucci. The track of this voyage was around Yucatan to 
the west, thence following the coast northeast and east to Florida, thence 
around this peninsula to a splendid harbor far to the north on the Atlantic 
coast, supposed to be Chesapeake Bay. Although involved in much doubt, 
the belief in this voyage, as indicated, is gaining ground. The discovery is 
also imputed to Corte-Real, and even to Sebastian Cabot, 



38 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



with a fountain whose waters conferred perpetual youth. This 
legend came to the ears of Ponce de Leon, an old sailor who had 
been witli C()luml)us on his second voyage, and led him to desire 













CinCULOCANCRO 



-Mil .i.. o>.iiai.iu,.t, 



I'^^^jf^^i^il*?"" 









MAP OF THE 

XEAV KISCOYKIJIES 



1 the year 1500 Ijj tlic iiilot, 
JUAN DE LA COSA. 



Spanwh Flag 
Portttgueae Flrtu'^ 
£nffli«h Flag Pt3 




1^ 



Mef. Miguel 
I.deSa.Sl 



5.-: 



to see the land. The King gave him permission " to proceed and 
settle the Island of Bimini," as the Indians called the unknown 
land to the north. 



EXPLORATIOX OF THE COASTS. 39 

He sailed in 15 13, and on Easter Sunday discovered the main- 
land. Because of the day, Easter Sunday, which in Spanish is 
Pasciia Florida, he named the country " Florida." Turning south- 
ward, he followed the shore around Florida Reefs, and northward 
to Tampa Bay. He had not found Bimini, but he had found 
Florida. The King gave him a new grant to discover and settle 
the Island of Bimini and the Island of Florida. He had lost his 
energy, however, and it was several years before he set out again. 
He then determined to open Florida for settlement, and took with 
him, in 1521, horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. Where he landed 
in Florida is not certainly known ; but, while attempting to build 
some houses upon the new shores, his men were set upon by the 
natives, and in the fierce fight which ensued he was struck by an 
arrow, from the effects of which he never recovered. 

41. The Gulf Coast Line traced. — In 1519 Alvarez de Pi- 
neda, after a voyage of eight months in which he had coasted east- 
ward from Mexico for many leagues, discovered the mouth of the 
Mississippi River.' Here he found a large Indian town. Going 
up the river for six leagues, he counted no fewer than forty Indian 
towns on the two banks. He said that the land abounded in 
gold, and that the natives wore gold trinkets in their noses and 
ears. The country discovered was called "Amichel." This voy- 
age settled the shape of the country, dispelled forever the idea 
that Florida was an island, and proved that there was no strait 
by which a ship could reach Asia. Thus after ten years of effort 
the coast line from the Rio Grande, to the St. Johns in Florida, 
was made known. We shall now follow the coast to the north. 

42. Lucas de Ayllon. — In 1520 a very rich Spaniard of 
Haiti aspired to the glory of discovering a new land and of 
placing a settlement upon it. He sent a fleet to the northwest, 
which landed at the mouth of a river which he called " St. John 
the Baptist," from the fact that the discovery was made on the 
day celebrated in honor of that saint. 

1 Called by him the " Espintu Santo." 



40 HIS'IORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Seizing some Indians, the ships sailed to Haiti. De Ayllon 
disapproved of the act, and sent the Indians back, and had 
the coast explored for two hundred and fifty leagues. In June, 
1526, De Ayllon himself, with six hundred persons, including 
women, clergymen, and physicians, with one hundred horses, 
sailed for the continent, but failed to land at St. John the Baptist. 
He reached the mouth of the Jordan, or Wateree. He is sup- 
posed to have gone westward into Georgia, and back to the place 
of landing. Losing one of his ships, he built another, — the first 
ship built in America. 

He then sailed northward beyond Cape Trafalgar, or Hatteras, 
and reached Guandape, where he began the settlement of San 
Miguel, on the spot where the Enghsh a century later founded 
Jamestown. Houses were begun, but the cold weather and sick- 
ness discouraged the colonists. De Ayllon himself died of a fever 
in 1526. Strife and bloodshed followed between rival lieuten- 
ants, and it was resolved to abandon San Miguel. Thus ended 
the first attempt to settle Virginia and the Carolinas. 

43. Spanish Explorations. — This was the last of a series of 
expeditions which traced the American coast from Central Amer- 
ica on the Pacific side, southward to the Strait of Magellan, and 
northward along the immense east line to Baffin's Bay. Had the 
Spaniards possessed a genius for colonization equal to their eager- 
ness for discovery, it would have made them the leading people 
in America. Within fifty years after the discovery, their ships 
had almost circumnavigated the continent ; and the vast coast 
line had been by them so well defined as to give to their maps 
the outline now generally adopted.^ 

1 About the same time that De Ayllon sailed, Stephen Gomez of Portugal, 
one of the sailors of Magellan, under the directions of the King of Spain, 
sailed to Labrador. After examining its coast, he sailed south, and examined 
the whole coast from Cape Race to Florida. Upon his return to Spain, he 
made a map, and named after his own style nearly every bay along the coast. 



CHAPTER VI. 

EXPLORATION BY SPANIARDS AND HUGUENOTS. 



De Narvaez' Expedition (1528). 
De Vaca's Wanderings (1528-36) 
De Soto's Expedition (1539-42). 



Leading Events. 

Ribault at Port Royal (1562). 
Founding of St. Augustine (1565). 
Massacre at Fort Caroline (1565-68). 



44. De Narvaez' Expedition. — The King of Spain granted 
De Narvaez all the country on the Gulf of Mexico from the Rio 
de Palmas to Florida. In 1528 he sailed with about four hundred 
persons, mechanics and laborers, and landed at Apalachee Bay. 
He started inland with three hundred followers, and reached 
Apalachee. Not finding the great wealth that was expected, he 
started for the coast, and after much suffering and great difficulty 
reached St. Marks, where he constructed five boats ' and embarked 
for Mexico. His boat was driven to sea, and was- destroyed near 
the mouth of the Mississippi. The others were stranded on the 
coast of Texas near where Galveston now stands. The men 
were captured by the Indians and carried inland. 

45. De Vaca in Arkansas. — Alvar Nunez (surnamed De 
Vaca), a lieutenant of Narvaez, and three others, one being a 
negro slave, escaped from the Indians after a captivity of six 
years. They wandered through northern Texas- and southern 
Arkansas, wended their way along the Arkansas River for some 
distance, thence up the Canadian, thence across the wilderness 

1 The trouble of Narvaez at .St. M.irks while constructing his Ijoats was 
very great. He was forced to kill his horses for food. He took the stirrups, 
spurs, and such other iron articles as he had, and made saws, axes, and 
nails. Ropes were made from the manes and tails of the horses. Shirts 
were used for sail-cloth. 

2 De Vaca is said by some to have reached one of the mouths of the Missis- 
sippi : others say that he crossed the Mississippi and entered Tennessee. 

41 



42 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



into New Mexico, and finally reached a Spanish settlement ' on 
the Gulf of California in 1536. They had been absent about 
nine years. The expedition of De Narvaez was the rashest and 
most foolish ever planned in America, and it is saved from ob- 
livion only by the marvelous adventures of De-Vaca and the 
expeditions that grew out of them. De Vaca had proceeded on 
foot almost across the x\merican continent, and could speak with 
knowledge of its enormous width. 

46. De Soto in Georgia and Alabama.— But the expedi- 
tion which excelled all other Spanish movements for high-born 
and well-trained men was that of Hernando De Soto. In 1538, 



U L r OF 

Longltuae West 



!J^_r^ Supposed Route of De Soto.. 
Winter Quartere/i 




Map slwwing Supposed Route of De Soto. 



amid the roar of cannon and the flourish of trumpets, he set out 
from San lAicar, accompanied by six hundred richly dressed no- 
bles and ironclad warriors, to win fame and fortune in America. 



1 Conipostela, twenty miles from the Pacific (latitude 21^ 10'). Thence 
they went to the City of Mexico. 



EXPLORATION BY SPANIARDS AND HUGUENOTS. 43 

He remained in Cuba until 1539, when he sailed for Florida. 1 
The Indians at his landing-place were friendly, but he had no 
regard for their rights or feelings. He was cruel and relentless, 
and his men said of him that he was very fond of the sport of 
killing Indians, "lending his ships back to Cuba, he began his 
weary march to'the north through the lakes, streams, and ever- 
glades of Florida. The Indians, ever on the alert, attacked him 
at every step, and, although always defeated, they were never 
conquered. Even when chained as slaves, they rose upon their 
masters, and fought with ferocity. De Soto reached Apalachee, 
and held to the northeast. After a month he passed Altamaha, 
and arrived at the present Silver Blufif on the Savannah. The 
Spaniards desired to settle at this place, but De Soto refused 
to stop. Going north, he reached the northeastern part of the 
present State of Georgia, in the land of the Cherokees. He 
went west, and camped under the trees near where Rome now 
stands. After a month he went down the Coosa into Alabama 
to an Indian town, where, after a generous reception by the na- 
tives, he cruelly put them in irons. Going down the Alabama, 
he reached the Indian place Mauvila, near what is now called 
Choctaw Bluff, in Clarke County, Ala., where the bloodiest fight 
of early times was fought. The lowest estimate of the Indian 
loss is twenty-five hundred. The Spaniards lost twenty-five, with 
a hundred and fifty wounded. 

47. De Soto discovers the Mississippi. — Turning north, 
De Soto marched through the present counties of Clarke, 
Marengo, and Greene, where he fought several battles. He 
reached the Yazoo in December in a snowstorm, and remained 
there until March. Thence he went north to the lowest Chick- 
asaw Blufif, where he discovered the Mississippi River- (1541), 

1 He landetl on the west coast. 

2 Whether this makes De Soto, or De Vaca (who claims to have crossed 
one of its mouths in his wanderings in 1528), or De Pineda (vvlio named its 
mouth " Espiritu Santo" in 1519), the first discoverer of the Mississippi, is 
a question which has never been settled. 



44 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



and spent a month building four boats with which to cross it. 
Entering Arkansas, he marched northward and discovered a 
town, — "the greatest he had seen in Florida." He then crossed 
the Ozark Mountains, whence he turned southward and crossed 
the Arkansas River, and pushed on to the Washita River, where 
he stopped for the winter.^ The winter was long and severe, and 




Dc Soto discovetin^ the Mississi/>/>i. 

the suffering of the Spaniards was great. Two hundred and fifty 
of his proud force had left their bones to mark the path he had 
followed. De Soto gave up in despair, and set his face towards 
Cuba. He reached the mouth of the Red River, where he was 
attacked by fever, and died. His companions wrapped his body 
in blankets loaded with sand, and sank it into the Mississippi. 
His men, under Moscoso, went west into Texas, thence back to 



1 Hot Springs, Ark., has been identified as one of the places visited by 
De Soto. The expression of the Spanish writers, " lake of very hot water," 
and the fact that there are salt wells situated in the vicinity, have led to this 
conclusion. 



EXPLORATION BY SPANIARDS AND HUGUENOTS. 45 

where De Soto died. They then floated down the Mississippi, and 
after nineteen days arrived at its mouth. In a short time they 
reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. While this expedi- 
tion was disastrous in every particular, it furnished the world with 
a clear idea of the country around the Gulf of Mexico, and dis- 
pelled forever the notion that it abounded in gold, or was the 
seat of rich Inca empires. 

48. Settlement at Port Royal. — Ribault, a French Cal- 
vinist, took possession of Port Royal in 1562, and founded 
Charles Fort. This settlement was abandoned, but Laudon- 
niere soon began another at Fort Caroline (1565). The news 
that French Protestants ^ had made a settlement at Port Royal 
inflamed the Spanish mind, and drew upon them Spanish ven- 
geance. 

49. St. Augustine founded. — The Spaniard Menendez 
sailed from Cadiz with fifteen hundred men, and landed near 
Cape Canaveral. Sailing on again, he discovered a splendid har- 
bor, which he named "St. Augustine." In a few days he sighted 
the mouth of the St. Johns, and the flagships of Ribault carry- 
ing the colors of France. At ten o'clock at night Menendez at- 
tacked the French, and soon drove a part of their ships to sea ; 
but the remainder were at the mouth of the river, and Menendez 
could not land. Foiled in this manner, he went back to the harbor 
and began the great historic town St. Augustine, the oldest town 
in the United States (1565). The Indians were friendly, and 
soon made him know that he had selected an admirable position 
not only for a settlement, but for the reduction of Fort Caroline. 
He had but to march inland a short distance, and to descend the 
St. Johns River to the fort. 

1 Spaniards called French Protestants " pirates." The truth is, that 
piratical vessels, under pretext of being Protestant, scoured the seas, and did 
great damage to Spanish vessels. In 1555 a French fleet surprised Havana, 
set the buildings on fire, and butchered the inhabitants. In 1559 Megan- 
der pillaged Porto Rico, and De la Roche plundered the settlements near 
Carthagena. 



46 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




Old irati- at St. AugustDie. 



50. Butchery at Fort Caroline. — Meanwhile Ribault had 
resolved to attack St. Augustine from the ocean, but storms pre- 
vented his entrance at the harbor. While Ribault was delayed 
outside the harbor, Menendez, with five hundred men, through 
torrents of rain, swollen streams, and flooded lowlands, marched, 
or rather waded, to Fort Caroline. The French were taken by 
surprise, and made no defense. Menendez disgraced his name 
and his arms by the butcheries that followed. No quarter was 
given. The French were treated as pirates and heretics, and 
a hundred and thirty-two men were deliberately butchered after 
they had surrendered. Laudonniere and Le Moyne escaped. A 
part of the remaining ships were soon forced to surrender, and 
a hundred and eleven more persons were put to death in cold 
blood. 

51. French Retaliation. — Menendez planted a fort near Port 
Royal, named San Felipe, explored the country inward to the 
silver region of the Cherokees, visited some of the towns named 
by De Soto, conquered the Indians, planted three posts, e.stab- 
hshed order, and sailed to Spain. While. he was absent, Dom- 
inique de Gourgues, a French slaver, recaptured Fort Caroline 
C1568), together with inany prisoners. He hanged the prisoners, 



EXPLORATION BY SPANIARDS AND HUGUENOTS. 



47 



and placed an inscription on their breasts, " Not to Spaniards, 
but as to traitors, robbers, and murderers." ^ 

52, The First American Schools. — Menendez returned, 
bringing with him soldiers and missionaries, rebuilt Fort Caro- 
line, or San Mateo, and explored northward to the Chesapeake. 
Fathers Rogel, Segura, and otlier missionaries, began work among 
the Indians. Brotlier Baez soon compiled a grammar and cate- 
chism in the Indian language. Rogel built houses and a church 
at Crista, near Port Royal, with a view to teaching the Indians 
the art of cultivating the soil. Thus near the Carolina coast 
was first begun the civilization of the Indians through literary 
and religious channels. But Menendez died in 1574, and with 
him died the activity of the infant settlements.- 

1 It has been reported tliat Menendez had placed upon the breasts of the 
Frenchmen whom he hung the words, " I do not this to Frenchmen, but to 
heretics." This is disputed. 

2 Other Spanish expeditions went northward from Mexico, both inland 
and along the coast. Coronado entered New Mexico in 1540, discovered the 
Grand Caiion of the Colorado, visited Cibola, and made his celebrated expe- 
dition to Quivira. Cabrillo and Ferelo in 1543 sailed up the Pacific coast as 
far as Oregon. Espejo in 1582 explored the upper Rio Grande. In 1595 
Santa Fe was founded by colonists from Mexico. In 1592 Juan de Fuca 
explored the coast northward to the strait which bears his name. It was not 
until the beginning of the nineteenth century, however, that Vancouver's 
map was projected, clearly showing the continental form of North America. 



CHAPTER VII. 

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 
Leading Persons. 



William Hawkins (1565). 
Sir Francis Drake (1577). 
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583). 
Sir Walter Raleigh (1584-1600). 



Bartholomew Gosnold (1602). 
Martin Pring(i6o3). 
George Weymouth (1605). 
Henry Hudson (1609-10). 



53. William Hawkins of Plymouth, England, a noted slave 
trader, after a voyage to the West Indies with negroes, returned 
by way of Florida. He noted what he saw of the peninsula 
with the greatest care, and gave an excellent description of its 
productions. This (1565) was the first English description of 
Florida. 

54. Sir Francis Drake, another slaver, sailed from Plym- 
outh, England, on Nov. 15, 1577, upon a voyage which added a 
great deal to his celebrity. He sailed through the Strait of Ma- 
gellan, thence north on the Pacific along the coast of North and 
South America, to Drake's Bay^ on the coast of California. He 
then turned his ship westward, and pursued his voyage around 
the Cape of Good Hope to England, where he arrived on the 
twenty-sixth day of September, 1580, being the second person 
and the first Englishman to circumnavigate the earth. 

55. Sir Humphrey Gilbert left England in 1583 to begin 
an Englisli settlement. He had the favor of Queen Elizabeth 
and the help of Sir Walter Raleigh, his half-brother, but was un- 
lucky in every other way. At Newfoundland he lost two ships ; 
near Massachusetts another, with all its crew, went down, to be 
followed that night by the one that held Sir Humphrey. Not a 
man was saved, and one ship only reached England in safety. 

1 Several bays have been claimed as the one in fthich Drake anchored, 
but authority appears to favor the Bay of San Francisco. 

48 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 



49 



56. Sir Walter Raleigh. — This courtier, sailor, and soldier 
sent out Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow in 1584, with two 
ships, to do what Sir Humphrey had failed to do. They reached 
the coast of North Carolina near Old Topsail Inlet, and sailed 
northward along the low sand ridges which lock Pamlico and 
Croatan Sounds. The Indians 
came, and with great wonder 
gazed at the ships with wings, 
and at the noisy guns. They 
took the English to Roanoke Is- 
land, and treated them royally.^ 
The English then began their 
thrifty trading. For a tin pan 
they received twenty furs, worth 
about thirty-five dollars, while a 
copper kettle brought fifty valu- 
able skins. The ships, loaded 
with furs and woods, returned to 
England. Queen Elizabeth listened to the stories of the sailors, 
and named the country " Virginia," in honor of herself, the vir- 
gin queen of England. 

57. Raleigh's First Colony. — In 1585 Raleigh sent out a 
colony under Ralph Lane to settle Virginia. Lane built a fort 
on Roanoke Island, and explored the coast and the rivers in the 
vicinity. Troubles with the Indians soon brought about a scar- 
city of food, and the colonists returned to England. 

58. The Potato, Corn, Tobacco, and Sassafras. — This 
trip made the English acquainted with the productions of Amer- 
ica, and introduced to their notice two new vegetables, — the 
potato, and Indian corn or maize. Potatoes were planted on 
Enghsh soil, and soon became a choice food. Tobacco made 
smoking fashionable, and sassafras was a wonderful thing. It 




Sir Walter Raleisrh. 



1 The house of the Indian chief had five rooms, and the dinner set before 
the English consisted of venison, fish, melons, fruits, and wine. 



5° 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



made tea, yielded a medicine, and carried a perfume. English- 
men ate American potatoes, smoked American tobacco, drank 
American tea, and became American in fancy and thought. 

59. The Lost Colony. 

— In 1587 Raleigh sent 
out another colony under 
John White, consisting of 
a hundred and fifty men 
and women. They landed 
at Roanoke. Shortly after 
this a little girl was born to 
Mrs. Dare, the daughter 
of Gov White As she 
^\as the fiist white child 
bom in the neu country, 
she was named after it, 




taitniiii; Jo 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 51 

"Virginia." Gov. White went back to England with the ships 
to obtain supphes. He was not able to reach Roanoke again 
until 1590, when the colony had disappeared; and the only in- 
dication of its whereabouts was the word " Croatan " carved on 
one of the trees. Raleigh sent several other expeditions to as- 
certain the fate of his people, without success. Years afterwards 
it was learned from the Indians, that, with the exception of a few 
individuals, they had been massacred ; and from the few surviv- 
ors is supposed to have sprung the tribe of gray-eyed Hatteras 
Indians. 

60. Labors of Raleigh not Lost. — Raleigh spent a large 
fortune in these vain attempts to found an American colony. 
Yet his labors were not lost. The attention of the people was 
centered upon Virginia, and new determinations were made to 
conquer it for civilization. Raleigh blazed the way, and Enghsh 
activity opened the road at once. He will ever rank as one of 
the greatest of the founders of the American Colonies. 

61, Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 another Englishman, 
Bartholomew Gosnold, in a single ship sailed directly west over 
the Atlantic, and in about fifty days sighted the shores of Maine. 
The sailors had theretofore clung with superstitious regard to the 
longer track, south to the Canaries, thence along the route of 
Columbus to the continent. The shorter route not only decreased 
the expense and the dangers of the voyage, but cut down the 
time from one hundred and twenty days to fifty. 1 Gosnold 
explored the coast from Cape Elizabeth to Cape Cod. Here 
he landed, being the first Englishman to set foot on the shores of 
New England. 

Rounding Cape Malabar, he entered Buzzard's Bay. Choosing 
the most westerly of the islands, he and his company went ashore 
and began a settlement. The sassafras which had become 
famous through the Roanoke explorers was eagerly sought. A 

1 The same voyage is now made upon our ocean steamers in less than six 
days. 



52 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

brisk trade ensued with the Indians, and the ship was soon loaded 
with this root.^ Then the idea of home overpowered the idea of 
colonization, and the settlers all clamored to return with the ship. 
The fate of the Southern colonies was too mysterious and too 
recent for even brave men to risk incurring its repetition. So 
the island was abandoned. The return trip was made in thirty- 
five days. The whole voyage consumed less time than had been 
given before to an outward trip. 

62. Martin Pring. — The short trip, the splendid sassafras, 
and the glowing account of the rivers, islands, and bays, soon 
led the English to undertake another expedition. Two ships 
started, with Martin Pring as captain. These ships were loaded 
with trinkets for the Indians, and were intended for exploration 
and trade. They reached Penobscot Bay, and then some time 
was spent in exploring the coast of Maine. Thence they sailed 
south to the sassafras region at Martha's Vineyard, where the 
ships were soon loaded for the home voyage. No attempt at 
settlement was made (1603). 

63. George Weymouth. — In 1605 George Weymouth was 
sent over by the Earl of Southampton. He reached Maine, ex- 
plored its coast, went up one of the rivers into the forests, and 
opened a trade with the Indians. Some of these learned English, 
and went back to England with him. 

64. Henry Hudson. — In 1609 the Dutch East India Com- 
pany sent an English sailor, Henry Hudson, in the ship " Half 
Moon " to discover a northeast passage to Asia. Encountering 
fogs and ice north of Norway, Hudson turned westward to search 
for a northwest passage, which he had heard existed north of 
Virginia. In August he found himself off Chesapeake Bay. 
Turning northward, he entered and explored Delaware Bay, and 
early in September (1609) entered the mouth of the noble river 

1 Of the four thingrs first given to the English by Raleigh's expeditions, — 
tobacco, potatoes, corn, and sassafras, — the last had the greatest influence in 
determining the early voyages. 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 



53 



which now bears his name. He spent a month in exploring the 
Hudson, ascending it to the head of tide water, h'ttle dreaming 
that Champlain was at the same time but a few miles to the 
north, exploring the beautiful lake whose name recalls him. 
Hudson was the first Englishman to see the fine scenery of the 
American Rhine, and in rapture he cried out, " It is as beautiful 
a country as one can tread upon!" In October he sailed for 




The ^' Half Moon" on the Hudson River. 



Holland to report to his Dutch employers, but, touching at Dart- 
mouth, he was detained ; the services of himself and of his English 
seamen being claimed for their liege lord the English King. So 
he could only forward his report to Holland, while he himself 
was sent the following year (1610) with an English expedition in 
quest of a northwest passage. He discovered Hudson Strait and 
Bay, where he, with his son, was set adrift in an open boat by 
his mutinous crew, and never heard of more. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

EXPLORATIONS OF THE FRENCH. 



Leading Topics. 



Verrazani (1524). 
Cartier (1534). 
Champlain (1603). 
Quebec (1608). 
The Lake Region (1618). 



La Salle (1669). 

Descent of the Mississippi (1682). 
La Salle in Texas (1684). 
DeTonti's Fort (1686). 
Catholic Missions. 



65. Verrazani. — In 1524 a French fleet of four vessels, 
commanded by Verrazani, sailed for America. Losing three 
of them in a storm, Verrazani pushed directly westward from 
Madeira with a single ship, the " Dolphin," and discovered the 
mainland near ^\'ilmington, N.C. He coasted south for a hun- 
dred and fifty miles, thence north along the coast of New Jersey, 
discovering New York harbor and the bay at Newport, R.I. 

66. Jacques Cartier. — In 1534 Jacques Cartier sailed for 
Newfoundland. Going round the island to the northward, he 
crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Anticosti, and discovered 
the Bay of Chaleurs. He then returned to France. In 1535 
he discovered the St. Lawrence, and explored its course to Hoche- 
laga, a fortified Indian village at the foot of a hill. Cartier called 
this hill " Mont Royal," and Montreal now stands near its base. 
In 1 54 1 he landed on the present site of Quebec, where he built 
a fort which he called Charlesborg. This discovery of the St. 
Lawrence River gave to France a claim to an immense region 
of territory, called " New France," a claim which she stubbornly 
upheld for two hundred years and more. 

67. The Cod Fisheries. — Although the efforts of the King 
and his commanders had ap])arently failed, the work of private 
individuals was marvelous. In the first two months of 1542 no 
less than sixty ships went to fish for cod off the " New Land." 

54 



EXPLORATIONS OF THE TRENCH. 55 

This was kept up in 1543, 1544, and 1545, and about eight ships 
a day went fishing from Havre, Rouen, Dieppe, and Honfleur. 
The fishing merchants kept up this communication during the 
rest of the century, ahhough no permanent settlements were 
made. They began the first " permanent trade " with the New 
World. 

68. Champlain. — From 1603 to 1635 Samuel de Champlain 
was the most prominent figure among the French in exploring 
and settling this region. In 1603 he led out an expedition with 
orders from the King to bring back a 
full report of his explorations. He 
wrote good French, and had a happy 
faculty of drawing good pictures. This 
made his maps and journals very valu- 
able. He first explored the Sague- 
nay and the other streams tributary 
to the St. Lawrence, noting the soil, 
the forests, and the animal and vege- 

Saiiniel de Champlain. 

table productions. Returnmg to the 

Gulf of St. Lawrence, he ascertained the nature of the lands 
all around it. With a load of furs he returned to France, and 
published an account of his travels. 

69. De Monts. — In 1604 De Monts founded Port Royal 
(now Annapolis) in Nova Scotia, the first permanent French 
settlement in America. 

70. Founding of Quebec. — Champlain made a third voyage 
in 1608. He went up the St. Lawrence, and laid the founda- 
tions of the city of Quebec. In 1609 he discovered and named 
the beautiful lake which bears his name to-day. In 1615 he 
made the most daring expedition of his career. He ascended 
the Ottawa, crossed to and discovered Lake Huron, and marched 
through the country to Lake Ontario, thence into New York, 
and down to the great Iroquois fortress at Lake Oneida. Not 
being able to reduce this, he returned to Quebec. Quebec was a 




56 



II IS! OR y OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



good trading point, but a poor settlement. In 1628 it had no 
more than fifty inhabitants. Champlain's life was about equally 
divided between explorations and Indian wars. He died in 1635, 
and was buried in the city he founded. 

71. The Lake Region, — The country to the west of Huron 
was laid open to the world by fur traders. Before 16 18, it 
is believed, Etienne Brule discovered the copper regions of 
Michigan. Several years later Jean Nicolet discovered Lake 
Michigan. In a frail canoe he reached Green Bay, and made 
peace with the Winnebagoes. From the fact that he carried 
pistols, they called him " the man with thunder in his hands." 
When Champlain died, the exploring spirit ceased for a while, and 
the western posts were abandoned. The Iroquois secured pow- 
der and guns from the Dutch, and began to take revenge on the 
French. They became a terror to the savages and to all others. 
Everybody fied from their scalping knives. 




72. Joliet and Marquette. — In 1673 a trader, JoHet, ac- 
companied by Father Marquette, left Mackinaw for Green Bay 
in frail birch-bark canoes. Going up the Fox River, they reached 
the portage, the high ground between the head waters of the 
Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Carrying their canoes over this, 



EXPLORATIONS OF THE FRENCH. 57 

they launched them in the Wisconsin. Floating down this 
stream, they soon reached the "Father of Waters."' JoHet let 
the current bear them at its will, and soon passed the great Mis- 
souri. Floating on, they passed and named the Ohio, and kept 
on down the strange stream until they reached the mouth of the 
Arkansas, where they stopped and smoked a pipe of peace with 
the friendly Indians.- Here Joliet turned back and entered the 
Illinois •* River, which he explored to its source. This expedition 
is remarkable not only for its great length and splendid dis- 
coveries, but also for its small equipment and its pigmy vessels. 
In four months the explorers had paddled their canoes over 
twenty-five hundred miles. ^ 

73. La Salle. — Cavelier La Salle spent a long life in the 
Lake Region, and was the greatest of all French explorers. He 
had already explored the region around the Ohio,^ and now de- 
termined to reach the mouth of the Mississippi. On Lake On- 
tario a fort was built (1673), and named Frontenac in honor of 
the governor of Canada. On Lake Erie, near Niagara, he, with 
his companions, built the first vessel that was ever launched on 
western waters, and named it the " Griffin." In canoes they 

1 Called in the Jesuit Relations " Grand Riviere" and " Mississippi; " 
by Marquette, "Conception;" and by Joliet, "Colbert." The Indian 
word was first, and held its place among men. The Spanish had called it 
" Espiritu Santo." 

2 On a map made by Joliet the tribe of Indians at the mouth of the Ar- 
kansas River was designated as "Arkansea." This was the Akansa tribe, 
said by the French to have been the most civilized tribe of Indians, excepting 
the Natchez, in the region known as the United States. 

^ JoHet, in his report, called attention to a great river (Missouri) which 
emptied into the Mississippi from the west, which he thought was a route to 
the Red Sea (Gulf of CaHfornia). 

^ Joliet made the first map of the Mississippi region which was based upon 
a knowledge of the facts. It appeared in 1673-74. Marquette's map for 
years was called first, but this has been disproved. 

5 La Salle from the south side of Lake Ontario, with a few followers, had 
penetrated the wilderness to the southward; and in 1669-70 he discovered 
the Ohio, which he followed to the falls near where Louisville now stands. 
In 1671 he discovered the Chicago portage. 



58 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

went over Lake Michigan to its southern end, where they built a 
fort called Miami. Going up the St. Joseph River to the port- 
age, ^ they crossed over to the head waters of the Kankakee, a 
tributary of the Illinois, and descended that river to a point near 
where Peoria now st.^nds. There they built Fort Crevecoeur in 
1680. 

74. Fort Crevecoeur. — Here La Salle set to work to build a 
second vessel, and sent some of his men, with Father Hennepin, 
on an expedition to the north. Leaving De Tonti in command, 
he went back alone to Frontenac for equipments. For sixty-five 
days he walked over a wild country, and braved a series of floods, 
only to find, after reaching Fort Frontenac, that his supplies were 
lost. He heard also that misfortune had overtaken De Tonti, — 
that his men had mutinied and deserted. To help De Tonti, he 
started for the Illinois Country, only to find it desolate. The 
Iroquois had visited it with vengeance, and Fort Crevecoeur was 
in ruins. In despair he went on to the mouth of the Illinois, 
and gazed for the first time upon the Mississippi. 

75. Descent of the Mississippi. — Returning to Fort Miami, 
La Salle learned that De Tonti had escaped. Lhiiting with him, 
he set out upon his greatest expedition. In December, 1681, he 
crossed the Chicago portage, and by sledding and floating reached 
the Mississippi River, which was covered with cakes of ice. 
Descending this, he stopped at Chickasaw Bluff, and built a fort, 
called, after one of his men, Prudhomme. Passing on, he smoked 
peace pipes with the Akansa tribe and erected crosses with the 
arms of France in the open squares of the Indian settlements. 

1 The principal portages by which passages were made from tlie Lakes to 
the Mississippi were five in number: (i) by Green Bay, Lake Winnebago, 
and the Fox River to the Wisconsin, thence to the Mississippi (this was the 
route of Joliet) ; (2) by the Chicago River to the Illinois, thence to the 
Mississippi (this was La Salle's second route) ; (3) by the St. Joseph River 
to the Kankakee, thence to the Mississippi (this was the route of La Salle) ; 
(4) by the St. Joseph River to the Wabash, thence to the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi ; (5) by t'le Maumee River from the west end of Lake Erie to the 
Wabash, thence to the Ohio and Mississippi. 



EXPLORATIONS OF THE FRENCH. 



59 



On the 9th of April he reached the mouth of the " Father of 
Waters," and took possession of the whole country in the name 
of the King of France, in whose honor he named it " Louisiana " 
(1682). 

76. La Salle's Great Plan. — La Salle then conceived a 
project to colonize the Illinois Country by way of the Gulf of 
Mexico. He built Fort 
St. Louis on the Illinois 
River, and, leaving De 
Tonti in command, 
started for France to 
secure ships to enter 
the Mississippi from 
the Gulf. He laid his 
scheme of fortifying the 
mouths of this great 
river before the King, 
who again gave him 
power to proceed. He 
sailed in 1684. Every 
lagoon along the Gulf 
was taken for a mouth 
of the river, and he 
thought himself east of 
it when in fact he was west. 
At Matagorda Bay, after losing 
a vessel, he landed and camped. 
The spot of ground chosen was 
unhealthful, and many of his men 
died. His ships deseited him 
and sailed away. La Salle moved 
over to the Lavaca River, and built a fort. Matters soon be- 
came desperate. He and a few of his companions started to 
find the Mississippi. On the route La Salle was murdered by 
his men. His companions reached the Arkansas River (1687), 




La Salle at the Mouth of the Mississippi. 



6o HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

where they found a fort which had been built by De Tonti, and 
in which were the men to whom he had given it in charge. 

77. De Tonti's Fort in Arkansas. — De Tonti had remained 
in the lUinois Country until the time arrived for him to meet 
La Salle at the mouth of the Mississippi. He floated down to 
the mouth, but, not meeting his commander, left a letter' for him 
with the Indians. He passed up the river again, and built a fort 
near the mouth of the Arkansas River in 1686, which he called 
Fort Tonti.- This was the first settlement in the present State of 
Arkansas, and was located where Arkansas Post now stands. 

78. The Catholic Missions. — The Spanish Jesuits followed 
the Atlantic coast from St. Augustine to the Rappahannock, where 
they planted a log chapel in 1570. The Franciscans followed 
them, planting their missions everywhere. French Jesuits planted 
missions in Nova Scotia and Maine. In 161 5 the Franciscans 
began work in Quebec. In the same year they began a mission 
among the Wyandottes in Ohio, and another among the Hurons 
on Thunder Bay. They established missions from New York to 
Minnesota, and from Minnesota to the mouth of the Mississippi. 
Their record is a splendid chapter of American history, and re- 
veals an order of men full of devotion, energy, courage, and 
perseverance. They first revealed the character of the interior 
of our country as to soil, products, and the life and languages of 
the natives. They planted the first wheat in lUinois, and the 
first sugar cane in Louisiana. 

1 It was delivered to Le Moyne d'Iberville several years later. 

2 La Salle made a grant to Tonti of a certain area of land on tlie Arkansas 
River. Tonti established a mission there in 1689, and required the Jesuits 
to instruct the Indians, and to encourage agriculture by planting wheat. 
Tonti died at Mobile in 1 704. 



Principal Voyages of Discovery before 1525. 



1. Columbus (ist voy.). . 

2. Columbus (2d voy.) . . 

3. John Cal)Ot (ist voy.). 

4. John Cabot (2d voy.). 

5. Da Gama 



6. Columbus (3d voy.) . . . 

7. Ojeda i 

La Cosa > 

Vespucci (ist voy.). . ) 

8. Pinzon ) 

Vespucci 1 (2d voy.) . ^ 

9. Lepe 

10. G. Corte-Real (2 voy.) 

11. Cabral 



12. Bastidas ) 
La Cosa \ 

13. Nuno Manuel ^ 

Vespucci (3d voy.) . . ^ 

14. Columbus (4th voy. ) . . 



15 



Coelho 

Vespucci (4th voy.). 

16. Jaques 

17. La Cosa 

Vespucci (5th voy.). 

18. Almeida 



19. Pinzon and Solis2. 

20. Ponce de Leon . . . . 

21. Cortes 

22. Magellan 



23- 
24. 

25- 



Alvarez de Pineda. 

De Ayllon 

Verrazani 



SEKV- 
ICE OF 



Sp. 

Sp. 

Eng. 
Eng. 
Port. 

Sp. 

Sp. 

Sp. 

Port. 
Port. 

Sp. 

Port. 
Sp. 

Port. 
Port. 
Sp. 
Sp. 

Sp. 
Sp. 
Sp. 
Sp. 

Sp. 
Sp. 
Fr. 



Aug. 3, 
Mar. 15, 
Sept. 25, 
June II, 
May-Aug., 
May-Oct., 
July 8, 

July 10, 
May 
Nov. 
May 
June, 



30, 

16, 



1492- 
1493 
1493- 
1496 

1497 
1498 
1497- 
1499 
1498- 

1500 

1499- 
1500 



December, 1499- 
Septemljcr, 1500 
Jan. -June, 1500 
1500-1501 



Mar. 9, 

July, 
October, 
September, 
May 14, 
Sept. 7, 
May II, 
Nov. 7, 
June 10, 
June 18, 



May-Dec. 



1500- 

1501 

1500- 

1502 

1501- 

1502 

1502- 

1504 

1503- 

1504 

1503 

1505 
1506 



Sept. 
Sept. 



1506 

1513 

1519 

20, 1519- 

8, 1522 

1519 
1520-26 

1524 



Several Bahamas, 

Cuba, and Haiti. 
Antilles, Jamaica, 

Cul)a, Haiti. 
C. Breton, Lai). 
Greenl. to lat. 36°. 
Hindostan, by C. of 

Good Hope. 
Trinidad, northern 

coast of S. Amer. 
Cape St. Roque 

(Brazil) to Darien. 

Brazilian coast and 
northwestward. 

C. St. Roque. 

Newfoundland to 
Delaware Bay. 

C. St. Roque to Hin- 
dostan. 

Pearl Coast to Isth- 
mus of Darien. 

Brazilian coast. 

Honduras to Gulf 

of Darien. 
C. St. Roque to C. 

Corrientes. 
Brazil to Patagonia. 

Darien. 

Ceylon by C. of Good 

Hope. 
Brazilian coast. 
Florida. 

March into Mexico. 
C. Horn to Spice Is. 

and around globe. 
Florida to Mexico. 
Eastern coast U. S. 
Eastern coast U. S. 



1 The first voyage of Vespucci is placed with Ojeda, according to the common acceptation 
that he sailed with Ojeda, and returned in time to ship with Pinzon in 1499. 

2 The above chart places the voyage of Pinzon and Solis in 1506, according to the general 
belief of scholars, 

6l 



62 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Principal Voyages to the United States between 1525 and 1609. 



1. De Narvaez 

2. De Vaca 

3. Cartier 

4. De Soto 

5. Louis de Velasco 

6. Ribault 

7. Liuulonniere 

8. Mcncndez 

9. William Hawkins . . . . 

10. Sir Francis Drake. . . . 

11. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 

12. Amidas and Barlow. . . 

13. Ralph Lane 

14. John White 

15. Bartholomew Gosnold 

16. Martin Bring 

17. CJeorge Weymouth. . . 

18. Chamjilain 

19. De Monts 

20. London Company .... 

21. Champlain 

22. Henry Hudson 



Sp. 

Sp. 

Fr. 

Sp. 

Sp. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Sp. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Eng. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ene. 



Eng. 



1528 
1528-36 

1534-35 
1539-42 
1559 
1562 

1565 
1565 
1565 
1577 

1583 

1584 

1585 

1587 

1602 

1603 

1605 

1603-05 

1604 

1607 

1608-09 

1609 



Florida. 

<\ Southwestern part of the 

\ United States. 

St. Lawrence Region. 

Southern United States. 

Bensacola Bay. 

Bort Royal. 

Fort Caroline. 

St. Augustine. 

Florida. 

California. 

\ Newfoundland and Mas- 

\ sachusetts. 

North Carolina. 



Maine and Massachusetts. 
Maine. 

St. Lawrence Region. 

Nova Scotia. 

Jamestown. 

^ Lakes Champlain, II u- 

\ ron, and Oneida. 

Hudson River. 



Explorations of the Interior by the French. 



1. Fur Traders 

2. Jesuit and Recollet 

Missionaries 

3. Joliet and Marquette. 

4. La Salle 

■5. De Tonti 



1618 
1615-1700 

1673 

1673-1687 
I 673-1 704 



The Lake Region. 

The Mississippi Valley and Lake 

Region. 
Mississippi River. 
Mississippi River to its mouth. 
Mississippi Valley. 



PART HI. — ERA OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL 
DEVELOPMENT (i 607-1 733). 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 
Chief Topics. 



Charters (1606). 

First English Settlement (1607). 
The Struggle for Existence (1607-08). 
Second and Third Charters (1609-12). 



Great Growth (1609). 
Slavery (1619). 
The First Legislature (1619). 
Schools (1619-22). 



79. The Colonial Charters. — King James L made two ces- 
sions in 1606 of the American territory claimed by the English: 
(i) to the London or South Virginia Company, and (2) to the 
Plymouth Company. The London Company had for its mem- 
bers nobles, gentlemen, and rich merchants in and around Lon- 
don. The Plymouth Company was made up of similar persons 
from the west of England. Both companies were under control 
of a central London council chosen by the King, and called " The 
Council of Virginia." 

King James L authorized the London Company to settle any- 
where between Cape Fear and Long Island, while the Plymouth 
Company was permitted to choose a site anywhere between Dela- 
ware Bay and Nova Scotia. ^ 

80. Settlement of Jamestown. — The London Company 
sent out an expedition commanded by Capt. Christopher New- 

1 The London Company had from the 34th to the 38th degree, and the 
Plymouth Company from the 41st to the 45th. Either could occupy the 
three intermediate degrees, provided that neither should settle within a hun- 
dred miles of the other. 

63 



64 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



port, consisting of three ships and a hundred and four men.^ A 
large part of these were unworthy men, and gave the better ele- 
ment much trouble. 

Reaching Chesapeake 
Bay by way of the West 
Indies, they named Cape 
Charles and Cape Henry 
after the two sons of the 
King. They named Point 
Comfort, and discov- 
ering the mouth of a 
river, which they named 
" James " in honor of the 
King himself, they sailed 
up its course about fifty 
miles to a beautiful pen- 
insula, where they landed 
on the 2 2d of May, 1607, 
and began the historic 
settlement, Jamestown. - 
Edward Wingfield was 

Ji/nJ> shoiviiii' Fiist Etislish Setilcments. , . , , , 

chosen president of the 
council, and thus became the first governor of Virginia. The 
colonists set about to erect houses for homes and for worship.-^ 




1 Of these, forty-eight were gentlemen. Some of tlie otliers were Ial)or- 
ers, mechanics, carpenters, etc. 

2 A great historian has said, " This is tlic most important event recorded 
in profane history." 

3 Capt. Smitli thus describes the first church and liouses: " Wlien I first 
went to Virginia, I well remember, we ditl hang an awning (which is. an old 
sail) to three or four trees, to shadow us from the sun ; our walls were rails 
of wood, our seats unhewed trees, our pulpit a liar of wood nailed to two 
neighboring trees; this was our church, till we built a homely thing like a 
barn, set upon crotchetts, covered with rafts, sedge and earth, as were also 
the walls. The best of our houses were of the like curiosity, but the most 
part far much worse workmanship, that could neither well defend wind nor 
rain ; yet we had daily common jirayer morning and evening, every Sunday 



THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 



65 



81. Jamestown's Struggle for Life. — Shortly after this, 
Capt. John Smith ^ set out to explore the neighboring country. 
Up the James he went, and discovered the country ruled by 
Powhatan. He returned to find the colonists in peril. The 
August sun had brought an epidemic 
which .carried off one half of them. 
The rest were sick, and only five men 
were able to do duty as sentinels. 
Gosnold died, and Wingfield was re- 
moved from office. Capt. Ratcliffe 
was elected to succeed him, but had 
neither the character nor courage to 
rule well. He was removed, and two 
of the council were left, — Martin 
and Smith. Martin voted for Smith, 
and made him president. His good 
sense and the frosts of winter saved 
the Colony. Houses were cleaned up, and the fortifications 
strengthened. He made peace with the Indians, and bought 
corn of them. Discipline became permanent, and cheerfulness 
and hope took the place of melancholy. 

82. Capture of Smith by the Indians. — During the winter 
Smith set out to explore the Chickahominy, and was captured 
by the Indians. By the movements of his compass he aroused 
the fears of his captc^rs, and thus saved his life. He was then 




Capt. John Smith. 



two sermons, and every three montlis the holy communion." The entire 
band celebrated the feast of the Holy Communion the day after landing. 

1 Although but twenty-eight years of age at this time, Capt. Smith had 
already passed through a most adventurous career by which he had acquired 
that self-reliance which, with his indomitable energy and administrative ability, 
fitted him for the leading part he took in affairs of tlie Colony. In boyhood 
he ran away, and became a soldier in Holland. He then traveled over 
France, Italy, and Egypt, enlisted in the Hungarian army, and was captured 
by the Turks and sold as a slave. Being beaten by his master, he killed 
him, and walked through Russia and Poland, Germany and France, back to 
England. 



66 HISTORY OF THE AM ERIC AX PEOPLE. 

taken to Powhatan, the Indian chief, avIio a few days later re- 
leased him and sent him to Jamestown. i 

83. More Emigrants arrive. — During his seven-weeks' 
absence, the Colony was reduced by death to thirty-eight. Early 
in the spring (1608) a hundred and twenty more emigrants arrived 
with Capt. Newport. Of the new emigrants, thirty-four were 
gentlemen ; the others, gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, and 
adventurers. Smith saw new trouble ahead, but did not flinch 
from the task oi forcing these incongruous elements into dis- 
cipline, industry, and development. He explored and mai)ped 
Chesapeake Bay. He was elected president again, and made 
some regulations which created great opposition. Each man 
was required to do a certain amount of work each day. After 
a while the sturdy English sense predominated, and English in- 
dustry began to hammer out the usual English success. The 
second summer had been without fever, and prosperity opened 
on the Colony's second autumn. 

84. The Second Charter.- — In May, 1609, the company 
obtained a new charter with enlarged privileges. It permitted 
the stockholders of the company to select their own London 
council. It also authorized that council to select the governor 
of the Colony. The boundaries of the Colony were extended 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This relinquishment of royal 
privileges was not demanded by the Virginians, but by the Eng- 

1 Tlie romantic incident that made the Indian princess Pocahontas tlie 
heroine of colonial life, and one of the noted characters of American history, 
is said to have occurred during Smith's captivity. In his General History, 
published in 1624, Smith relates that he was about to be killed by order of 
Powhatan, when Matoaka, the eldest daughter of the chief, rushed between 
the uplifted club and the prisoner, and interceded in his behalf so successfully 
that his life was spared. Smith was told that the name of his deliverer was 
Pocahontas, the Indians believing tliat no one could be hurt whose real name 
was unknown. 

2 The first charter placed the whole authority in the hands of the King 
and such as he should appoint. No property rights could be obtained by 
emigrants before the end of five years. Everything was held in common, 
and the idle were supported at the expense of the industrious. 



THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 67 

lish stockholders. The example, however, took root, and pro- 
duced excellent fruitage in a few years. 

85. Lord Delaware. — Thomas West (Lord Delaware) was 
chosen governor and captain-general of Virginia. Nine ships, 
carrying the new commissioners, Gates, Somers, and Newport, 
with five hundred emigrants, left England (i6og). Two of the 
ships with the commissioners were wrecked on the Bermudas : 
the other seven, after a journey of peril, reached Jamestown. 
The old colonists were clamorous, and objected to the new 
government. Smith relinquished his position, and returned to 
England. 

86. The Days of Famine. — War was declared against the 
Indians, and before it ended the colonists found themselves with- 
out provisions. In six months their number decreased from four 
hundred and ninety to sixty. They literally starved to death. 

The arrival of the wrecked Capt. Gates with his companions 
was celebrated by the thankful but starving colonists with thanks- 
giving and prayer. This was the first thanksgiving service in 
America, and occurred on May 10, 16 10; but starvation had 
eaten into the English vitahty, and the whole Colony resolved to 
abandon the place. Thev crowded on the ships, fired a farewell 
shot, but shed no farewell tear. It looked as if the fate of 
Raleigh's settlements was to be that of Jamestown. Down the 
James they went to Mulberry Island, where they met Lord Dela- 
ware (1610) with a hundred and fifty of the best emigrants ever 
brought to America. They all turned back to Jamestown, and 
repaired at once to the Jamestown church to give thanks again. 
The sermon of Mr. Bucke was tender and eloquent, and was a 
fitting end to these troublous days. 

87. Industries of the Colony. — The manufacture of steel 
and iron was begun, — the beginning of an impulse that has en- 
riched America, — and new settlements were started at Bermuda 
Hundred and Henrico City. The latter was built upon a bend 
called Dutch Gap, which afterwards became famous. Dale 



68 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEORLE. 



became governor (May, 1611), and began a rigid policy. He 
executed eight ringleaders who tried to lead the colonists into 
insubordination. He introduced the system of property rights 
in land, and gave to each settler three acres. In August (161 1) 
Sir Thomas Gates, who had been sent back to England, arrived, 
with three hundred settlers and a hundred cows. The Colony 
now numbered seven hundred. Plantations were begun, and 
each hundred men subjected to the control of a captain. John 
Rolfe began in 1 6 1 1 the systematic culture of tobacco. Flax 
and hemp were grown everywhere. Tobacco soon became the 
chief article of trade : it influenced lawmaking, and became a fac- 
tor in all the subsequent political and rehgious disturbances. It 
is to-day one of the chief sources of revenue in the United States. 

88. Pocahontas. — In 1613 
a party of Englishmen captured 
Pocahontas, the daughter of the 
Indian chief Powhatan, and car- 
ried her to Bermuda Hundred, 
where she was baptized and 
taught the Christian faith. She 
met John Rolfe, and a mutual at- 
tachment soon followed. They 
were married at Jamestown in 
1 6 14.1 This union brought to 
the colonists the permanent good 
will of Powhatan and the formi- 
dable Chickahominy tribe. These 
agreed to take the name " Eng- 
lishmen," and to become subjects of the British Crown. This 
peace stimulated a greater industry. Property began to accu- 
mulate, and a famine was no longer feared. 




Pocahontas. 



1 Rolfe and Pocahontas went to England in 1616, where they were hand- 
somely received by the Crown. In 1617, while preparing to return to Vir- 
ginia, Pocahontas died, leaving an only son, Thomas. From this son hav 
descended some of the greatest and best of Virginians. 



THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 



69 




Marriage of Pocalwiitas. 

89. The Third Charter. — In 1612 a third charter was 
granted to the Virginia Company. The London Council was 
abohshed, and the stockholders governed upon their own respon- 
sibility. They held pubhc meetings, elected their own officers, 
and discussed all questions of law and right. This was the be- 
ginning of a democratic form of government in America. 

90. Slavery. — In August (1619) a Dutch slaver sold to the 
Colony twenty negro slaves. Although negro slavery had been 
established in America long before this by the Spaniards, this 
was the first introduction into English settlements. During this 
year about twelve hundred settlers of the most reputable character 
entered the Colony. One hundred "disorderly persons" were 
sent to be employed as servants. The influence of these upon 



70 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

the Colony, however, was not pernicious. Rigorous enactments 
against crime restrained those who were really vicious, and aided 
those who were simply unfortunate to become good citizens. 

91. The First Representative Body. — In 161 9 a legis- 
lature, composed of two members or burgesses from every plan- 
tation or hundred, met at Jamestown to make laws for the new 
Colony. It was called the " House of Burgesses." It had been 
elected by the freeholders of each hundred, and was composed 
of twenty-two members.^ This was the first legislative body 
elected by the people that ever convened in America. It passed 
two laws of note: (i) every man was required to attend church 
twice a day on Sunday; (2) each settlement was required to 
educate the children of the natives. Thus from this first House 
of Burgesses came the first law ever penned in America, enjoin- 
ing education upon communities. 

92. Colleges and Schools. — About this time a college was 
opened for both sexes at Henrico. Under an order from the 
King, nearly ^1,500 ($7,500) had been collected by the bishops 
of the realm to build the college, and 15,000 acres of land were 
given for its support. Contributions came from England each 
year. In 1622 it was destroyed in the Indian massacre. Nor 
was this all. A free school preparatory to the college was estab- 
lished at Charles City in 1 6 2 1 . This was the first free school in 
America. It was also destroyed by the Indians. 

1 Between 1617 and 1619 many new villages or hundreds were formed, 
each one having the regular ministrations of a minister of the Church of 
England. These ministers united two functions, — preacher and teacher. 



CHAPTER X. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 



Leading Events. 



Written Laws (1612). 
Indian Massacres (1622-44). 
Royal Province (1624). 
Counties (1634). 



The Cavaliers (1649). 
Navigation Act (1660). 
Bacon's Rebellion (1676). 
The Shenandoah Valley (1732). 



93. The Constitution. — In 161 2 the London Company- 
granted Virginia a written code of laws modeled after the British 
Constitution. It provided (i) trial by jury; (2) annual meetings 
of the Assembly ; (3) that no act of the company should bind the 
Colony without the assent of the x\ssembly. This charter became 
the model for the other colonial grants. No other Colony was 
satisfied with less than had been granted to the Old Dominion. ^ 




Indian Massacre. 

94. The Indian Massaore. — Peace with the Indians had been 
enjoyed so long that the colonists were lulled into a feeling of 
security. On the 22d of March, 1622, the Indians fell upon the 

1 This was the name ahnost universally applied to Virginia. 
71 



72 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

whites, and killed men, women, and children to the number of 
three hundred and forty-seven. Every settlement was attacked 
on the same day, except Jamestown, which escaped. The savages 
then set fire to the houses and destroyed them, including the 
college property at Henrico. The plans of the Indians had been 
maturing for years, and the massacre changed the minds of the 
English with reference to their treatment. The mild treatment 
hitherto enjoined was reversed, and the Indians were treated as 
deadly enemies. 

95. A Royal Province. — Too much freedom grieved the 
King. He did not like the Virginia Assembly or Virginians. 
He said they " had become a seminary to a seditious Parlia- 
ment." He therefore revoked their charter, and made the Col- 
ony a royal province (1624). I'hus, almost before any other 
Colony was started, Virginia had begun the solution of the great 
questions of liberty and representation, and suflFered dismember- 
ment rather than abate her claims. While gallantly struggling for 
political liberty, the colonists marred their record by an act of 
rehgious intolerance. All ministers other than those of the 
Church of England were forced to leave. ^ 

96. Counties. — In 1634 Virginia was divided into eight coun- 
ties, governed as in England. The election of sheriffs and baihffs 
was reserved to the people. The settlers adopted the county 
form of government for these reasons: (i) they were used to it 
in England; (2) it was best suited to their large territory, sparse 
population, and agricultural life ; (3) they believed that the people 
would be purer, and the government stronger. 

97. Second Indian Massacre. — In 1644 the Indians 
planned a second attack upon the colonists, which resulted in the 
butchery of between three hundred and five hundred men and 
women. Despite this, and despite .the pohtical and religious 

1 Tlie Baptists and Quakers were persecuted most. McTyeire said, 
" They marched to prison singing as they went, ' Broad is tlie road that leads 
to death,' and preached to crowds through the prison bars." 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 73 

troubles, the Colony prospered. In 1648 it had a population of 
15,000, and the annual yield of tobacco was 1,500,000 pounds. 

98. The " Land of the Cavaliers." — For about a century 
serious trouble had been brewing in England, in both civil and 
religious matters, between the people and the sovereign. This 
culminated in civil war, the execution of King Charles I., and the 
estabhshment by Oliver Cromwell of the English Commonwealth 
in 1649. Prior to the downfall of the monarchy, the religious 
intolerance of the King and his partisans, who were called " Cav- 
aliers," had caused many of their adversaries to fly to America. 
These adversaries, who were dissenters from the Established 
English Church, were called " Roundheads," or " Puritans." 
With the success of the Roundheads under Cromwell, it was the 
turn of the King's friends to fly ; and during the period of the 
Commonwealth (1649-60) three hundred Cavaliers found a home 
in Virginia, from which that Colony has been called the " Land 
of the Cavaliers." 

99. Navigation Act. — In 1660 the kingdom was restored 
in England, and Charles II. crowned King. The Navigation 
Act, which required the colonists to trade exclusively with Eng- 
land and in English ships, was passed by Parliament in 1660. 
The Assembly sent Gov. Berkeley to England to protest against 
it. The King disregarded the protest, and rigidly enforced the 
law. This so lowered the price of tobacco exported, and so 
raised the price of English goods imported, — the only goods 
which could be imported under the law, — as to almost extin- 
guish the great trade of the Colony. The colonists grew im- 
patient, and signs of revolt were manifested. The murmurs 
brought concessions 1 which pacified the colonists without recon- 
ciling them. 

J Among other concessions was one in answer to a protest sent over by 
Virginians, to the effect " tliat taxes ought not to be laid upon proprietors and 
inhabitants of the Colony, l^ut by the common consent of the General As- 
sembly." On the 19th of April, 1676, the King granted this, but rescinded 
his grant a few weeks later. The principle, however, was ever after main- 



74 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

lOO. Bacon's Rebellion. — The settlers on the frontier de- 
manded protection against the Indians. Murders were frequent, 
and the whole line of outlying settlements was insecure. The 
colonists came together in self-defense, and, without authority 
from the royal governor, raised a company of soldiers (1676), 
elected Nathaniel Bacon as their leader, and started for the wil- 
derness. Berkeley proclaimed them traitors, and pursued them 
with a small force. Bacon retorted by denouncing the governor 
as a traitor and a tyrant. The lower counties rose in revolt, and 
joined Bacon's standard. He punished the Indians, and then 
retiu-ned with his army to the capital, only to be declared a law- 
,„ ^. ful general by the Vir- 

ginia Assembly. Gov. 
Berkeley was forced to 
issue a commission to 
Bacon, and with this 
the young general 
marched to the frontier 
to continue his fight with 
the Indians. Berkeley 
again denounced him 
as a traitor, and Bacon 
then turned his warfare 
against the governor. 
Marching to Jamestown, 
he forced the governor 
to take refuge in the Ac- 
comac, east of the bay. 
Again Bacon sought the 
Indians, but, before he reached them, Berkeley raised an army 
and marched against him. Bacon turned, only to learn that 
Berkeley had again crossed the bay. Entering Jamestown with 
victorious banners, he burned it to the ground. Owners of houses 

tained by the colonists, though it was not established until a century after- 
wards. 




Ruins of Ja}nesto% 



DEVELOPMEA'T OF THE I'IRGEYLi COLONY. 75 

set fire to them, declaring that they should never again shelter 
the tyrant Berkeley. In the midst of his success, Bacon died; 
and his followers, having no leader, were forced to submit. 
Berkeley returned, and vindictively punished all who had been 
connected with Bacoii. The jails were filled, property was con- 
fiscated, and twenty-three men were executed. 

loi. Williamsburg. — Jamestown never recovered from the 
blow given by liacon. In the beginning of the next century the 
capital was removed to Williamsburg, and the house that had 
been occupied by the burgesses was given to the justices of 




Jamestown, with fifty acres of land for a free school. The 
principal enterprise, however, was the college estabhshed by Rev. 
James Blair in 1693, called William and Mary College, the 
second permanent college in the United States. 

102. The Vestries of Virginia. — A careful study of the 
vestries of Virginia will disclose the fact that they were from the 
first strong advocates of religious liberty, and that from their 
ranks came the strongest advocates of civil liberty. " Taxation 
and representation" were synonymous with "support and elec- 
tion of ministers." If they were to pay the minister, they de- 
manded the right to choose him and to discharge him at will. 



76 HISTORY OF 77/ E AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

The defense of these rights brought them into constant contact 
with governors, bishops, kings, queens, and cabinets. They 
fought the battles of the Revohition for a hundred and fifty years 
before the Revohition began. 

103. The Shenandoah Valley. — A hundred years after the 
founding of Jamestown the counties extended to the Blue Ridge, 
and the population had reached nearly a hundred thousand. 
The region beyond this great barrier was unknown. In 17 16 
Gov. Spottswood, with thirty horsemen, crossed the Blue Ridge 
and the Shenandoah River,i and pushed on up to the top of the 
highest peak of the Alleghanies, where he drank the health of 
King George. Spottswood organized the Knights of the Golden 
Horseshoe for the purpose of settling the region beyond the 
Blue Ridge in the valley of the Shenandoah. Hardy Scotch- 
Irish, German, and Quaker settlers from Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey pushed down this valley about 1732, and planted their 
settlements everywhere. The valley also received the Huguenots, 
the Catholics from Maryland, the Baptists, Puritans from New 
England, Lutherans, and Moravians ; but the hardy Germans 
and Scotch-Irish largely predominated. Indian wars forced them 
to think and act alike, and they soon became a strongly united 
whole. The first religious organization west of the Blue Ridge 
was the monthly meeting of the Quakers, in 1738, along the 
Opequon and on Apple Pie Ridge in Virginia. 

1 Shenandoah signifies " Tiie Daughter of the Stars." 



CHAPTER XL 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 
Leading Events. 



Voyage of the " Mayflower " (1620). 
Landing at Plymoutli (1620). 
Massacliusetts Bay (1626). 
Rhode Island (1O36). 



Connecticut (1633). 

Pequod War (1637). 

Maine and New Hampshire (1623-29). 

The Printing Press (1638). 



104, The Leyden Colonists. — During the reign of King 
James persecutions for dissent were frequent. The " Separa- 
tists," ^ or those of the Puritans that had thrown off all connec- 
tion with the Church of England, had several congregations in 
England. These were broken up by the civil authorities. Flee- 
ing from place to place, they sought refuge in Holland. One 
congregation under the pastoral care of Mr. Robinson, a learned 
preacher, arrived at Amsterdam, where they remained a year. 
The congregation grew rapidly ; but the old English memories 
were ever with them despite their religious difTerences, and they 
desired their children to be EngHsh, and to maintain English 
principles. This could not be if their children grew up and inter- 
married with the Dutch in the country of the Dutch. They 
therefore resolved to remove to America, and to settle in Virginia 
within the bounds of one or the other of the two great companies. 

105. Voyage of the "Mayflower." — About this time a 
company of merchants in London proposed to carry the colo- 
nists to America for a large share of the products of their labor in 

1 There were originally two classes of Dissenters or Puritans, — the 
Separatists, or those who renounced all connection with the Church of Eng- 
land ; and the Nonconformists, who still called themselves members of that 
church, but could not conform to its forms of worship. The Pilgrims were 
Separatists, while the colonists at Massachusetts Bay had been chiefly Non- 
conformists. 

77 



78 



HISTORY OF THE AM ERIC AX PEOPLE. 



the new Colony. The future offered them greater hberty, and 
the colonists accepted these hard terms. One hundred and two 
colonists sailed from Plymouth, England, in the " Mayflower," 
Sept. 6, 1620. In nine weeks they sighted Cape Cod. During 
the voyage they drew up and signed a compact to enact just and 




Laiidiiig of the Pi/gn'iiis. 

equal laws, and to submit thereto. They elected John Carver 
governor of the Colony before landing. Going on shore, and 
finding no inhabitants, and no attractions for a permanent habi- 
tation, they sailed around Cape Cod Bay, and entered Plymouth 
Bay. 

106. Settlement at Plymouth, — New Plymouth ^ was be- 
gun on Dec. 21. Lots were given to each family, and before 
the new year began every family had a home. Founding a col- 
ony in the dead of winter caused much exposure, and before 
summer began one half of the adults sickened and died, including 
the governor. These people, because of their wanderings, have 



1 The rock at which the landing was made has been called " Plymouth 
Rock." 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 



79 



been called " The Pilgrims." The settlers were surprised one 
morning to hear the English word " welcome " spoken by In- 
dian lips. They looked up, and beheld a friendly Indian, who 
told them that he was Samoset,^ and that they had settled in the 
territory of Massasoit, the king of the Wampanoags. He re- 
turned in a short time, bringing with him the king, who welcomed 
the English to his country, and made a treaty with them, which 
was observed for fifty years. 




Map slwiving Early New England Sfttloncnts. 

107. Government of Plymouth Colony. — The partnership 
with the merchants was dissolved in 1628 by agreement. After 
this, each man worked for himself, and a greater immigration fol- 
lowed. Buzzard's Bay was made an outpost, and a trade begun 
with the Dutch at New Amsterdam. Gov. Bradford received 
an enlarged patent in 1630, and conveyed it to the freemen of 

1 Squanto, an Indian taken to England by Hunt in 1614, acted as 
interpreter. 



8o 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



New Plymouth. This charter witnessed the growth of the Col- 
ony from a plantation of one town, to that of a province of eight 
towns along Cape Cod Bay, and Taunton, twenty-five miles 
inward. 

io8. Massachusetts Bay Colony. — Salem was settled in 
1626. Gov. Endicott, with a large body of emigrants, arrived 
there in 1628, thus insuring the permanence of the settlement. 
Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Roxbury, Dorchester, and 
Boston were settled in succession. These towns united under 
one charter as the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the govern- 
ment was transferred from England to Boston. John Endicott 
was succeeded as governor by John Winthrop in 1630. These 
people refused to be called Separatists. They were members of 
the Church of England, of the Nonconformist type. Some of 
the best English families were to be found in this and the Colony 
of Plymouth. Each settlement had its town meeting, at which 
every freeman had the right to vote ; but this right was soon 
abridged, as in Plymouth laws requiring membership in the estab- 
hshed church of the settlement, as a basis for voting or office- 
holding, were passed. Members who still conformed to the old 
Established Church were forbidden to vote or to hold office, as 
well as those who had gone a step further in the direction of 
"soul hberty." 




Harvard College. 



109. Harvard College. — In 1636 the General Court of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay ordered that two thousand dollars be set aside 
to found a seminary at Newtown, Two years later John Harvard 



SETTLEMENT OE NEW ENGLAND. «i 

died, and left the school his library and ^800 ($4,000). Its 
name was then changed to " Harvard College," and the name of 
the town to " Cambridge." This was the first permanent college 
in the United States. 

no. Settlement of Providence. — Roger Williams, a young 
minister of Salem, insisted that no man or civil authority had the 
right to control his religious beliefs. He claimed that in such 
matters every man was answerable to God alone. Wilhams in- 
sisted also that it was a duty of the settlers to buy their lands of 
the Indians ; that men could not sell what they did not own, and 
that the whites did not own these lands. His brethren held that 
the company had the right to sell, and that this second purchase 
was unnecessary. This " soul liberty " of Williams led the magis- 
trates to banish him from the Colony. Williams and five of his 
friends traveled three months during the winter, hungry and cold, 
until at last they reached the land of the Narragansetts. Their 
chief, Canonicus, received them gladly, and granted them a tract 
of land. Here they began a settlement (1636), which was named 
" Providence," with the hope that it " might be a shelter for per- 
sons distressed for conscience." Williams will ever be remem- 
bered as the first in America to demand religious liberty for 
mankind. 

III. Rhode Island. — William Coddington, John Clarke, and 
William Aspinwall, leading citizens of the Massachusetts Bay 
Colony, but opposed to persecution, were exiled, and Rhode 
Island became their home. They bought the island for a lot of 
white beads, and established Portsmouth in the northern part 
in 1638, and Newport in the southern part the next year. 
In 1643 Warwick was settled by Samuel Groton. In the same 
year Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport were united under 
a charter obtained from England by Williams, under the title of 
" Incorporation of Providence Plantations in the Narragansett 
Bay in New England." This charter was accepted in 1647, ^"^^ 
Warwick was admitted into the Colony. In 1663 John Clarke 



82 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

obtained another charter, including all the settlements, creating 
a corporation by the name of " The Governor and Company of 
the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 
in New England in America." 

112. The Baptists. — This body of religious people began its 
separate existence in America with the banishment of Roger 
Williams. The exiles " for conscience' sake " made a home in 
Rhode Island, where the first Baptist church was erected about 
1638. 

113. Connecticut Colonies. — The valley of the Connecticut 
was reported at an early day to be a rich country. Settlers from 
Plymouth in 1633 settled at Windsor. Two years afterwards 
emigrants from Massachusetts Bay founded Hartford, Wethers- 
field, and Springfield. In 1636 Rev. Thomas Hooker, with one 
hundred persons, marched through the woods to these settle- 
ments. Two Englishmen, Lord Say and Lord Brook, sent a 
company to found a colony on Long Island Sound, which was 
called Saybrook. A body of Puritans under Davenport founded 
New Haven in 1638. No code of laws was recognized save the 
Bible, and no citizens save members of their particular church. 
Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield joined themselves into one 
Colony in 1639, under the first written constitution ever formed in 
America. 

114. The Pequod War. — The valley of the Connecticut was 
inhabited by a strong tribe of Indians. They were friendly at 
the beginning of the settlements, but in the strife engendered by 
the fur trade some of them did hostile acts. For this, revenge 
was taken by burning their wigwams and destroying their canoes 
and corn. The tribe thought the punishment was too severe, 
and sought revenge. They tried to engage the help of the 
Narragansetts of Rhode Island. Roger Williams, forgetting the 
wicked treatment accorded him by the Puritans, crossed the bay, 
and at great risk of his life prevented the alliance. The Pequods 
began the war alone (1637). They put about thirty of the Eng- 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 83 

lish settlers to death by the tomahawk before a defense could 
be made. The colonists raUied with vigor, however, and in a 
single engagement destroyed the tribe. Those who escaped were 
captured, and sold into slavery. The Pequods were no more. 

115. Maine and New Hampshire. — In old Plymouth there 
resided a man of wealth, Ferdinand de Gorges, who had much 
to do with the settlement of New England. He asked and 
obtained, in company with John Mason, a tract of land extend- 
ing from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, and from the St. Law- 
rence to the ocean. This was called " Laconia." They soon 
divided their possessions, and Mason took that part south of the 
Piscataqua, which he named "New Hampshire" (1629). All 
this region, including all of New England perhaps, was first called 
" Norumbega." After the division, the country north and east 
of the Piscataqua was called " Maine." 

Several settlements were formed around the Piscataqua River 
(1623); but they grew very slowly, and were too far from the 
towns on the bay to be considered of importance. Maine soon 
joined itself to Massachusetts. 

116. The Printing Press. — The year 1638 will ever be 
famous for the introduction of the printing press into the United 
States^ at Cambridge. An almanac was the first work done, 
after which the Bible and the Psalms were printed. 

1 The first printing press in America was set up by Catholic priests in 
Mexico in 1535 ; the second, at Lima, Peru, in 1586. 



CHAPTER XII. 

UNITED NEW ENGLAND. 

Leading Events. 

Union of the Colonies (1643). The Charter Oak (1687). 

King Philip's War (1675-78). Salem Witchcraft (1692). 

Royal Province (1684). Colleges and Schools (1642). 

117. Union of the Colonies. — These Colonies were filling 
up rapidly with people fleeing from the intolerance of priests 
and kings. In the region between Plymouth Rock and the 
Housatonic River twenty-two thousand emigrants had already 
found homes. The stern Puritans, the milder Episcopalians, the 
Pilgrims, Baptists, Quakers, and others fled to this region, hoping 
to enjoy greater freedom, and to make larger wealth. They had 
begun to build ships, and to start those lines of commerce and 
manufacture which afterwards gave them eminence, wealth, and 
political power. Fifty towns were already established, each 
governed by a town meeting of the freemen. They felt the 
need of a central government which \yould unite them for 
common defense and protection without interfering with the 
separate nature of each Colony. Finally Massachusetts Bay, 
Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a compact 
(1643) under the name "The United Colonies of New England." 

118. The Quakers. — This body of people, because of their 
peculiar religious beliefs, met with great persecutions in England, 
and fled to greater persecutions in Boston. They were caught 
by the officers of the town, and scrutinized carefully for marks of 
witchcraft. They were thrown into prison, and then banished. 
Others came, and a law was passed excluding them from the 
country. If they came back, they were punished by whipping 
or by cutting oil one ear ; for the second offense, the other ear 



UNITED NEW ENGLAND. 



85 



was taken ; for the third, a hole was bored through the tongue 
with a red-hot iron. 

These laws had no terrors for the gentle Quakers. As the 
laws grew worse, the Quakers multiplied rather than decreased. 
The council met again, and made the penalty of their presence 
death. Martyrs multiphed, and the jails filled up, until the com- 
mon people revolted at the shedding of Christian blood. The 
law was repealed. The Quakers had conquered, and religious 
liberty was forever assured. The blood of the Quakers gave 
New England liberty of conscience. 

119. King Philip's War (1675-76). — Massasoit, the chief 
of the Wampanoags and the friend of the English, died in 1662. 
The treaty made at Plymouth forty-one years before had been 
sacredly kept. He was succeeded by his youngest son, Philip 




Attack by Indiatts. 

of Mount Hope. Phihp was a brave man and a thoughtful one. 
He resolved to make an effort to stop the advancing tide of 
Enghsh occupation. He attacked Swanzey, but was forced to 
fly. Rallying all the Indians east of the Hudson, he kept the 
6 



86 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

frontier settlements in terror by burnings, massacres, and devasta- 
tions. 

The village of Deerfield was burned to the ground (1675), 
On the day that Deerfield was burned, Hadley was attacked while 
the colonists were at church. Everything was in confusion, when 
Gen. Goffe, the regicide, headed and rallied the colonists, and 
drove the Indians to the woods. The farms on the frontier were 
abandoned, and the settlers took refuge in the stronger towns. 
Philip repaired to the land of the Narragansetts. 

120. The Narragansetts defeated. — Canonicus, contrary 
to his treaty, received Philij). Rhode Island was invaded at once 
by a thousand colonists under Col. Winslow. The two savage 
tribes repaired to a cedar swamp near South Kingston. Here 
the greatest battle of the war was fought (1675). The Indians 
numbered about three thousand, and believed themselves secure. 
The colonists attacked them bravely, pushed into the swamp, 
and set fire to their wigwams. The fires rolled on, and the In- 
dians were forced to the front in order to escape. Here they 
were met by the colonists with their unerring rifles. A thou- 
sand warriors were killed, and hundreds more were captured. 
The wounded, together with the old men and the women and 
the babes, died in the fire. There the Narragansetts died, — 
the whole tribe exterminated in a day. Philip, like a wounded 
tiger, fought through the fire and shot, and escaped, 

121. Death of King Philip. — He joined the Nipmucks, and 
in the spring renewed the war with vigor. He had nothing to 
lose, and fought with the energy of desperation. For three 
hundred miles on the frontier he carried the blazing torch and 
the murdering tomahawk. Lancaster, Groton, Medfield, and 
Marlborough were burned to the ground. Weymouth, within 
twenty miles of Boston, was wrapped in flames. But Philip's 
forces dwindled each day, and there was none to replace them. 
His wife and son were captured. Broken in spirit, he went back 
to his old home, Mount Hope, ready to die. Here he was shot 



UNITED NEW ENGLAND. 87 

down by a faithless Indian (August, 1676), and his wars were 
over. The Indian question was settled in southern New England. 
There the Indians were extinct, and those beyond the Connecticut 
sued for peace. 

122. A Royal Province. — The charter of Massachusetts was 
abolished by the King (1684), and the Colony placed under the 
direct control of Edmund Andros,i a royal governor, in 1686. 
He was arbitrary and rigid, and changed the civil and the religious 
laws of the Colonies. He exalted the Church of England, and 
permitted no marriage to be celebrated by a minister from another 
church. 

123. The Charter Oak. — Andros determined to destroy the 
charter of Connecticut, and went (16S7) in person to Hartford 
with a company of soldiers to force the General Court to pro- 
duce it. The story goes that the charter was brought in, and 
placed upon a table before Gov. Treat, who proceeded to show 
Andros how infamous was his demand. All at once every light 
went out, and in the confusion Capt. Wadsworth of Hartford 
took the charter away, and hid it in the hollow of a majestic oak 2 
tree on the grounds of Samuel Wallys. Andros, failing in his en- 
deavor, called for the Connecticut records, wrote " Finis " "^ below 
the last entry, and returned to Boston.* 

124. Salem Witchcraft. — The belief in witches was com- 
mon at this time ( 1692) in all civihzed countries, and in some local- 
ities in England people had been hung as witches. In Salem, 
Mass., the belief took possession of nearly all the people, and pro- 
duced some startling results. Some little girls were afflicted with 

1 Sir Edmund Andros was governor of New York from 1674 to 1682; of 
New England, from 1686 to 1689; and of Virginia, from 1692 to 1698. 

2 Ever afterwards called " The Charter Oak." The tree was blown down 
in 1856. 3 " Finis " means " the end." 

^ But a short time before this, Charles II. extended the charter of Con- 
necticut so as to include all the territory between Narragansett River and the 
Pacific Ocean. From this grant of Charles II., Connecticut reserved a large 
area of land in Ohio, called " TJie Western Reserve," upon whose proceeds 
was established her permanent school fund. 



88 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



a peculiar nervous disorder, and accused an old servant of be- 
witching them. In accordance with custom, she was whipped 
until she confessed that she was guilty. In a short time other 




A Siis/h\icJ Witch. 

girls took the disorder, and other women were charged, only to 
be whipped into confessions. Every one who confessed was 
hanged for being in league with an evil spirit. Nineteen persons 
were hanged before it was found out that the accusations in 
many cases were malicious, and the confessions frauds. From 
that day to this no one has been killed for being a witch. 

125. Colleges. — Harvard College was established in 1638, 
Yale in 1701, and Brown University in 1764. 

In 1642 Massachusetts passed a law requiring every town 
having a population " of fifty households " to forthwith " appoint 
one within the town to teach all such children as shall resort to 
him to read and write." The salary was to be paid either by the 
parents or masters of the children or " in a general way of supply." 
The condition was that those who sent their children "be not 
oppressed by payment more than they can have them taught for 
in other towns." These were local compulsory schools, not the 
" free or common schools " we enjoy, 



UNITED NEW ENGLAND. 89 

126. Praying Indians. — Rev. John Eliot, the "Apostle of 
the Indians," translated the whole Bible into the Indian language 
(1661-63). fi^ labored to convert them to Christianity, and was 
very successful. He then gathered them into towns, where he 
taught them how to support themselves by labor. He had about 
four thousand converts, called " Praying Indians." 

127. New England and Virginia compared. — The reli- 
gious idea entered into the settlement of all New England. 

The Pilgrims settled at Plymouth ; the Puritans, at Salem and 
Boston. Connecticut was settled by emigrants from Massachu- 
setts ; Rhode Island was the refuge for the oppressed in religious 
affairs from all the other Colonies ; Maine was originally settled 
by loyahsts in politics, and Church-of-England men in religion ; 
while New Hampshire started with men and religion not in good 
repute at Boston. 

Massachusetts was the second Colony to estabhsh government 
by the people, being preceded by Virginia alone. The form of 
government in Massachusetts was by town assemblies ; that of 
Virginia, by county assemblies on county court days. In Mas- 
sachusetts, freemen were selected according to their church 
membership. In Virginia they were land-holders or house-hold- 
ers. In both they were select men. 

In Connecticut, freemen were made so by the election of the 
other freemen. The New Haven people met in a barn, and set- 
tled matters " according to God." Freemen had to be church 
members. Twelve men were chosen, who selected seven to con- 
stitute the church. These " seven pillars " were to form the civil 
government. Everything was settled by the Scriptures. 

In Rhode Island no one could be a freeman who had no land, 
and it took a long initiation to admit one to full citizenship. It 
appears that in all the Colonies, Virginia included, some sort of 
wise selection was deemed necessary to admit one to the full 
exercise of citizenship. What is worth preserving has in all ages 
been deemed worthy of guarding. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THE DUTCH COLONY OF NE-W NETHERLAND. 

Leading Events. 

New Netherland (1610). | The Dutch Governors (1624-64). 

Dutch West India Company (1621). I Indian Lands (1626). 

128. The Dutch claimed the Hudson River country by right 
of discovery through Hudson, and the States General of Hol- 
land granted to the Dutch East India Company the exclusive 
right to trade and settle there. As we have seen, the English 
Government claimed the services of Hudson and his crew because 
they were Englishmen, and it afterwards laid claim to the coun- 
try they discovered for the same reason. Thus two nations 
derived their chief claim to this region from the same voyage. 

129. Settlement on Manhattan Island. — Dutch mer- 
chants established a trading station at the mouth of the Hudson 
River, on the island which the Indians had called " Manhattan " 
(1614). Another company, called the "New Netherland Com- 
pany," was granted the sole right to occupy this territory and 




A'<'7(' .1 >iiste>-(ia>ii. 

trade there. It sent over a large number of .settlers and traders, 
who erected forts on Manhattan Island, and called the country 
" New Netherland " (1614-18). The settlement on Manhattan 
Island took the name " New Amsterdam." 

90 



THE DUTCH COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND. 91 

130. Explorations. — In coasting around they explored the 
Sound eastward to its extremity, and on to Narragansett Bay and 
Cape Cod. Christiaensen, a commander of one of the ships, went 
up the Hudson, and built (161 5) a block house just below Albany, 
which was called " Fort Nassau."^ Cornelius May, another cap- 
tain, explored the coast of New Jersey as far as Delaware Bay, By 
discovery the Dutch now claimed New Netherland as extending 
from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod. The English and French 
were not inclined to treat this claim with much respect, as their 
claims were based upon older discoveries. 

131. Dutch West India Company. — A new company was 
organized during 1 621, with the exclusive privilege of planting 
colonies in America. The huts at New Amsterdam passed quietly 
to the new company, and greater attention was given to the Col- 
ony. Thirty families of the Walloons, Dutch Protestant refugees 
from Flanders, came over in 1623, and made homes on Manhat- 
tan Island. Some of these, however, sailed up the South River 
(the Delaware), and built Fort Nassau, where the present town of 
Gloucester, N.J., stands. This was the first settlement in West 
Jersey. They made a treaty with the Iroquois, which that fierce 
tribe always respected. 

132. The Dutch Governors. — The company sent over sev- 
eral governors, who ruled the Colony until it fell into the hands 
of the English. The following shows their names and terms : — 

Cornelius May 1624 - 25 

William Verhulst 1625-26 

Peter Minuit 1626-33 

Wouter van Twiller 1633-38 

Sir William Kieft 1638-47 

Peter Stuyvesant 1647-64 

During these forty years the manners and customs of the 
kindly Dutch were planted firmly upon the soil of New York, 

1 Afterwards washed away by a flood. In 1623 Capt. Joris discovered 
that the fort was gone, and built another a little higher up the river, which 
he named " Fort Orange." 



92 mSlORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

affecting its civilization for good, and giving to our poetry, ro- 
mance, and song much of their volume and power. This people, 
with their thrift and trade, their industry and economy, their 
bravery and honesty, became inseparably interwoven with the 
glory of America ; and their descendants, illustrious in all our 
wars, have also been foremost in vigor, enterprise, and daring 
upon the peaceful fields of commerce, literature, and law. 

133. Buying Land of the Indians. — During the adminis- 
tration of Minuit, the Island of Manhattan ^ was purchased from 
the Indians for the equivalent of about twenty-four dollars. 
There were thirty houses on the island at that time (1626). 
Brooklyn was begun the same year. The Dutch inaugurated 
the double svstem of buying land from the European companv 




Puic/uise of M Tiihaiiau Islatid 

that claimed to own it, and afterwards from the Indian occu- 
pants. Persecuted themselves for their religious convictions, 
they were willing to tolerate the belief of others. They treated 
the Indian as a man having the same rights as themselves, and 
what they wanted they purchased fairly from the one who had 
the right to sell. This practice was afterwards adopted by the 

1 The cliief part of New York, the largest and richest city in America, is 
built upon tiiis island, which contains fourteen thousand acres. Minuit paid 
for it, in scarlet cloth and brass buttons, about one sixth of a cent an acre. 



THE DUTCH COLONY OF NEW NETFIERLAND. 93 

United States, — a policy which, though usually attributed to 
Penn, was already a fixed policy in America long before Penn's 
purchase. 

134. The Iroquois League. — The whole country from the 
Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the Great Lakes to the Sa- 
vannah River, was ruled by a confederacy of Iroquois Indians 
called " The Five Nations." ^ These Indians were chiefly in 
New York, and were soon won by this system of fair dealing 
established by the Dutch, and became their friends. 

The English who conquered New Netherland continued the 
purchase policy of the Dutch, and retained the friendship of the 
Indians. These as allies enabled the English to stand in the great 
struggle for supremacy with the French in after years. 

135. The Patroons. — The charter of 1621 required the 
Dutch West India Company " to advance the peophng of those 
fruitful and unsettled parts." Less attention was paid to this, 
however, than to the buying of furs. When this trade threatened 
to become unprofitable, the company started a plan (1629) to 
enrich itself through a grand array of princely settlements. Im- 
mense tracts of land were offered to such men as would take 
over not less than fifty settlers to New Netherland Avithin four 
years. These men were to be called "patroons." 

They agreed with each emigrant to pay his passage, to furnish 
him a farm stocked with everything needed, free from taxes and 
at a small rental, and to furnish a schoolteacher and a preacher.^ 
The emigrant agreed to cultivate the patroon's land for ten years ; 
to give him the first chance to buy whatever he had to sell ; to 
bring all disputes before his court ; to take his grain to the pa- 
troon's mill, and pay for the grinding. This planting of the feudal 

1 This confederacy was made up of the following great tribes : the 
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. The Tuscaroras of 
North Carolina afterwards removed to New York, and joined the confederacy. 

2 This makes it an open question whether general education received its 
first impetus through the Dutch company, the General Court at Boston, or 
the Mouse of Burgesses of Virginia. 



94 HISTORY OF THE AM ERICA X PEOPLE. 

system of Europe in America by weakening the revenues of the 
State paved the way for its overthrow within a few years. ^ 

136. Plymouth's Claim. — The Pilgrims had been sheltered 
in Holland, and good feeling existed between the Dutch at New 
Amsterdam and the English at New Plymouth ; but, notwith- 
standing this, the Pilgrims claimed as a part of their grant the 
territory on which the Dutch had settled. The Dutch, in turn, 
claimed Connecticut ; and Van Twiller took possession, and built 
Fort Hope (1633) near what is now Hartford. This gave the 
Dutch a footing, which they held for about twenty years. In 
return for this, the English crossed over into Long Island, and, 
despite all £)bjections, planted (1640-65) their settlements in 
what is now Suffolk County. 

137. End of West India Company's Monopoly. — Charges 
against Gov. Van Twiller induced the Dutch Government to in- 
vestigate the affairs of the province. The monopoly of the West 
India Company was broken down (1640); and a right to buy, 
sell, and cultivate the soil, was opened to every emigrant, deni- 
zen, and foreigner. " Whole colonies " Avent there from New 
England. Servants who had worked out their contracts in Vir- 
ginia and Maryland, wealthy farmers, together with peasants, all 
flocked to the Hudson. In 1643 people from eighteen different 
countries had settled in New Netherland. 

' The West India Company stockholders turned themselves into patroons, 
took plantations larger than some of the American States, surrounded them- 
selves with a princely retinue of servants and laborers, and lived free from all 
control. The governor himself was not clothed with the powers of these 
men. One patroon, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a pearl merchant, had seven 
hundred thousand acres near Albany. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE FALL OF NEW NETHERLAND. 
Leading Events. 



Swedish Settlements (1638). 
End of New Netherland (1664). 
Oppression of the English. 



The First Legislature (1683). 
The Palatinates (1708). 
The Moravians (1742). 



138. Swedish Settlements. — Gustavus Adolphus, the great 
Swedish king, determined to find a place in America for Swedish 
exiles from the Old World. Two well-equipped vessels sailed 
from Gothenburg, and entered the South River of New Nether- 
land in March, 1638. The settlers landed below Mordare Kil,i 
at Paradise Point. They afterwards went higher up, and bought 
from the five chiefs of the Minquas the west shore of the Dela- 
ware from Bombay Hook to the Schuylkill. At the extremities 
of the country, posts were set up bearing the coat of arms of 
Sweden and the name of the country. New Sweden. They built 
a fort near the present site of Wilmington, Del., and named it, in 
honor of their Queen, " Christiana." 

139. European Nations in America. — This was the last 
of European nationalities represented in the early settlement of 
America ; and it has been said, that, of all who came, " none 
were more cheerful, intelligent, or virtuous than the Swedes." 
At this time four foreign powers besides the English had a foot- 
ing within the present limits of the United States. They were 
the French, the Spaniards, the Dutch, and the Swedes. 

140. Peter Stuyvesant. — The name of Peter Stuyvesant, 
the greatest of the Dutch governors, serves to mark the extin- 
guishment of two of these powers in North America. He 
crushed the Swedes, and was in turn crushed by the Enghsh. 

1 Murderkil Creek. 

95 



96 



II I Sr DRY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




J^'tUr ^tuyvesaiit. 



Stuyvesant was a soldier of great merit. He had lost a leg in 
battle, and his silver-tipped wooden limb had earned him the 
title "Old Silver-leg." He resolved to 
have order in New Netherland, no mat- 
ter what it cost. He was not in favor 
of freedom, or of liberty of conseience, 
and was a tyrant in many respects. He 
improved the city, however, forced his 
own people to obey law, and made other 
people respect his Colony.^ Visiting 
Hartford, he ceded most of Long Island 
to the English, and fixed by treaty (1650) 
the western boundary of Connecticut 
near its present location. 

141. End of New Sweden. — Stuyvesant forced the Indians 
to ratify a peace, and built a fort near the mouth of the Brandy- 
wine as a menace to the Swedes. The Swedes overpowered the 
garrison, and captured this fort (1654). This roused the soldier 
in Stuyvesant, and he declared war. With six hundred men, he 
sailed up the Delaware, and captured all the Swedish forts with- 
out losing a man (1655). He required the Swedes to take the 
oath of allegiance to Holland, and put an end to New Sweden. 

142. English Conquest of New Netherland. — But the 

days of the Dutch were about over. The English had never 
surrendered their claims to New Netherland, although they had 
for so long permitted the Dutch to control it. It was resolved 
by Charles IT. to assert his authority, and to annex this countrv 
to the English Crown. To do this, he granted this whole region 
to his brother James, who immediately set out with a fleet to take 
possession of his grant. He appeared before New Amsterdam, 
and demanded its surrender. Stuyvesant was not accustomed to 



1 Wall Street in New WnV City, the great money center, marks the line 
of Stuyvesant's wall or palisade across the island on the north side of the 
town. 



THE FALL OF NEW NETIIERLAND. 



97 



giving up without a fight, and swore that he never would surren- 
der. But the citizens were not as strong-hearted as the gov- 
ernor, and gave him no encouragement to resist. Stuyvesant, 
finding himself without help, surrendered (1664), 




stuyvesant e.x-lwrting the Dutch, 

The Duke of York took possession, and the name of the 
province became "New York. "i Thus ended the rule of the 
Dutch. England now controlled everything along the Atlantic 
between New France and New Spain; — the best slope ever 
selected for the site of a nation. 

143. Oppression by the Duke of York. — New Yorkers 
changed masters, thinking that they would obtain greater privi- 

1 Named in honor of James, Duke of York. Stuyvesant owned a farm, 
or "bowery," on the east side of the city, where he lived and died. The 
street called Bowery was a road leading from the city to his farm. 



98 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

leges under the English. In this they were mistaken. The 
Duke of York, who owned the province, did not permit the peo- 
ple to govern themselves by a legislature, but sent out governors, 
who were entirely responsible to him, and not to the people. 

Taxes were levied by the governor at his will, and the people 
complained that this was in violation of English rights. Gov. 
Lovelace said, " If there are any more murmurs against the taxes, 
make them so heavy that the people can do nothing but think 
how to pay them," 

144. The First Legislature. — In 1683 the first legislative? 
body chosen by the people of New York assembled at Albany, 
The first act passed was one which defined the rights of the 
people. Every right and privilege of Virginia and Massachu- 
setts was put in this first great law. It was soon ascertained 
that even a popular assembly may become an engine of oppres- 
sion and wrong. 

Representation was fixed without much regard to population 
and taxation, so that the " Up Hudson River Country," with less 
people and wealth, had two or three times as many representa- 
tives as the people around New York. This brought the com- 
plaint that " to have the name and nothing of the natiure of an 
assembly is but a snare to the gi^eatest part of the people." 
Thus the equities of representation were gradually unfolded, and 
forced under the hammer of discussion. 

145. The Palatinates. — In 1708 Queen Anne invited the 
German Protestants from the Palatinate on the Rhine, who had 
been driven out of their country by religious persecution, to be- 
come citizens of her colonies. Thousands of these Palatinates 
settled in New York. Forty acres of land were promised to each 
settler after payment of charges for transportation. From the 
Palatinates have come some of the best and wealthiest families 
of New York.i 



1 Embury, Vanderbilt, and Heck are some of the names given by the 
Palatinates to American civilization. 



THE FALL OF NEW NETHERLAND. 



99 



146. Count Zinzendorf and the Moravians. — The zealous 
Zinzendorf planted the first Indian Moravian colony in North 
America (i 742) at Shekomeko, in Dutch- 
ess County, N.Y. He visited Pennsyl- 
vania, preached at Germantown, and 
established congregations at Bethlehem 
and Nazareth. In 1749 he obtained 
an Act of Parliament authorizing the 
establishment of Moravian missions in 
North America. These energetic Mo- 
ravians pushed their work diligently 
among the Indians everywhere, and 
contributed very largely to the eleva- 
tion of the tribes with which they came 

in contact. They entered a colony without permission, traveled 
at will, refused to take oaths, and established their churches and 
schools in all parts of the Colonies and the regions of the West. 




Count Zinzendorf. 



CHAPTER XV. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Leading Events. 

Settlement of New Jersey (1664). I The Great Assembly (1707). 
Royal Province (1702). | The Quakers. 

147. New Jersey. — As has been noticed, the Dutch settled 
New Jersey by building Fort Nassau on the Delaware (1623). 
They had also crossed over from Manhattan and built a fort at 
Bergen (16 18). The location of the Swedes on the Delaware, 
having been seized in turn by the Dutch and English, was in- 
cluded in the Crown grant to the Duke of York (1664). In the 
same year the Duke of York granted to Sir George Carteret and 
Lord Berkeley all that land southwest of Long Island, to Cape 
May and the Delaware Bay, under the name of " New Jersey." ^ 
These proprietors wisely granted a constitution which assured all 
settlers that their civil and religious rights would be respected. 

A settlement was made at Elizabeth (1664), to be followed 
quickly by others at Middletown and Shrewsbury. Then came 
the Scotch and English Quakers in great numbers. Philip Car- 
teret, the first governor, obtained the good will of the Indians by 
buying their right to the soil. New Jersey never had an Indian 
massacre. The town of Salem was begun in 1675 by a colony 
of Englishmen under Fenwick. 

Berkeley's share soon passed into the hands of William Penn 
and five others (1676), and a division was made of the grant 
into East and West Jersey. Carteret held East Jersey. In both 

1 The charter name was Novum Casarea, or " New Jersey." It was called 
Jersey from the fact that Carteret had defended the Islmd of Jersey against 
the " Long Parliament." 

100 



A'-EJV JERSEY. 



Colonies every freeholder was permitted to vote. Trial by jury 
was established, and imprisonment for debt abolished. " No 
man was to be called in ques- 
tion or molested for his con- 
science, or for worshiping ac- 
cording to his conscience." 

The proprietors of West 
Jersey published their laws, 
and invited settlements. In 
1677 extensive tracts of land 
were bought by Quakers 
from Yorkshire and London, ^ 
and a large number of re- 
spectable and wealthy farm- 
ers and merchants moved 
to their new possessions. 
They settled at Burlington. 

148. A Royal Province. 
In 1702 the proprietors of 
East and West Jersey surrendered their right of government to the 
Queen, and New Jersey became a royal province. Lord Corn- 
bury was appointed governor, with instructions to have but one 
Assembly, with alternate meeting-places in Perth Amboy and 
Burhngton. Otherwise the liberal laws of the proprietors were 
not changed. 

149. The Great Assembly of New Jersey. — Lord Corn- 
bury was a cousin of the reigning queen, and was well qualified 
by birth and attainments to govern well ; but he was the only 
governor of New Jersey that won the hatred of the people. 

The first joint Assembly met in 1703, and was dissolved by 
him in less than a month. The next year it was again dissolved 
in twenty-one days. 




Map shoivhig Division of Neiv Jersey into 
East and West Jersey. 



1 The Scotch, who settled East Jersey, and the Puritans at Shrewsbury 
and Freehold, were also members of the Quaker Church. 



102 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

The Great Assembly of 1707 elected Samuel Jennings speaker, 
and sat from day to day preparing a list of grievances, which 
was sent to the Queen and to the governor. Cornbury's answer 
to the address brought a reply from the Assembly in the form 
of an admirable paper, clearly defining the rights of the people 
and of the governor. Cornbury dissolved this body. When it 
met again, he dissolved it again, but he did not conquer it. 

Although its greater part was made up of Quakers, the whole 
body was of old English or Scotch stock, that knew an English- 
man's rights. They had acquired large estates under English law, 
and were not disposed to surrender their right to control them to 
one who violated all English precedents. So great was their in- 
fluence, that in 1708 the Queen removed Lord Cornbury, declar- 
ing that she would not countenance her nearest relations in 
oppressing her people. New Jersey continued under royal 
governors until the Revolution. 

150. The Quaker Meetings and their Records. — The 
monthly meeting records of the Quaker churches established in 
the wilds of New Jersey two hundred years ago disclose a gov- 
ernment and a system of church laws and practices that would 
do honor to any civilization.^ 

1 John Woolman, a Quaker (born in 1 720 in Northampton, Burlington 
County, N.J.), was one of the most distinguished men in the cause of 
humanity. He traveled over thousands of miles on foot, and without money, 
among his people in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and 
North Carolina, in the interest of the slaves. His journal is a model of 
meekness, gentleness, and wisdom. Charles Lamb said of this, " Get the 
writings of John Woolman by heart." William Ellery Channing said, " It 
is the sweetest and purest autobiography in the language." 



CHAPTER XVI. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Penn's Grant (1681). 
Delaware (1691). 
Penn's Treaty (1683). 



Leading Events. 

Quakers and Mennonites (1683). 
The Disputed Boundary. 
Mason and Dixon's Line. 



151. Grant to William Penn.— The Colony of Pennsyl- 
vania was granted by Charles II. to William Penn, an Enghsh 
Quaker, in March, 1681. Penn was already interested as a pro- 
prietor in the two Colonies of East and West Jersey, and had 
ascertained the existence of the unoccupied territory across the 
Delaware. Penn was not only a distinguished Friend or Quaker, 
but was also the son of a distinguished English admiral. The 
King owed Admiral Penn a 
large sum of money ($80,000), 
which claim was inherited by 
William at his father's death. 
His proposition to the King 
to exchange the claim for the 
territory of Pennsylvania was 
accepted. 

152. Penn's Plan of Gov= 
ernment. — Penn, as propri- 
etor and governor, drew up a 
plan of government. Every 
land-owner, and every person 
paying any kind of tax to the 
government, was to be a free- 
holder ; trial by jury was estab- 
lished ; all children of twelve years were required to learn a 
trade ; every believer in one God should have full liberty to 







'/'y////'- 



William Penn. 



I04 II I STORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

worship as he pleased; tlie Lord's Day should be observed as 
a day of rest. 

153. Delaware. — Penn had in the mean time bought out the 
interests of the Duke of York in the remaining territory on the 
Delaware River. This came to be known as the three lower 
counties on the Delaware. New Castle was already established, 
and about five hundred Swedes were scattered over the territory. 
These counties were annexed to Pennsylvania until i6gi, when 
they were formed into the commonwealth of Delaware, with a 
separate governor and Assembly. 

154. Penn's Visit. — Penn reached Pennsylvania in 1682, 
and devoted his whole time to founding the first settlement at 
Philadelphia, a city which he had laid out before starting,^ and 
in arranging an Assembly for the development of the Colony. 
When the Assembly met, the three lower counties on the Dela- 
ware were joined to Pennsylvania, and the Swedes were made 
citizens. 

Penn followed the established usage, and extinguished the 
Indian title to the lands by purchase. He went further than 
this,, and attempted to put all trade with them upon a basis that 
would protect their interests and rights. He granted the Indians 
the same liberties to improve their lands, and to provide for the 
sustenance of their families, as were granted to English planters. 

>55' Treaty with the Indians. — Penn, in contracting for 
the lands of the Indians, called them together at Shakamaxon,- 
near Philadelphia, where, under a noble elm, he made with them 
a lasting friendship. Poetry and art have vied with each other 
in their attempts to describe this meeting as it deserved ; but 
they have not equaled the simple word-picture given by Penn : 
" When the purchase was agreed, great promises passed between 

1 The plan was carried out exactly, and its worth is attested liy tiie fact 
that the original streets have needed little straightening or widening in two 
hundred years. The settlements of the Swedes at the mouth of the Schuyl- 
kill had all disappeared. 

- This was " the only treaty never sworn to and never broken." 



PFA'A'SV/J-.I.Y/'.-l. 



105 




US of kindness and good neighborhood, and that the Indians and 
Enghsh must live in love as long as the sun gave light." 

156. Welsh Quakers and Mennonites. — A body of Welsh 
Quakers bought lands north of Philadelphia, and opened up a 
settlement. A colony of Germans from Crefeld came in 1683. 
They were Mennonites, and the advance guard of that immense 
German population which soon turned its face to Pennsylvania. ^ 

157. Growth. — Philadelphia grew very rapidly. The first 
settlers, while waiting for their dwellings, lived in caves dug into 
the ground. Twenty-three ships came during the fall. 

In the third year Philadelphia had three hundred and fifty- 
seven houses, some of them three stories high. Manufactures 
sprang up. Penn said in 1684, "I have led the greatest colony 
into America that ever any man did upon a private credit." His 
city, Philadelphia, was the leading city in early colonial life. 
The first Congress met there, the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted in one of its houses, and the Constitution of the 



1 Pastorius came in 1683, and began the settlement of Germantown. In 
1685 he sent to the monthly meeting of the Friends a written protest against 
buying or selling slaves. This was the first public act of this kind, and has 
been celebrated by Whittier in his poem The Pennsylvania Pilgrim. 



lo6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

United States was framed within its bounds. The Quaker City 
was the queen city ; and with the country around it was the 
proh'fic mother of colonies in the Valley of Virginia, in North 
Carolina, beyond the Alleghanies, and far to the west. 

158. The Disputed Boundary Charles II., in his deed to 

Penn, made the southern boundary a circle drawn twelve miles 
from New Castle northward and westward to the 40th parallel, 
thence westward to its western limit. Everybody supposed that 
the 40th parallel would intercept the segment of the circle twelve 
miles from New Castle, and the northern boundary of Delaware. 
A glance at any map will show that the 40th parallel does not 
touch the segment, but lies far to the north of it. Penn had laid 
out his counties, and had granted his lands, on the supposition 
that the most western part of the circle was the beginning of his 
south line. Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, dis- 
puted this, and claimed northward to the 40th parallel. 

159. Mason and Dixon's Line. — Penn, seeing that his in- 
terests were in danger, returned to England (1684). He suc- 
ceeded in obtaining all that he claimed as to the present State of 
Delaware, but could secure no settlement of the southern hne. 
The heirs of Penn and Baltimore (1760) agreed that the line 
should begin on the circle at a point on that parallel which was 
fifteen miles due south of Philadelphia. The survey of this line 
began in 1763, and after four years it had been surveyed two 
hundred and forty-four miles west of the Delaware. The sur- 
veyors were two eminent men from London, — Charles Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon. The line became famous in three ways : 
first, as a settlement of the boundary question between Pennsyl- 
vania and Maryland after eighty years of controversy ; second, 
it settled the dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania,^ almost 

1 Baltimore's charter was an infringement upon that of Virginia : so was 
Penn's. The second charter of Virginia ( 1609) placed the northern boundary 
two hundred miles north of Old Point Comfort. Baltimore's line extended 
west to the meridian which ran through the head waters of the Potomac. 
Mason and Dixon found this meridian, and pushed on to find Pennsylvania's 



PENNSYLVANIA. 107 

as famous as the dispute with Maryland ; third, it came to be the 
hne of division between the free and slave States. 

160. Penn's Difficulties. — Self-government was so new to 
the citizens, that much trouble ensued. The quarrels between 
members of the council and the Assembly and others stopped 
migration and the sale of lands. Penn also lost his rents. The 
Colony for which he worked faithfully, and which had prol^ted 
so largely by his exertions, forgot its benefactor and its promises. 
The agreed rents were not paid. He revisited the country, and 
spent two years in the settlement of these troubles. His outlay 
upon this province threw him into debt, for which he was arrested 
and imprisoned.^ 

161. New Albion (1632). — Sir Edmund Plowden asked 
King Charles I. to grant him and certain other gentlemen Long 
Island, and thirty miles square from the adjoining coast, to be 
formed into a county Palatine with the name " Syon." The 
King not only granted the request, but extended the boundaries. 
All of what is now New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
Maryland, together with Long Island, was included under the 
name " New Albion," and Long Island took the name " Isle 
Plowden." Sir Edmund visited his earldom, but found the 
Swedes in possession on the Delaware. As he was unable to 
oust them, New Albion was never settled by its proprietor. 

west line. The Indians stopped them before they reached it. Virginia 
finally ceded her claim to Pennsylvania, and in 1 784 the line was finished to the 
southwest corner of Pennsylvania on the 5th meridian west from the Dela- 
ware River. Both States, Virginia and Pennsylvania, had their respective 
ofiicers in each of the southwestern counties of Pennsylvania for many years. 
Titles were worthless, and riots of frequent occurrence. The cession quieted 
affairs. 

1 The influence of Penn with James II. was very great. He used that 
influence to help mankind. He succeeded in opening the dungeon doors of 
over twelve hundred imprisoned Quakers. When the King fled, Penn was 
accused of a treasonable correspondence with him. His charter was annulled, 
but was restored after a long and expensive suit. He who had lived for 
others was forgotten by them in the evening of his life. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

MARYLAND. 

Leading Events. 

Settlement of Maryland (1634). I Toleration Act (1649). 
Clayborne's Rebellion (1644). I Customs of the People. 

162. The First Proprietary Government. — In 1629 
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, obtained from Charles I. 
a grant for the lands north of the Potomac. The Colony estab- 
lished under this charter was 
remarkable in two respects: 
first, it was the first proprie- 
tary government in America; 
second, it was the first to pro- 
claim and to practice religious 
toleration. 

163. The Settlement. — 
George Calvert died before the 
j)atent issued, leaving his work 
to his son Cecil, the second 
Lord Baltimore. In 1634 Cecil 
Calvert sent his brothers Leon- 
ard and George, with about 
three hundred people, to found 
the Colony.i In February the "Ark " and " Dove " arrived at the 
Island St. Clement. After exploring the country, it was decided 
to plant the settlement on the stream St. Marys. At the place 
selected there was an Indian town, which was purchased at 

J The name " Maryland '' was chosen by the King in honor of the Queen, 
Henrietta Maria. 

108 




MARYLAND. 



log 



once,i and called "St. Marys" (1634). The Indians taught the 
settlers the mysteries of woodcraft, how to hunt deer, and how 
to make cornbread or "corn dodger." The colonists planted 




^lf'«Mf^ 



Landing of Calvert. 

corn the first year, and sent a cargo to England in the fall to 
exchange for other goods. The first year was one of thrift, and 
augured the future success of the enterprise. 

164. Jesuit Mission. — Several Jesuit priests came over with 
Baltimore, and established the only Catholic mission ever set up 
in the English colonies in America. They labored to convert 
the Indians.^ 

165. Troubles with Clayborne. — Kent Island was claimed 
by Virginia, and granted (1632) to William Clayborne. He tried 

1 Calvert purchased thirty miles square for axes, hatchets, and cloth, and 
agreed that the Indians should hold one half of the town until the end of 
harvest. Thus the first town in Maryland was made up of Indians and 
whites living upon terms of friendship. 

2 It is claimed by some tiiat a printing press was set up by the Jesuit 
Fathers at St. Marys in 1634. If so, it was the first one in the British 
colonies. 



no HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, 

to take possession of it (1635), ^"^^ was driven away by the citizens 
of Maryland. A second time he attempted (1644) to obtain his 
possessions, but without success. In 1651 he was more suc- 
cessful. The civil war in England had overthrown the King. 
Opposition to the Catholic religion was at its highest point. 
Cromwell resolved to humble Maryland for two reasons : first, 
the Baltimores were loyal to the King ; second, they were de- 
voted Catholics. Clayborne was sent over as a commissioner 
to enforce obedience to the laws of Parliament. He removed 
Gov. Stone from office, and created an independent province. 
When Charles II. was crowned King, William Clayborne, "the 
evil genius of the province," disappeared from its history, never 
to trouble it again. 

166. A Pure Democracy. — The second Assembly that met 
(1638) was a pure democracy. Every freeman was cited to 
attend, and the governor sat as speaker. It was provided, that, 
if any freeman should be overlooked in the notice, he could claim 
his place at the meeting. One man, John Robinson, a carpenter, 
claimed a place, and was admitted. The third Assembly was 
made up after this fashion : every freeman might vote for a 
representative to speak for him, or, if he chose, could go to the 
Assembly himself. The body w^as made up of representatives 
and freemen. 

167. Act of Toleration. — Although all faiths had been 
equally protected from the beginning, the Assembly ^ passed 
(1649) what has since been called the "Great Act of Tolera- 
tion," by which liberty of conscience was guaranteed by law. 

168. The Third Lord Baltimore. — Cecil Calvert died, and 
Charles Calvert became governor (166 1). Charles had a struggle 
almost as noted as that of his father with Clayborne. This was 
the dispute with William Penn over the boundary between Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania. 

1 Some New England writers assert that the majority of this Assembly 
were Protestants. This is an error. There is no doubt that the majority 
were Catholics. 



MARYLAND. HI 

169. A Royal Province. — In 1692 Maryland became a 
royal province. The Church of England was established by law. 
Toleration was abolished, and tyranny sat in the chair of state. 
In 1715 Queen Anne restored Lord Baltimore to his rights, and 
the Calverts retained their authority until the Revolution. 

170. Customs of the People. — In 1648 it was held that a 
young man, having finished his apprenticeship, was entitled by 
the custom of the country to one cap or hat, one new cloth suit, 
one shirt, one pair of shoes and stockings, one ax, one broad 
hoe, one narrow hoe, and three barrels of corn. Five hundred 
pounds of tobacco were sometimes given as an equivalent of 
these articles. Indians called Marylanders " buckskins," be- 
cause they wore clothing made of that material. The "leather 
stocking " was as typical of the Marylander as the silk stocking 
was of the Virginian. 

171. Growth. — The Colony, despite its troubles, grew rap- 
idly in wealth and population. It adopted the county form of 
government, as had Virginia. The chief industry was agricul- 
ture. ^ Abundance marked the plantation hfe, and shiftlessness 
was almost unknown. The little amenities of life marked the 
whole people, and the vices of towns were absent, the court rec- 
ords being remarkable for the almost entire absence of crimes of 
violence. 

1 In 1 71 5 the two provinces Maryland and Virginia gave the mother 
country a greater amount and value of products than the other ten Colonies 
combined. The tobacco of Maryland alone vias, thirty thousand hogsheads, 
and recruited sixteen hundred seamen to transport it. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

NORTH CAROLINA.l 



Leading Events. 



Settlement (1653). 

The Qovernment (1663). 

" The Grand Model " (1670). 



Freedom of Conscience (1703). 
Indian Troubles (1711). 
Scotch=lrish Migration (1752). 



172. Early Settlements. — The religious persecutions of 
Virginia led many Quakers and Baptists to get beyond the line 
of Virginia's authority. In this way the region around Albe- 
marle Sound was settled. Roger Green, a clergyman, led a large 
colony in 1653 to the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers. The 
Quaker George Durant also made a permanent settlement in 
Perquimans County, at Durant's Neck, in 1662. 

173. The Proprietary Qovernment (1663). — The setders, 
fleeing from the tyranny of Berkeley,^ sent glowing accounts to 
England of the fair country around Albemarle Sound. Charles II. 
granted to eight gentlemen as "lords proprietors" all the terri- 
tory south of Virginia to Florida. These proprietors called the 
country " Carolina," ^ in honor of the King, and granted important 
privileges to all who should go there to settle. 

174. Navigation Act and "The Grand Model." — The 
proprietors tried in two ways to change the simple and free 
government set up by the colonists : ( i ) The old Navigation 
Act passed by Cromwell to break down Dutch commerce was 

1 Frequently called the " Old North State." 

2 Berkeley tried to extend his jurisdiction over these people, but failed. 
Early Carolinians looked upon Berkeley as the greatest of tyrants. Strange 
to say, Berkeley, after thanking God that Virginia had no free schools, 
subscribed liberally to make one free. 

•* This name had been applied to this region before, in honor of King 
Charles IX. of France. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



"3 




revived to break down the free commerce of the Colonies. The 
tobacco, corn, and kmiber of Carohna must be carried on Eng- 
hsh ships, and sold to Enghsh buyers. (2) They sent over a form 
of government called " The Grand Model." It was prepared 
by two great men,^ but was in no 
sense fitted for America. It pro- 
vided for a number of titles and 
dignities, and was loaded down 
with forms and fashions. Some 
one has said, "It was as unsuited 
to the Carolina wilderness as St. 
Paul's Cathedral in London was 
for a meeting-house for the Quak- 
ers of Pasquotank." 

To both demands the Carolin- 
ians refused obedience. They 
saw (i) that the Navigation Act 
would end their commercial pros- 
perity by limiting the buyers; and (2) that the "Fundamental 
Constitutions, or Grand Model," would destroy their home rule. 
For these reasons they refused to obey, and, from being at 
first unruly, soon came to be known as " fearing neither God nor 
man." 

175. Imprisonment and Election of a Governor. — The 
governor issued strict orders for the arrest of any one violating 
the Navigation Act, which led to the arrest of certain settlers 
who proposed to sell their goods to whom they pleased, together 
with a New England skipper who was there to buy for the purpose 
of seUing again in Virginia, Maryland, or Massachusetts. These 
arrests made the people angry, and they in turn arrested the 
governor (1677) and threw him into prison. They then elected 
a governor from their own number, who held the office for sev- 
eral years. This was the most daring act of colonial days. 



Jolin Locke. 



1 John Locke and the Earl of Shaftesbury. 



114 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, 



176. The «♦ Grand Model" abolished. — The brave resist- 
ance of the people had its effect. The proprietors withdrew the 
"Grand Model" (1693), and permitted the people to be gov- 
erned under the charter. 

177. Carolinians stand for Freedom of Conscience. — • 

The next btep of the proprietors was to pass a law (i 703) declaring 
that the Church of England should be the established church, 
and that the ministers should be supported by a tax. This cre- 
ated another storm. The Colony was largely made up of Bap- 
tists, Presbyterians, and Quakers. These said, " We are already 
paying for our own preachers. We will not be taxed to support 
a church that drove us from England with stripes, and that has 
not changed its tone in America." The good Queen Anne an- 
nulled the law as unjust. 




hidiau Fight at New Betfie. 

178. The Indians. — In 1696 a fever destroyed nearly all the 
Indians around Pamlico Sound. The white settlements then 
spread southward. The fierce Tuscaroras determined to make 
an effort to destroy them all. On the night of Sept. 22, 17 11, 



NORTH CAROLINA. 115 

they butchered over two hundred whites. With a force of six- 
teen hundred warriors, they continued the tomahawking for three 
days. A Swiss colony ^ of six hundred persons, planted by Baron 
Graffenreid at the junction of the Neuse and Trent Rivers, bore 
the brunt of this attack. The militia of South Carolina, aided 
by a body of Yemassee Indians, all commanded by Col. John 
Barnwell, attacked the Tuscaroras in a fort at New Berne, and 
killed several hundred of them. A treaty was made, only to be 
broken in a short time. Then Col. James Moore, in a bloody 
battle at " Nahucke," now Snow Hill, routed the savages (17 13) 
with a loss of over eight hundred of their braves. This disheart- 
ened the tribe, and it moved to New York, to become the sixth 
tribe in the famous " Six Nations of the North." 

179. End of the Proprietary Government. — ^The long 
struggle of the people against bad governors, and bad regulations 
on the part of the proprietors, led them at last to petition the 
King and Parliament to purchase the proprietary rights. Accord- 
ingly in 1729 the Crown bought the interest of the proprietors 
in Carolina. This Colony was formally divided at this time into 
two distinct royal provinces, called North and South Carolina, 
though these had really been separate for years. 

180. The Scotch Migration. — The battle of CuUoden, in 
1 746, started the conquered Scotch to America. They landed 
in large numbers at Wilmington, and formed settlements along 
the Cape Fear River. Cross Creek, or Fayetteville, was one of 
their principal strongholds. They were brave, frugal, and in- 
dustrious, and made splendid citizens. 

181. Scotch=Irish Migration. — In 1752 North Carolina had 
a population of fifty thousand people. The central and western 
part of the State began to fill up with a people second to none 

1 This colony was called New Berne. From tliese settlers have come 
some of the best citizens of the country. The charge that these were the 
origin of " The Poor White Trash " is without foundation. This county has 
been called " The Athens of North Carolina." 



ii6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

in character, courage, and prudence. This was the people called 
in history the " Scotch- Irish." This emigration set southward 
down the valley of Virginia into North Carolina,^ where it met 
other lines of the same people pushing up the Santee, the Wa- 
teree, and other rivers from the Atlantic coast of South Carolina. 
The gentle Moravians pushed still farther west, and founded 
Salem, N.C. The Huguenots, with their thrift, good manners, 
and education, settled on the Pamlico, the Neuse, and the Trent. 
From such a land came in due time (i) the first armed resist- 
ance to the Stamp Act, (2) the first blood of the Revolution 
at Alamance, (3) the first declaration of independence at Meck- 
lenburg. 

1 Bancroft says, "Are there any who doubt man's capacity for self-gov- 
ernment, let them study the history of North Carolina. Its inhabitants were 
restless and turbulent in their imperfect submission to a government imposed 
from abroad ; the administration of the colony was firm, humane, and tranquil 
when they were left to take care of themselves. Any government but one 
of their own institution was oppressive. North Carolina was settled by the 
freest of the free." 



CHAPTER XIX. 

SOUTH CAROLINA.! 

Leading: Events. . 

Settlement (1670). | The Slave Insurrection (1738). 

Huguenot Migration. | LibrarieSo 

182. Charleston founded. — In 1670 a body of emigrants 
from England, sent out by the proprietors, landed in the southern 
part of Carolina, at or near Beaufort. Remaining here but a short 
time, they moved first, to the Ashley River and founded old Char- 
leston, and second (i68o), across to Oyster Point, on the peninsula 
between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and founded Charleston. 

183. The Huguenots. — The Catholics in France, with King 
Louis XIV., persecuted with relentless vigor the Protestants of 
France. These Protestants were called Huguenots, and repre- 
sented all classes of French people, from the nobility to the peas- 
ants. America invited them to its shores, and they came in large 
numbers to find homes in New York, Virginia, and the Carolinas. 
Large numbers of them landed at Charleston, and scattered over 
the region adjoining. No better immigrants ever came to Amer- 
ica. They were not only physically strong, but were also well 
developed in head and heart. Their descendants have rivaled 
the sons and daughters of Enghshmen, Scotchmen, and Germans 
in nobility of character and enduring worth. Henry Laurens 
and Francis Marion claimed their descent from this Huguenot 
stock. 

184. Rice, Indigo, and Cotton. — The culture of rice began 
upon the plantations near Charleston about 1693. The Colony 
soon took first rank in the exportation of this grain, and always 

1 Called the Carteret Colony in honor of Sir George Carteret. 
8 "7 



ii8 



HISTOKY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



held it. In 1741 indigo was plantetl, and before many years the 
exportation reached a million pounds a year; but cotton was 
found to be more profitable, and the culture of indigo was aban- 
doned. The trade in rice, indigo, and cotton, made Charleston the 
metropohs of the South during the eighteenth century. Josiah 
Quincy said of it, " In almost everything it far surpasses all I 
ever saw, or ever expect to see, in America." 




Rice Field luar Cha?lcston. 



185. The Government. — During the days of the proprie- 
tors, Carteret Colony, or South Carolina, had its own governor, 
council, and Assembly. From 1729 to the Revolution the prov- 
ince was ruled by a number of royal governors, who were per- 
mitted to exercise no functions not in accord with local self, 
government.^ 

186. The French and Indians. — The French were begin- 
ning to make their presence felt among the colonists. Their 

1 One governor, Arthur Middleton, undertook to teach the people a lesson. 
The Assembly did not suit him, and he dissolved it. The people reelected 
the whole body. Middleton dissolved it again and again, until he had dis- 
solved it six times, only to find that the people had reelected it as often as 
he had dissolved it. The people triumphed, and Gov. JNIiddleton left them 
to their own legislative bodies. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



119 




French Settlers hi Carolina. 



forts extended from Canada to Louisiana, and their agents were 
ever on the alert to win the Indians to their cause, and lead them 
against the English colonies. The Carolinas were open to attacks 
from the Creeks and Cher- 
okees. Sir Alexander Cum- 
mings was sent by the Eng- 
lish Government to make a 
treaty with the Cherokees 
on the head waters of the 
Savannah. He succeeded 
in 1 730 in leading a deputa- 
tion of their chiefs with him 
to England. One of them, 
the great Oconostota, was 
an Indian of wonderful elo- 
quence and a high order of 
intellectual power. The chiefs were impressed by the great dis- 
play of Enghsh power, and abstained for a while from French 
alliances. 

187. The Slave Insurrection. — Conflicts between the Caro- 
linians and the Spaniards were frequent. Gov. Moore led an 
expedition against St. Augustine, and failed (1702). Three years 
later he pushed through the forest to St. Marks, which he cap- 
tured. Pushing on, he captured five other towns, and planted 
the English flag in triumph on the Gulf of Mexico. In 1706 a 
Spanish fleet attempted to take Charleston, and failed. In 17 15 
Gov. Charles Craven conquered the Yemassees at Colleton, and 
drove them beyond the Salkehatchie, where they united w^ith the 
Spaniards. 

For years after this the Spaniards incited tne slaves of the 
Carolinians to run away and take refuge in Florida. Bands of 
Yemassees lurked in the swamps to plunder plantations on the 
frontier. At length the English under Col. Palmer rose in arms 
(1731), entered the Spanish territory, and destroyed everything up 
to the gate of St. Augustine. The boundary line was not known ; 



I20 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

but Fort King George, i on the Altamaha, was erected, and the 
Spaniards notified that they must keep to the west of the river. 
The Spaniards then tampered with the slaves, and made them 
dangerous malcontents. In 1738, while the colonists were at 
church on Stono River, the negroes started an insrurection, and 
began plundering, burning, and murdering. The male members 
of the congregation left the women in church, and hastened after 
the rioters. 2 They found them drinking and dancing around a 
house they had just robbed and set on fire. The leader was shot, 
and the others captured. 

188. Condition of the Colony. — From a calm survey of the 
situation, with their governors, their slaves, the French, the Span- 
iards, and the Indians, it is doubtful whether any Colony in Amer- 
ica was ever faced and surrounded by so many and so frequent 
dangers as the little Colony of South Carolina. Notwithstanding 
this, it prospered. It grew in wealth very rapidly, and produced 
what was far better, a race of brave men clothed with gentle 
manners, and educated in head and heart. The first two acts of 
the first Legislature in South Carolina show the interest these 
people took in morahty: (i) the observance of the Lord's Day 
was enjoined ; (2) idleness, drunkenness, and swearing were pro- 
hibited, 

189. Libraries. — A law was passed in 1700 "for securing 
the provincial library of Charleston," and this was soon followed 
by the establishment of others in each of the parishes. The books 
were to be circulated among the inhabitants of each district. 

1 Fort King George on the Altamaha must not be confounded with Fort 
Prince George on the Savannah above Augusta, nor with Fort St. George at 
the mouth of the St. Johns in Florida. Fort King George was destroyed by 
the Spaniards ; Fort Prince George, by Oconostota. 

2 By a law of the Colony, all people were required to go armed to church. 
The plantation where the negroes had gathered has been called *' Battlefield '' 
ever since. The church was at Wiltown. 



I 



CHAPTER XX. 

GEORGIA. 



Settlement (1733). 

Italians, Salzburgers, and Moravians 

(1734-40). 
The Spanish War (1742). 



Leading Events. 

Rum and Slavery (1749). 
Rise of Methodism (1736). 
The Hebrews (1733). 
The Highlanders (1735). 



190. Early Explorers. — The last of the Colonies to be set- 
tled was Georgia. Ribault had previously explored its coasts, 
had named its rivers after those of France, and had built a fort 
upon its soil. Laudonniere had visited this fort, to find it deserted. 
Before this, Hernando de Soto had traversed the State, but had 
made no settlement. Lured by the reports of De Soto, three 
hundred Spanish soldiers with mining tools pushed beyond the 
valley of the Coosa, and spent the summer of 1560 in northern 
Georgia. The Spanish governor of Florida afterwards sent Juan 
Paedo to build a fort in Cherokee, Ga. The Spaniards continued 
these mining operations there as late as 1690. Thus for more 
than a century the quest for gold went 

on in north Georgia among the valleys 
and mountains of the Cherokees. 

191. The English Grant. — All of 
Georgia was included in the grant of 
the lords proprietors of Carolina. When 
they surrendered CaroHna to the Crown, 
they included Georgia. This, in 1732, 
was granted to trustees for establishing 
the Colony of Georgia. The leading 
spirit in this movement was James Ed- 
ward Oglethorpe, a gentleman of unblemished character, " brave, 
generous, and humane." As a member of Parliament, it was his 

121 




James Edward Oglethorpe. 



122 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

duty to visit prisons, and at that time the English law permitted 
the imprisonment of men who were honestly unable to pay their 
debts. The glory of America is the entire abolition of such laws. 
The strong benevolence of Oglethorpe's soul led him to the idea 
that these unfortunate though honest men, respectable in birth, 
and guilty of no crime, should be liberated from their vile thrall- 
dom, and made the excellent builders of a new colony on the 
American shores. His scheme embraced no felon nor any dis- 
honest man. He soon enlarged his scheme to include the honest 
poor out of prison and the oppressed Protestants of Europe. Re- 
lief of human distress was the great corner stone upon which the 
Colony Georgia was built. 

192. Foundation of Savannah. — Gen. Oglethorpe, at his 
own expense, conducted the first expedition. After stopping at 
Charleston a short time, the colonists proceeded to the mouth of 
the Savannah River, thence up its course to Yamacraw Bluff, 
where they landed (Jan. 30, 1733), and began the city of Savan- 
nah. Oglethorpe visited the chief of the Yamacraws, named 
Tomo-chi-chi, and purchased the lands. He made a treaty with 
him, which made him the lasting friend of the English. He also 
called a council of the chiefs who lived in the territory of his 
charter, and purchased their lands at a fair value. It is said 
that no early Colony ever received so many acts of kindne.ss 
from the Indians as this Southern Colony. 

193. Peculiarities of the Colony. — The peculiarity of this 
Colony was that no one of its promoters entertained any idea of 
personal gain from it. Thus was the " Empire State of the South " 
launched into existence. Subscriptions were started, and English- 
men gave liberally. Parliament gave ^10,000 (.$50,000). Each 
settler was looked upon as a soldier and planter, and was fur- 
ni.shed with arras and tools. The town was a garrison, and the 
land for tillage was laid off near it. Fifty acres were granted to 
each planter. Whisky was forbidden, as was slavery. All re- 
ligions were tolerated except the Catholic. In the settlement 



GEORGIA. 1 23 

of every other Colony there were no restrictions as to who 
should enter. In Georgia, however, each applicant was required 
to prove himself worthy of the rights of citizenship. 

194. The Italians, Salzburgers, and Moravians. — Many 
Italians from Piedmont came to Georgia to help in the silk in- 
dustry. The Protestant Salzburgers^ came (1734) and settled 
Efhngham County. Large bodies of Moravians followed. Up 
to 1740 about twelve hundred of these German Protestants had 
arrived and settled New Ebenezer, Bethany, Frederica, and 
Goshen. They were noted for industry, sobriety, and thrift. 

195. The Spanish War. — A Spanish fleet of fifty-one sail, 
with five thousand troops, attacked St. Simon in 1742. Ogle- 
thorpe, with six hundred and fifty men, put the entire force to 
rout. Whitefield said, " This deliverance of Georgia is such as 
cannot be paralleled but by some instances in the Old Testa- 
ment." Oglethorpe became the hero of the hour, and the Span- 
iards let him alone. No effort was ever made by them to inter- 
fere with the Colony again. 

196. Rum and Slavery. — Oglethorpe returned to England, 
and the colonists demanded that the restrictions upon rum and 
slaves be removed. After much argument and delay the authori- 
ties yielded (1749). 

197. A Royal Province. — The trustees surrendered their 



1 The song of the " Mayflower" has been sung for nearly three centuries. 
Let us look at the song of the " Purisburg." The cruel Leopold made the 
lovely valley of the Salza, in northern Austria, a land of desolation. Thirty 
thousand Protestants were forced to leave home and country for exile. 
These persecuted Christians were invited to colonize Georgia. Forty-two 
men, with their wives and children, set out on foot for Rotterdam. At 
Dover, England, they took the oath of allegiance to England, and shipped 
for the New World in the "Purisburg." The ship had a stormy passage; 
but on Sunday, March 10, 1734, it pushed into Savannah, and made these 
" Georgian Pilgrims " glad. They started a town, which they called " Eben- 
ezer," as a perpetual reminder that God had brought them hither. Their 
honesty, intelligence, and industry made them a rich community, and a strong 
factor in the development of Georgia. 



I 24 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



trust in 1752, and Georgia, like most of the other Colonies, 
became a royal province. 

198. Rise of Methodism. — Charles Wesley was sent to Sa- 
vannah in 1735 as private secretary to Gen. Oglethorpe, and sec- 
retary of Indian affairs in the province. John Wesley, one of the 
greatest figures in. the world's history since the Reformation, was 

^ sent to Georgia as a minis- 

:«c^.;-'r^ .|f ter of the Gospel. In a 
modest, scantily furnished 
reception-room of his par- 
sonage in Savannah he 
cradled the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. He says, 
" The first rise of Method- 
ism was in 1729, when four 
of us met together at Ox- 
ford. The second was at 
Savannah in 1736, when 
twenty or thirty persons 
met at my house. The last 
was at London in 1738, when forty or fifty of us agreed to 
meet together every Wednesday evening." The first Methodist 
Church^ in America was established in 1764. In 1771, when 
Asbury came to America, it had about three hundred members, 
chiefly in New York and Philadelphia. In 1784 a separate 
church was formed in America, under the name " The Methodist 
Episcopal Church in the United States of America." 

199. The Hebrew Colony. — Although the terms of the trust 
opened Georgia to all settlers who should be approved by the 
trustees except Papists, a severe strain was put upon the toleration 
of the Colony when fifty Hebrews landed at Savannah (1733). 

1 "The Log Meeting-House " on Sam's Creek, Maryland, was built by 
Robert Strawbridge in 1764, and was the first Methodist Church in America. 
The second church was established by Embury in New York in 1768, and 
was called " Wesley Chapel." 




Jihn \l eiUy pitachntg. 



GEORGIA. 



125 



Oglethorpe received them, and assigned them lands, but the 
trustees objected to it. Dr. Nunis, one of these colonists, soon 
endeared himself to the people by his eminent services. The 
Hebrews were noted for peaceable behavior, orderly conduct, 
and industry. The objections to them soon wore away, and they 
became excellent citizens. 

200. The Highlanders. — A large body of Highlanders set- 
tled on the Altamaha (1735), and started New Inverness. They 
were a brave, hardy race, and in their plaids, broadswords, targets, 
and fire-arms they presented a most manly appearance. From 
these came some of the most gallant soldiers of the Revolution. 







First Metliodist i nh>,ii iti Awerica. 



Europeaf} Events that affected America. 

Note. — These events, and their relation to American growth, should be explained by the 
teacher. "Fisher's Outlines of Universal History," Part III., may be consulted with profit. 



lO. 
II. 

12. 

13- 

14. 

IS- 
16. 

17- 



Presbyterianism in Scotland, {a) 
Destroyed the superstitious def- 
erence of the people for human 19. 
potentates ; (^) attacked kingly 20. 
prerogatives ; {c) elevated indi- 
vidual power. 

Excommunication of Elizabeth by 
Pius V. (rt) Forced Elizabeth 22. 
to side with Presbyterianism in ; 23. 
Scotland ; {b) united English 
thought upon Presbyterianism, 
and spread its doctrines. 24. 

Defeat of the Huguenots (St. 25. 
Bartholomew's Day) in France 
(1572). 26. 

The Spanish Armada (1588). 27. 

Establishment of tlie Court of 28. 
High Commission to punish 29. 
heresy and nonconformity. This 30. 
gave America Catholics, Pil- 31. 
grims, Puritans, Independents, 32. 
Baptists, Quakers. t,t^. 

Catholics persecuted by James I. 34. 

Spoliation of Ulster, Ireland. { 

The Star Chamber. [ 

The Solemn League and Covenant 35. 
of the Scots. 

Long Parliament and Civil War. 36. 

Westminster Assembly of Pres- 37. 
byterians (1643). 38. 

Execiftion of Charles I. (1649). 

The Commonwealth. 

Navigation Acts (1651, 1660). 39. 

England's War with Holland 40. 
(1651-54)- 

Formation of the Evangelical 41. 
Union in Germany. 

Revolt of the Bohemians (1618). 42. 

126 



Destruction of the Palatinate 

(1622). 
Edict of Restitution (1629). 
Reign of Gustavus Adolphus 

(1611-32). 
The Thirty-Years' War (1618- 

48). 
The Wars of Louis XIV. 
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 

(1685). This gave the Hugue- 
nots to America. 
Persecutions of Leopold. 
Tlie Restoration in England 

(1660). 
Act of Uniformity (1662). 
The Test Act (1673). 
The Popish Plot (1678). 
Reign of James II. (1685-88). 
Battle of the Boyne (1690). 
Bill of Rights ) Reign of William 
Toleration Act S and Mary. 
Freedom of the press. 
French devastation of the Palati- 
nate (1688), wliich gave us tlie 

Palatines. 
War of the Spanish Succession, 

or Queen Anne's War. 
John Law's Bank. 
The Jacobite Rebellion (1715). 
Battle of Culloden (1746), which 

drove many Scotch exiles to 

America. 

Downfall of Sweden. 
War of the Austrian Succession, 

or King George's War. 
The Seven- Years' or the French 

and Indian War. 
The Partition of Poland (1772). 



SYNOPSIS OF THE COLONIES. 



127 



Det7iands of the Puritans. 

The following demands made by the Puritans of Scotland of James I. 
will show some of the dififerences between the Church of England and these 
Nonconformists : i. To preach without wearing the white surplice or gown ; 
2. To baptize children without making the sign of the cross on the child's 
/orehead ; 3. To perform the marriage ceremony without using the ring. A 
more vital point of difference was, that, instead of the kings appointing 
bishops, the congregation should choose the presbyters or elders. James's 
intention was to make all men conform to the Established Church, or 
drive them out of the land. The different religious bodies, instead of con- 
forming, drifted to the conclusion that every religious society had the right 
to its own laws irrespective of the State. They were sent to prison, beaten, 
and denied food, all without effect. They would not conform. The Non- 
conformists were Roman Catholics, Independents or Congregationalists, 
Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers or Friends. 

Charles II. peopled America rapidly by trying to enforce the following 
laws : I. No Covenanter should hold a municipal office ; 2. All office-holders 
should take the sacrament of the Church of England ; 3. Each clergyman and 
congregation under the Act of Uniformity was required to use the Episcopal 
Prayer Book ; 4. No religious assembly should meet unless it worshiped ac- 
cording to the Established Church ; 5. No dissenting minister should teach 
in any school, or settle within five miles of an incorporated town. By these 
laws two thousand Presbyterian preachers were driven to the deepest distress 
in a day. Both Catholics and Protestants suffered, and many executions 
followed. 

Synopsis of the Colonies. 



BY WHOM SETTLED. 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island. . . 
Connecticut .... 
New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 
South Carolina. . 
Georgia 



English. 

English. 

English. 

English. 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 

English. 

Swedes. 

English. 

Swedes. 

Englisii. 

English. 

English. 

English. 

English. 



Dover. 

Plymouth. 

Providence. 

Windsor. 

Manhattan. 

Bergen. 

Elizabeth. 

Chester. 

Philadelphia. 

Wilmington. 

St. Marys. 

Jamestown. 

Albemarle. 

Charleston. 

Savannah. 



1623 
1620 
1636 

1633 
1614 
1618 
1664, 
1638 
1682 
1638 
1634 
1607 
1663 
1670 
1733 



128 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPIE. 

Ettglish Rulers and SyucJironous America?} Events. 



ENGLISH RULERS. 


DATE. 


AMERICAN EVENTS. 




'1607. 


Settlement at Jamestown. 




1609. 


Discovery of the Hudson River. 




1614. 


Settlement on Manhattan Island. 


James I. (1603-25) 


< I619. 


First Legislature at Jamestown. 




1620. 


Landing at Plymouth Rock. 




I 62 I. 


First free school, Charles City, Va. 




1623. 


Settlement of New Hampshire. 




1626. 


Settlement at Salem, Mass. 




1633- 


Settlement of Connecticut. 




1634. 


Settlement at St. Marys. 


Charles I. (1625-49) 


{ 1636. 


Settlement of Providence, R.I. 




1638. 


Settlement of Delaware. 




1643. 


Union of New England Colonies. 




1644. 


Cl.nyborne's Rebellion. 




1651. 


Commissioners apjiointed to reduce 
American assemljlies. 


Cromwell (1649-58) .... 


< 1653. 


.Settlement of North Carolina on 
Chowan and Roanoke Rivers. 




.1655- 


Swedes conquered by the Dutch. 


Rich. Cromwell (1658-60) 


1660. 


Navigation Act passed. 




' 1664. 


Dutch conquered by the English. 




1664. 


Settlement of Elizal)eth, N.J. 


Charles II. (1660-85)... . 


1670. 
1675. 


Old Charleston, S.C, settled. 
King Philip's War. 




1680. 


Settlement of Charleston, S.C. 




1682. 


Settlement of Philadelphia. 


James II. (1685-88) 


1686. 


Andros sent to New England, and 
the charters annulled. 


William III. and Mary 


( 1689-97. 
\ 1692. 


King William's War, 


(1689-94) 


Salem witchcraft. 


William III. (1694-1702). 


1698. 


Pensacola occupied by Spanish. 


Queen Anne ( 1 702-14) . . 


\ 1702-13- 
\ 1704- 


Queen Anne's War. 


First newspaper established at 






Boston. 


George I. (1714-27). ... 


I718. 


Settlement of New Orleans. 


George TI. (1727-60). . . . 


S 1733- 
\ 1744-48. 


Settlement of Cieorgia. 
King George's War. 




1754-63- 
1775-81- 


French and Indian War. 




War of the Revolution. 


George III. (i 760-1820). 


{ 1789- 


Rise of the United States. 




1807. 


First steamboat. 




1812-14. 


Second war witli Great I'ritain. 


George IV. (1820-^0) .... 


1829. 


First railroad in United States. 


William IV. (1S30I37). . . 


1832. 


Nullification measures. 


Victoria (1837- ) 


S 1846-47. 
\ 1861-65. 


Mexican War. 

War of the Southern Confederacy. 



PART IV. — STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY BETWEEN 
THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH (i 689-1 763). 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE FRENCH IN LOUISIANA. 



Leading Events 

Foreign Powers in America (1689). 
English Claim and Prencli Occupancy. 
Settlement of Alabama, Mississippi, 
and Louisiana (1699-1717). 



The Mississippi Company (1717). 
French Protestants. 
Indian Troubles (1729-39). 
Adjacent Territory. 



201. Foreign Powers in America. — We have followed 
the English from 1607 to 1733, as they laid the foundations in 
thirteen Colonies for a strong English civilization in America. 
Before the end of the seventeenth century two foreign powers, 
Holland and Sweden, had been forced to relinquish all claim to 
any part of what is now the United States ; and England, Spain, 
and France were left to contend for the final supremacy. 

202. Tlie English Possession and Claim. — The Enghsh 
had settled the Atlantic seaboard, with the exception of Florida 
and Nova Scotia. This slope is the great key to North America. 
Its ocean front, its numerous ocean-flowing rivers, its gentle de- 
clivity, and its great rampart of mountains on the west, promised 
its possessors the greatest power in commerce, agriculture, and 
manufactures, besides giving them the position of control over the 
regions to the west of it. 

203. The French Occupation. — The French people had not 
been idle while the Enghsh were colonizing. They had posses- 
sion of the valley of the St. Lawrence and the valley of the 

129 



130 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Mississippi, — two regions almost unparalleled for resources and 
prospective power. With great care they selected the strongest 
places and planted their forts. Louisburg, Quebec, Kingston, 
Detroit, Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis, Memphis, New Orleans, 
and Mobile mark the spots where the far-seeing Frenchmen began 
these defensive fortifications. They had possession from Nova 
Scotia, around the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi, 
and the Gulf of Mexico, to Mobile. Their cordon of forts almost 
encircled the English settlements. They were aggressive and 
obstinate, claiming well up to the Alleghanies and far down into 
New York and Vermont. They had for allies powerful Indian 
tribes, and confidently expected to hold the whole country except 
the narrow strip along the Atlantic which they contemptuously 
granted to the English. 

204. First Settlements in Alabama, Mississippi,^ and 
Louisiana. — Le Moyne d'lberville,- a French naval officer bom 

in America, after distinguishing him- 
self in other parts of French America, 
was sent out by France in 1698, 
together with his brother Bienville, 
to occupy the mouth of the Missis- 
sippi with a settlement. They were 
opposed by Spaniards at Pensacola, 
which had been settled in 1698, and 
so they pushed west into Mobile Bay, 
From this point they entered the 
Mississippi, ascended it with great 
difficulty to the Red River, and 
afterwards discovered Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. The 
first settlement was made at Biloxi in 1699, but was removed to 




Bienville. 



1 Coxe claimed this country under the name " Carolana," and was pre- 
paring to settle it by way of the mouth of the Mississippi, when the King 
of France sent D'lberville to " hinder the English from taking possession 
there." 

2 The life of D'lberville is quite remarkable. He had gained distinction 



THE FRENCH IN LOUISIANA. 13 1 

Mobile in 1701. Explorations were also made into Alabama, 
Tennessee, and Mississippi. Bienville was made governor of this 
region, then called Louisiana ;i and forts at Natchez (17 16) and 
Natchitoches (17 17) were built to keep the English of the Caro- 
linas, and the Spaniards of the West, from encroaching upon these 
rich lands. 

205. The Mississippi Company. — The French King granted 
all of Louisiana to John Law, who organized the Mississippi 
Company (17 17), to colonize it. There was so much of unwar- 
ranted speculation in the scheme, that it finally failed. Twelve 
miles square on the Arkansas was the part which Law was to 
colonize individually. Eight hundred emigrants were sent over, 
and New Orleans was founded in 17 18. Lands were sold, and 
plantations begun. Slavery was introduced, and intercourse 
opened up with the Illinois Country and with Canada. 

206. French Protestants. — AVhile D'Iberville was at Biloxi, 
certain Protestant refugees from France appeared upon the coast. 
Finding the French already there, they asked permission to land 
as French subjects. The answer was that the French King had 
not chased heretics out of his kingdom to make a republic for 
them in America. 

207. Indian Troubles. — The Natchez and Tensas Indians 
had peculiar religious temples in which fire was always burning. 
The first and best fruits of the chase or field were offered to their 
gods. Human lives were sacrificed upon the death of the grand 

in the valley of the St. Lawrence, at Hudson Bay, and on the Atlantic. 
He argued to the King that if he could hold the mouth of the Mississippi, 
he could hold the whole valley. The King had little faith in Louisiana after 
La Salle's disaster, but he consented to D'Iberville's plan. It was the same 
argument that afterwards led a great President of the United States to secure 
this region for his country. The mouth of the Mississippi will always be the 
key to the Mississippi Valley. Four of the Le Moyne brothers were con- 
nected with the Colony of Mississippi. 

1 La Salle gave the name "Louisiana" to that portion of the country 
watered by the Mississippi which lies below the river Illinois. It had two 
names, — " Louisiana" and " Mississippi," — each being very indefinite. 



132 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

chief, and men and women vied with each other for the privilege 
of being sacrificed. A cruel massacre of two hundred Frenchmen 
by the Natchez tribe occurred in 1729 at Natchez. The French 
and Choctaws drove the Natchez into Arkansas. Afterwards 
the French governor attacked them in their new home, and cap- 
tured about five hundred prisoners, whom he sold into slavery. 

In 1736 Bienville, with twelve hundred men, marched into 
Tennessee by way of the Tombigbee to attack the Chickasaws, 
and was repulsed with such severe loss as to make him glad to 
get back into Louisiana. It is said that his force did not kill or 
wound one of the enemy. Another expedition was sent by way 
of Memphis in 1739, but it too failed of its purpose. A treaty of 
peace followed the next year without any fighting. 

208. Adjacent Territory. — The landing of Frenchmen in 
Texas in 1685 (page 59) resulted in awakening the Spaniards of 
Mexico to the fact that this was their territory ; and they began, 
with traders, soldiers, and priests, to plant trading posts and mis- 
sions along the boundaries of Louisiana^ and Texas. The lUinois 
Country (that is, the region above the Ohio) prospered, and ex- 
ported to Louisiana flour, corn, bacon, hams, tallow, leather, lead, 
fowls, and hides. Fort Chartres,^ Kaskaskia, and Vincennes 
were the leading towns.^ 

1 Louisiana was divided in 1722 into nine districts : New Orleans, Mobile, 
Biloxi, Alabamons (now Alabama), Natchez, Yazoo, Natchitoches, Arkansas, 
and Illinois. 

2 Located in Illinois, above Kaskaskia. Vincennes was founded in i735> 
and St. Genevieve, Mo., in 1740. 

3 The French and Spaniards were the first settlers of the Gulf region. 
The term " Creole" was applied at a very early date to the descendants of 
the French born in Louisiana. It has since been applied to the children of 
Europeans born in the French or Spanish colonies which border on the Gulf. 
The Creole negroes of the West Indies are not to be confounded with the 
Creoles of Louisiana. The latter have no admixture of negro blood. Natives 
of mixed l)lood claim to be Creoles ; but it is not conceded to them by the 
genuine Creole stock, nor is it true according to the historic meaning of the 
term. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THE EARLY COLONIAL "WARS. 

Leading Events. 
King William's War (1689-97). I Queen Anne's War (1702-13). 

Phips's Quebec Expedition (1690). | King George's War (1744-48). 

209. The French=EngIish Contest for supremacy began in 
1689, and ran through a period of seventy-four years. During 
this time there was almost constant fighting in some part of the 
country, but four great wars are usually distinguished : ( i ) King 
William's War (1689-97), (2) Queen Anne's War (1702-13), (3) 
King George's War (1744-48), and (4) the French and Indian 
War (1754-63). 

210. King William's War was brought on by Frontenac, 
the greatest of the French governors in Canada, who attacked 
the frontier settlements of New York and Massachusetts. The 
French, with their Indian allies, left Montreal in midwinter, and 
surprised Schenectady in New York. They burned the town 
(1690), and butchered the inhabitants. Another party fell upon 
Haverhill (1697) in Massachusetts, and carried away several pris- 
oners, among them a brave woman, Mrs. Hannah Dustin. Free- 
ing herself from her bonds, she, with another woman and a boy, 
killed and scalped the whole party of Indians as they slept, and 
marched back to the settlements with ten scalps. There are few 
recorded instances of greater courage. 

211. Phips's Quebec Expedition. — In 1690 Sir William 
Phips captured the French fort at Port Royal, Acadia, Em- 
boldened by his success, he set out with an expedition to capture 
Quebec. Frontenac defeated his flotilla of boats, ^ and Phips 

1 The French, in honor of the victory over the English, Iniilt (1691) 
a little church, Notre Dame Chapel, near the foot of the elevator that at 

^33 




tl35) 



136 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

returned to New England to face an empty treasury and a large 
expense account. About all that New Englanders had to show 
for their trouble was the paper money that was issued to pay 
these bills. 

212. Frontenac among the Iroquois. — Frontenac, at the 
head of a large force, went to Fort Frontenac,^ and crossed to 
New York. He marched to the villages of the Iroquois, which 
were located around the beautiful inland lakes of western New 
York. The Indians burned (1696) their villages, and fled. 
Frontenac was almost home before the English at Albany knew 
that he had entered their territory. 

213. The Treaty of Ryswick (1697) ended the war, leav- 
ing each party in the same position as at the beginning of the 
struggle. Port Royal was returned to the French. 

214. Queen Anne's War.2 — This war went on for about 
eleven years. Each year had its marches and countermarches, 
its skirmishes and attacks, but no great actions. The men and 
women on the frontiers were the greatest sufferers. Its most 
dastardly act was the attack of the French and Indians on Deer- 
field, Mass. (1704). After capturing it, they burned it to the 
ground, and butchered the prisoners. Two attempts were made 
to recapture Port Royal, which failed. The third one (17 10), 
under the command of Col. Nicholson, succeeded. The Fox- 
Indians tried to wrest Detroit from the French in 171 1, but 
failed. The French garrison stood like heroes. 

215. The Peace of Utrecht put an end to the war, leaving 

jiresent goes up to Dufferin Terrace. The chapel stands as one of tlie many 
curiosities of Quebec. Another chapel on the turnpike roail to Montmorenci, 
still older than Notre Dame, is a still greater wonder, not alone for its age, 
but for its remarkably small size. It is built of brick, and has seats for twelve 
persons. 

1 Kingston. The fort was built in 1672. Called " Tete du Pont" in 

1789- 

2 Sometimes called " Gov. Dudley's War," after Gov. Dudley of Boston, 
Mass. 



THE EARLY COLONIAL WAR3. 



137 



Annapolis ' and Nova Scotia in the hands of the Enghsh. Aca- 
dia was also given to E^ngland, but its inhabitants never became 
Enghsh in any sense of the word. They took the oath of alle- 
giance to Great Britain with the express reservation that they 
were not to bear arms. Thus this second Avar was a decided gain 
for the English ; and, although Peace spread her wings over the 
country for the next thirty years, there was no intention to stop 
hostilities permanently. The breathing-spell was a long one, but 
it was only a rest preparatory to a greater struggle. 

216. King George's War.2 — Although this war lasted but a 
short time, it gave luster to the colonial arms. Louisburg had 




:j/ Loitiihiit 



been fortified at a great expense by France. Protected by its 
great guns, the merchant vessels and fishing smacks of France 

1 The English changed the name " Port Royal" to "Annapolis," and 
that of " Acadia" to " Nova Scotia." 

2 Sometimes called " Shirley's War," or the '* Five-Years' War." 

9 



138 HISTORY OF 7^HE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

entered Canada with safety. The French believed that Louis- 
burg could not be taken, and so did the English colonies ; but 
Gov. Shirley of Boston resolved to make a serious attempt to 
capture it.^ He called on New P^ngland for a small army, 
which was promptly furnished. 2 Four shijis of the rowil line, 
carrying a hundred and eighty guns, under Commander Warren, 
were sent to the aid of Shirley's forces, who were commanded by 
Sir William Pepperrell of Maine. 

Louisbiu-g, after a siege of seven weeks, surrendered (1745). 
The fall was due more to a lack of defense than to the strength of 
the assault. Still Louisburg fell. The French had lost it, and the 
English gained it. Pepperrell was made a baronet, ^^'arren an 
admiral, and Shirley a colonel, by order of the King. The New 
Englanders attributed little value to the English fleet, and with 
great bravado claimed that they had beaten the French behind 
their granite-built walls. It is by such acts as these that a coun- 
try comes to know its strength, and to grow into power. The 
farmers and fishermen of New England had learned that even 
farmers and fishermen can fight — and can win. 

217. Treaty of Aix=la=ChapelIe. — The disgraceful treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) put an end to this war. Louisburg 
was given back to France, but not as it was before the war. It 
was no longer impregnable. American colonists, backed by the 
EngHsh Navy, had captured it once, and there was no security 
against their taking it again. 

1 The historian of that day called it "a rash New England corporation 
adventure." Benjamin Franklin wrote to his brother in Boston, " Fortified 
towns are hard nuts to crack, and your teeth have not been accustomed to it." 
The fortifications cost about six millions of dollars, and covered an area 
of about two miles in circumference. The walls were thirty feet higli, sur- 
rounded by a ditch eighty feet deep. 

2 Massachusetts sent 3,250 men; Connecticut 500; New Hiimpshire, 300. 
Rhode Island prudently waited till after the surrender before sending her men. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
Leading Events. 



The Situation. 

The Troops. 

The Ohio Company (1749). 



The Union (1754). 
Braddock's Defeat (1755). 
Fort Pitt (1758). 



218. The Situation. — This was the fourth and most impor- 
tant of the early colonial wars. The three previous struggles 
ended with little permanent effect, other than the increase of hos- 
tility on the part of each nation. The French were successful in 
arraying large bodies of Indians against the English. No house 
on the frontiers was safe against their attacks ; and the warfare 
there was the torch, the surprise, and the tomahawk. The Eng- 
lish felt that there could be no permanent security against In- 
dian warfare while the French held territory in North America. 
To save themselves from butchery, they resolved, first to rid 
themselves of the French, and afterwards to manage the Indians. 
With this resolve the French and Indian War was begun. 

219. The Troops.— The French had the advantage in trained 
soldiers. The Colonies furnished most of the EngHsh troops, 
and they generally were farmers. Up to this time they had en- 
tered for a single campaign, and had never acquired that dis- 
cipline which makes the great military organization. Most of 
them followed a leader of their own choice, and refused obedi- 
ence to leaders selected by the English authorities ; but increas- 
ing danger led them to see the necessity for a closer union and 
a more rigid military disciphne. The Iroquois' Indians were 

1 The Indian Confederacy of New York called itself Hodenosaunee ; the 
French called them Iroquois ; the English, The Five Nations ; the Pennsyl- 
vanians, Mingoes. After this the name " Mingo" v/as also given to the 

139 



I40 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

nearly always considered as subjects of England. The Dutch 
made fast friends with them, and transferred their friendship to 
the English. But for this, it is doubtful what would have been 
the result of the war. 

220. The Ohio Company. — Gov. Dinwiddie was instructed 
by George II. in 1749 to grant the Ohio Land Company five 
hundred thousand acres of land in the " center of the British 
Dominion," as Eord Halifax called the region west of the AUe- 
ghanies.^ This company was made up of Virginians, and was 
required to colonize and survey the country, and to build a 
fort. With a North Carolina surveyor, they surveyed from where 
Pittsburg now is, to the Ottawa and Wyandotte towns near 
Zanesville, thence to the Indian town Piqua, and down the 
Miami to the Ohio.^ 

About this time (1750) the Greenbrier Company began to 
settle the Greenbrier country in West Virginia. To offset this, 
the French took possession of the Ohio valley by burying from 
Erie along the Ohio to its mouth a number of leaden claim-plates. 
They also built three forts on Enghsh soil, — Presque Isle, Le 
Bceuf, and Venango.-^ The English fought by starting new set- 
tlements ; the French, by building forts. 

221. George Washington. — Before declaring war against 
the French, Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia resolved to try diplo- 
macy. He chose George Washington, then but twenty-one 
years of age, and sent him with his demands to the French at 
Fort Venango. There were no roads ; and the journey from 
AVilliamsburg, the capital of Virginia, to western Pennsylvania, 
was hazardous in the extreme. With seven companions he set 

Senecas of Ohio. The Mingoes were really the Andastes, a subject tribe of 
the Iroquois. 

1 Up to 1757 Virginia had granted three million acres west of the 
/nountains. 

2 Fort Miami (Fort Wayne, Ind.) was founded in 1750 by the French, 
as was P'ort Santlusky in Ohio. Detroit was already a strong post. 

3 Presque Isle is now Erie; Le Bceuf, Waterford; Venango, Franklin. 
The ruins of these forts are still to be seen. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



141 



out, and after a journey of two months reached Venango, the 
most southern of the forts, in December, 1753. He was told 

here that the French 
commandant was at 
the next fort north. 
At Le Boeuf he in- 
formed St. Pierre 
that he was buiUhng 
foits on Enghsh 
ground, and that he 
would do well to 




Washington s Return to Virginia. 



evacuate. St. Pierre answered that his orders were to hold the 
Ohio valley, and that he should obey. Washington retraced his 
steps over the AUeghanies with the answer that precipitated the 
last war between the French and the English, and from which 
came the English conquest of French America. 

222, War declared. — Gov. Dinwiddie declared war (1754) 
against the French, and the Assembly of Virginia voted fifty 
thousand dollars to carry it on. Two hundred Virginians were 



142 IlIsrORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

sent on under Washington to erect a fort at the forks of the Ohio. 
Before they reached there, a company of rangers from the Hamp- 
shire Hills in Virginia pushed up to this place, and began the 
work. A large body of French and Indians advanced upon the 
rangers, and forced them to the south. The French finished 
the fort, and called it Fort Duquesne. Washington then crossed 
the mountains, *and built Fort Necessity at a place called Great 
Meadows. Hearing that a party of French were secreted near 
this place, he marched out and surprised them. Washington gave 
the command, "Fire!" and fired the first shot himself. The 
French were routed May 28, 1754, losing their commander, 
Jumonville, together with all the force except one man. 

Washington and his Virginians returned to Great Meadows, 
which he attempted to strengthen by intrenchments. A large 
body of French attacked him early in July, and, although he 
resisted them stoutly, he was forced to capitulate. He was per- 
mitted to march his troops out of the fort with all the honors of 
war, and to return to Virginia. The march back without horses 
or cattle, the men carrying the wounded, was dismal in the ex- 
treme. In all the Ohio valley no English flag was to be seen. 

223. Union of the Colonies, — A convention of all the Colo- 
nies north of the Potomac met at Albany (1754) and adopted a 
plan of union offered by Benjamin Frankhn. It accomplished 
nothing ; the plan being rejected by the Enghsh authorities be- 
cause of its too great freedom, and opposed by the people of 
the Colonies because of its too great central authority. At this 
juncture Dinwiddie appealed to the Crown. England sent Gen. 
Braddock and a small force to help the colonists. France sent 
Gen. Dieskau with a small fleet to succor the French. 

224. Braddock's Defeat. — Gen. Braddock started (1755) 
from Fort Cumberland, in extreme western Maryland, with his 
two regiments of regular troops and one thousand Virginians,^ 
for Fort Duquesne. The soldiers with their red uniforms 

1 These Virginians were principally from the valley of the Shenandoah. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



M3 



marched along the " new-cut " road with banners flying to strains 
of royal music. In vain did Washington protest, telling the 
general that his methods might do in England against trained 
soldiers, but that they were very weak in a warfare against sav- 




ages. With a few scouts a short distance ahead of the vanguard, 
and with flanking parties ranging the woods on either side, for- 
ward marched the army openly and boldly towards Duquesne, 
but it never reached there. 

The French commander, knowing his inability to hold the, 
fort in an open fight, sent his Canadians and Indian allies forward 
to attack Braddock from ambuscade at the Monongahela ford. 
For some reason the trap was not laid as planned, and Braddock 
crossed the river in safety. His vanguard met the French and 
Indians in the deep woods some ten miles from the fort. In 
spite of the utmost efforts and most undaunted courage of Brad- 
dock and his officers, panic took possession of the men who 
had faced a hundred cannons, and ignominious flight carried 



144 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

them from their unseen foes. Braddock fell, mortally wounded, 
and but twenty-three officers remained out of eighty-six. The 
Virginians sprang behind trees, and began to pick off the Indians 
as they rushed upon their prey. Washington threw his rangers 
between the Indians and the English soldiers, and thus protected 
their flight. Thus ended the campaign in the West. 

225. Indian Atrocities. — The Indians began a merciless 
war on all the settlements from Fort Duque.sne to Fort Loudon, 
in East Tennessee, which forced the Virginians to erect a line of 
forts along the mountains, and to send the Sandy Creek Expe- 
dition under Major Andrew Lewis to the Ohio River (1756). 
This movement distracted the Indians, and gave the setUers a 
year of comparative peace. This was the first military expedi- 
tion to reach the Ohio south of Pittsburg. 

226. Capture of Fort Duquesne. — A second expedition, 
under the English general, Forbes, was sent (1758) against Du- 
quesne, with Washington commanding the Virginians. Forbes 
was more cautious than Braddock had been. He cleared up 
wide roads as he went along, so that ambuscades would be im- 
possible. But this took time, and cold weather found him fifty 
miles from the fort. While discussing a retreat, the news was 
received that the garrison at the fort was very weak, and it was 
decided to push ahead. Washington and his rangers were put 
in the lead to prevent an ambush. They reached the fort, to 
find it in flames. The French, knowing their inability to hold it, 
had set it on fire, and retreated down the Ohio in boats. Thus 
the long-coveted gateway to the West was in the hands of the 
English, and the West country was open to settlement, with no 
opposition .save that of the skulking Indians. Fort Duquesne 
was rebuilt and called Fort Pitt, to give place in time to the iron 
citv Pittsburg. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. CovUmied. 
Leading Events. 



Acadia and Louisburg (1755). 
Battle of Lake George (1755). 
Crown Point and Ticonderoga (1759). 
Niagara (i759). 
Quebec (i759)- 



Battle on Plains of Abraham (1759). 
Pontiac's War (1763). 
The Cherokee War (1756 61). 
Forts Loudon and Prince George. 
Cessions and Treaties. 



227. Acadia and Louisburg. — At the very beginning of 
the war, Acadia was attacked and captured. All the forts at the 
head of the Bay of Fundy were taken, and the whole of Nova 
Scotia fell into the hands of the English. After vainly endeavor- 




Einbai loiticit at Aiaiiia. 

ing to secure the allegiance of the French Acadian peasants, the 
English determined to scatter them through the English colonies, 
so that it would be impossible for them to render the French any 
material assistance. This harsh policy was carried out to the 
letter. The people were loaded on shipboard (1755), and dis- 

145 



146 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

tributed among the Colonies. ^ After many hardships and wan- 
derings, the greater portion of the Acadians made their way- 
back to Nova Scotia. Some of them reached Louisiana, where, 
under the name " Cajeans," they form a distinct colony to-day. 
Three years after the capture of Acadia, the English, under 
Amherst and Wolfe, bombarded Louisburg and captured it ( 1 7 58). 
Louisburg had twice proved its weakness as a French fort, and 
from this time on remained in the hands of the English. The 
English flag waved over all Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. 

228. Battle of Lake George. — Braddock appointed Gov. 
Shirley to command the troops against Niagara, and Gen. John- 
son those against Crown Point and Ticonderoga. After Brad- 
dock's death, his plans became known 10 the French, and Dieskau 
was sent to the relief of Crown Point. Johnson gathered his 
troops at Lake George, where he was attacked by Dieskau (1755). 
Johnson was wounded, and borne from the field ; but the battle 
went on under Gen. Lyman, and terminated in a defeat for the 
French. Johnson built a fort at this place, which he called Fort 
William Henry, and changed the name of " Fort Lyman " on the 
portage to " Fort Edward." This defeat at Lake George offset 
the victory of the French at Duquesne. 

229. Change of Plans. — Meanwhile affairs changed in Eng- 
land. William Pitt, the great prime minister, prevailed upon 
the King to change his course in the management of the war. 
The King was to furnish the great division commanders, the 
money, and the arms ; while the colonists were to furnish the 
minor officers and the men. Promotion was to be made ac- 
cording to seniority of rank, with no preference in favor of the 
regular army. It was no longer possible to make a provincial 
major-general subject to a regular major, as had been done the 
year before. The colonists felt that they had an equal chance 
to win the honors as well as to bear the burdens, and sprang to 

1 Our great poet Longfellow has lent an immortal interest to this inci- 
dent by the production of his great poem Evangeline. 




FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 14? 

the work with alacrity. The sound pohcy of Pitt was felt in 
every department of the service after 1757, and soon substituted 
a general, enthusiasm for a grumbling support.^ 

230. Capture of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. — Two 
years were spent after the battle of Lake George in fruitless 
attempts upon Crown Point and Ticonde- 
roga.2 Abercrombie, with a thousand boats 
full of soldiers, pushed over Lake George 
with banners flying, to capture Ticonderoga. 
Montcalm repulsed him with great loss.^ In 
1759 one of the heroes of Louisburg, Gen. 
Amherst, approached these forts with a large 
force, and captured them. This left the 
French with no foothold south of the St. 
Lawrence. 

231. Niagara. — Shirley made an ineffectual attempt against 
Niagara in 1755. Four years afterwards Gen. Amherst sent 
Prideaux to capture this fort at all hazards. This faithful general 
bravely executed his mission, but lost his life in the moment of 
victory.^ 

232. Wolfe at Quebec. — Gen. James Wolfe, after the cap- 
ture of Louisburg in 1758, was sent to take Quebec. Quebec 
was then and is now the strongest military point in America. 

1 Of the four men intrusted by Pitt with supreme command, three were 
successful, — Wolfe, Amherst, and Forbes. 

2 The capture of Fort William Henry at the lower end of Lake George, 
where Caldwell now stands, was one of the most brilliant achievements of the 
French general, Montcalm (1757). 

2 The failure of Abercrombie was offset in part by the brilliant action 
of Bradstreet, who, with three thousand men, crossed Lake Ontario and 
captured Fort Frontenac. He leveled it to the ground, and recrossed to 
Oswego. 

* Montcalm captured Fort Ontario, and turned his cannon against Fort 
Oswego (1756). The garrison made a brave resistance, but surrendered after 
the death of their commander. Col. Mercer. A frightful massacre of the 
prisoners by drunken Indians is said to have occurred. Montcalm did what 
he could to restrain the Indians, but was powerless. 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




Wolfe landed his nine thousand soldiers on the island opposite 
the Falls of Montmorenci. Montcalm knew that this was the 
last stronghold of France in America, and 
determined to wear his opponent out without 
risking a general fight. In this he nearly 
succeeded. Wolfe divided his army, and 
from Point Levi shelled the city. He next 
landed below Montcalm, near the falls, and 
kept up a constant cannonading. From 
Point Levi, from Orleans, from Montmo- 
renci, and from his ships, he made the night 
brilliant with streaks of shells. But Mont- 
calm would not move. 
233. Battle on the Plains of Abraham. — Wolfe determined 
to force his opponent to fight. With a glass he discovered a 
ravine leading up the pre- 
cipitous bank which he 
decided could be chmbed. 
Night came on, and under 
its protecting mantle he with 
a small army dropped down 
with the tide, hugging the 
French side. They landed 
at Wolfe's Cove, and clam- 
bered up the rugged ravine 
to the top. Morning found 
them on the Plains of Abra- 
ham, above Quebec. Mont- 
calm must fight. At ten 
o'clock in the morning (Sept. 
13, 1759) Montcalm made an onset. The trained soldiers of two 
nations knevv that the hour for a great battle had come. Wolfe 
held back his order to fire until the French were very near. 
Then he ordered a volley, and as the smoke cleared away he 
gave the command to charge. At the head of the Louisburg 




FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. I49 

grenadiers he rushed forward in that glorious charge to his death. 
Twice was he hit before the fatal bullet struck him down. As he 
fell, the French turned, and the English shouted, " They fly, they 
fly! " — " Who fly? " said Wolfe. " The French," was the answer. 
" Then I die happy," was his last response. Montcalm rode 
from side to side, trying to stop the headlong flight of his men, 
and received his death shot just as he entered the town. The 
French retreated up the river, and Quebec was in the hands of 
the English. From its effects, this battle has been called one of 
the great battles of the world. 

234. The End of the War. — This virtually ended the war. 
The whole French army surrendered the next year (1760) to 
Amherst at Montreal, and were transferred to England as prison- 
ers of war. This ended the French occupation of the Northern 
Continent, for by the treaty of Paris (1763) the English were 
left in control of the whole country east of the Mississippi, ex- 
cept New Orleans, which, with all Louisiana west of the river, 
was transferred to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to England. 

235- Pontiac's War. — In 1763 Pontiac endeavored to unite 
all the Western Indians against the English, but his plans were 
discovered and frustrated. No general engagement took place, 
but the settlements and the forts throughout the West were sub- 
jected to savage warfare, and thousands of settlers moved farther 
east. Finally Pontiac was killed by a faithless Indian, 

236. The Cherokee War (1756-61). — Lord Loudon, while 
governor of Virginia, sent a few hundred men across the moun- 
tains to build a fort at the head of navigation on the Tennessee. 
About midway of the beautiful valley of East Tennessee, near 
Knoxville, they built Fort Loudon (1756). No road ran to it, 
and no settlements were near it. Fort Tellico was built on the 
same river, and Fort Prince George on the Savannah (1755). 
After the fall of Fort Duquesne, the Cherokees determined to 
break up Fort Loudon, and to strike the frontier settlements of 
North and South Carolina. Fort Prince George was attacked 



150 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

by Oconostota, one of the ablest Cherokee orators and leaders. 
The war spread from the Savannah to the Holston. Amherst 
sent Montgomery, who marched with the Carolinians from 
Charleston, to Fort Prince George. He captured the Indian 
town Little Keowee (June, 1760), and put the warriors to death. 
Estotoe was burned to the ground, together with several other 
towns. At Etchoe, Montgomery's force was caught in an am- 
buscade, and suffered the usual butchery. He returned to 
Charleston, and abandoned the war. 

237. Forts Loudon and Prince George. — Meanwhile the 
garrison at Fort Loudon was left to its fate. It was cut off from 
the world in location, and the Indians had it under siege. Its 
soldiers ate the flesh of horses and dogs, and, when these gave 
out, they surrendered. Canada being reduced, Col. Grant, with 
a detachment of British regulars, was sent to subdue the Chero- 
kees. A provincial army of men from North and South Carolina 
went with him to Fort Prince George. At Etchoe, the very 
same spot where Montgomery had been ambushed, he met the 
savages. They fought bravely for three hours, but were forced 
to fly (1761). This brought peace at once. 

238. Cessions and Treaties. — The Colonies began to pay 
the soldiers bounties in Western lands. This soon brought the 
country face to face with the question " Where is the boundary 
between the English and the Indians? " At Fort Stanwix (Rome), 
N.Y., the Indians agreed (1768) to cede the lands south of the 
Ohio and the Allegheny Rivers to the whites. The Cherokees 
afterwards agreed to the Kanawha River as a boundary. It was 
impossible, however, to stop the march of .the settlements west- 
ward. The land was wild ; civilization needed it ; and the back- 
woodsman, despite all boundaries, stepped over and took it. At 
King's Fort, in Augusta, Ga., seven hundred Creeks, Cherokees, 
Catawbas, Chickasaws, and Choctaws met the five governors of 
the southern provinces, agreed upon a boundary line, and effected 
a permanent treaty of peace (1763). This has been called the 
Treaty of Five C's with the Five G's. 



Exploration and Settlement of the United States. 



Menendez. 

De Tonti. 

Capt. John Smith. 

Raleigh. 

Henry Hudson. 

Miles Standish. 

Duke of York. 

John Eliot. 

Braddock. 

Washington. 

Champlain. 

George Whitefield. 

Count Zinzendorf. 



St. Lawrence. 
Tampa Bay. 

New Mexico. 

Elizabethtown. 

Providence. 

Hartford. 

Fort Tonti. 

Acadia. 

Quebec. 

Deerfield. 

Mecklenburg. 

Fort Loudon. 

St. Genevieve, 



Leading Persons. 

De Ayllon. 
Locke. 
Carteret. 
De Vaca. 
Roger Williams. 
Lord Delaware. 
Massasoit. 
Peter Stuyvesant. 
Edmund Andros. 
Gen. Wolfe. 
William Penn. 
James Oglethorpe. 
John Wesley. 

Leading Places. 

St. Augustme. 

Port Royal. 

Roanoke Island. 

Jamestown. 

Plymouth. 

Boston. 

St. Marys. 

Savannah. 

Louisburg. 

Haverhill. 

Brunswick. 

Kaskaskia. 

Mauvila. 



Dinwiddie. 
Berkeley. 
Bacon. 
De Narvaez. 
Pocahontas. 
John Winthrop. 
Peter Minuit. 
John Carver. 
Gen. Montcalm. 
King Philip. 
Lord Baltimore. 
Hennepin. 
La Salle. 



Prudhomme. 

Mississippi. 

Philadelphia. 

New Amsterdam. 

New Haven. 

Salem. 

Charleston. 

Fort Duquesne. 

Schenectady. 

Dover. 

Opequon. 

St. Vincent. 

Fort Christiana. 



Leading Topics. 



Ohio. 

Florida. 

The Northmen. 

The Story of Columbus. 

The Men who dwelt here before us. 

Other Discoverers and Explorers. 

Claims of Different Nations. 

Settlements. 

How Virginia was settled. 

How the People lived. 

Settlement of New York. 

French Explorations. 

French Occupancy. 

Life in Amsterdam. 

The New England Colonies : — 

Massachusetts. Connecticut. 

Rhode Island. New Hampshire. 



Missions. 

Other Events in New England. 

Early Days in New England. 

New Jersey and the Quakers. 

The Religious Bodies. 

William Penn and his Colony. 

The French and Indian War. 

East Tennessee. 

Delaware, or New Sweden. 

Maryland. 

Kentucky. 

The Carolinas. 

Georgia. 

Louisiana. 

The French in America. 

Mississippi. 

Three Indian Wars. 



151 



152 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



The Following Terms should be well understood. 



Deed. 

Grant. 

Cession. 

Quitclaim. 

Charter. 

(;ift. 

Grant. 

Purchase. 

Discovery. 

Conquest. 

Occupation. 

Fee simple. 

Parliament. 

House of Lords. 

House of Commons. 

Colonial Council. 

Governor's Council. 

Executive Council. 

House of Burgesses. 

Assembly. 

Legislature. 

Town meeting. 



General Court. 

States General. 

Natural rights. 

Political rights. 

Civil rights. 

Religious rights. 

Republic. 

Democracy. 

Proprietary. 

Monarchy. 

Shire. 

Town. 

Township. 

Hundred. 

Country. 

Fatherland. 

Parish. 

County. 

Colony. 

City. 

Home. 

Mother tongue. 



Province. 
State. 
Borough. 
Municipium. 
Civil liberty. 
Absolute liberty. 
Legal liberty. 
Natural liberty. 
Religious liberty. 
Natural law. 
Revealed law. 
Divine law. 
Statute law. 
Canon law. 
Municipal law. 
Common law. 
Constitutional law. 
Written law. 
Unwritten law. 
Custom law. 
Ex post facto law. 
International law. 



Are the Following Rights, or Privileges? 

Suffrage. Trade. Interstate travel. 

Life. Office. Interstate trade. 

Travel. Liberty. Happiness. 

May privileges become rights? 



Laws. 



Define the Difference between the Following Terms. 

Customs. Treaties. Ordinances. 



Contrast the Following Terms. 

Liberty and Slavery. 

Freedom and Anarchy. 

Liberty and License. 

Absolute Rights with Leg.al RigTits. 

Political Rights with Political Privileges. 



PART v. — REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE ^ 
(1760-89). 



CHAPTER XXV. 

OPPRESSIVE LEGISLATION. 
Leading: Events. 
Oppressive Legislation (1733-64) • Quartering Act (1765). 



Writs of Assistance (1761). 
Opposition in the Colonies (1761-66). 
Stamp Act Congress (1765). 



Tlie Boston Massacre (1770). 
Battle of Alamance (1771). 
The Boston Tea Party (1773). 



239. Oppressive Legislation.^ — In 1733 the Importation 
Act was passed to aid the old Navigation Act, which required 
all colonial exports to be sent to England, and in British ships. 
It laid heavy duties upon sugar, molasses, and rum. The colo- 
nists set it at defiance. Parhament declared (1750) that iron- 
works should not be erected in America ; steel was not to be 
manufactured ; and the people were also forbidden to chop down 
the pine trees of the boundless forest, 

240. Writs of Assistance. — Parliament passed a law 2 
(1761), authorizing customhouse officers to break open houses 
in search of smuggled goods.^ The legality of this Act was 

1 The population of the Thirteen Colonies in 1760 amounted to 1,695,000. 
Virginia was the most populous, numbering 204,000; Massachusetts came 
next, with 200,000; then Pennsylvania, with 190,000; Connecticut, 130,- 
000; Maryland, 104,000; New York, 85,000; New Jersey, 84,000; North 
CaroHna, 80,000. 

2 Adam Smith, the great author of The Wealth of Nations, said of this 
law, " England has founded an empire on the other side of the Atlantic for 
the sole purpose of raising a people of customers for her shop-keepers." 

3 Smuggling was the result of the Importation Law of 1733- 

153 




054) 




(155) 



156 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

tested before the courts of the land. During the trial, James 
Otis, a patriot from Boston, uttered a sentence which became fa- 
mous. " Taxation," he said, " without representation, is tyranny." 
The people began to talk of resistance by force of arms. 

241. The Ministry of George III., headed by Lord Gren- 
ville (1764), claimed the following rights for the English Parlia- 
ment: (i) to tax the Colonies directly; (2) to tax them in- 
directly ; (3) to restrict their manufactures ; (4) to regulate 
their commerce ; (5) to break into houses in search of smuggled 
goods ; (6) to quarter troops among them without their consent. 

These claims of the British ministry were 
denied by William Pitt and other prominent 
members of Parliament ; but the Parliament 
itself was almost entirely in accord with the 
claims of Lord Grenville. The excuse of- 
fered for the taxation was that the expenses 
of the French and Lidian War were very 
great, and that the burden of these had fallen 
William Pitt upon the mother country. The Colonies 

claimed ^ that they had taxed themselves 
through their Assemblies for their share of this expense, and that 
Parliament had no right to tax them at all. The old laws against 
trade were therefore executed with greater rigor. 

242. Riot in North Carolina. — Francis Corbin, one of the 
King's agents in North Carolina, was arrested for attempting to 
collect licenses and poll-taxes. The matter terminated in a riot 
(1763), which strengthened the popular side of the question con- 
cerning parliamentary taxation without colonial representation. 

1 Thomas Jefferson, a Virginia statesman, declared in an address to the 
King, "America was conquered and her settlements were made at the ex- 
pense of individuals, and not of the British public. Their own blood was 
spilt in acquiring land, and their own fortunes were expended upon their 
settlement. For themselves they fought, for themselves they conquered, 
and for themselves alone they have the right to hold. Not a shilling was 
ever issued from the public treasury of his Majesty till of very late times, 
after the Colonies had become established upon a firm footing." 




OPPRESSIVE LEGISLATION. 157 

243. The Case of the Virginia Parsons. — The English 
authorities were determined to exercise control over the Colonies, 
despite their opposition. The Act of the Virginia Assembly 
which forbade the further importation of slaves into Virginia 
was set aside in London, and created a storm of indignation in 
Virginia (1763). The Virginia Assembly had also passed a law 
fixing the price of the tobacco which the statutes allowed as a 
salary to the clergymen. This law was annulled by the King. 
The preachers at Hanover Court House brought suit to obtain 
the difference between the market price of the tobacco and the 
price fixed by the statute. Patrick Henry, then only twenty- 
seven years of age, was the advocate of the people. In his 
speech (December, 1763) he said, "The king who annuls a law 
of so salutary a nature degenerates into a tyrant, and forfeits all 
right to obedience." This sentiment, although called treason- 
able, was an index to the feelings of the people, and showed that 
allegiance to the King was growing weaker. The preachers won 
the case, but were given but one penny as damages. 

244. The Sugar Act. — Parliament then (1764) passed the 
Sugar Act, which lowered the taxes on many things, but declared 
a right to tax America for " revenue only." This was resisted 
throughout the Colonies. Samuel Adams of Boston said, " We 
claim British rights not by charter only: we are born to them." 
From New Hampshire to Georgia the discontent grew, and 
gradually ripened into the doctrine, " Resistance to tyrants is 
obedience to God." 

245. The Stamp Act. — George Grenville, prime minister of 
England, brought before Parliament a bill which called out the 
bitterest denunciations of the Colonies. This was the Stamp 
Act (1765). It required the use of stamps upon all law papers, 
newspapers, and pamphlets. Bitter was the fight against it in 
America. The people did not object to paying taxes in the 
form of stamps, — in fact, the method of the tax was considered 
good, — but they objected to the tax itself. 




158 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

24^' Opposition in the Colonies. — In Virginia, Patrick 
Henry 1 introduced a resolution into the Assembly in May (1765). 
which declared that the General Assembly of the whole Colony 
had the sole right and power to levy 
taxes on the inhabitants of the Colony. 
This resolution was adopted, and similar 
resolutions were taken up in turn and 
adopted by nearly all of the other Col- 
onies. It was everywhere resolved that 
the Stamp Act should never be enforced. 
The royal governor of Virginia dissolved 
the Assembly, but the eloquence of the 
Patrick Henry. " Forcst-bom Dcmosthcnes " traveled 

throughout the Colonies. The oldest American Colony had 
spoken, and the effect was electrical. 

247. In North Carolina the General Assembly was in ses- 
sion at New Berne, May, 1765, when the news of the passage 
of the law reached that place. Gov. Tryon asked the speaker 
of the House, Col. John Ashe, what the House would do as to 
the new law. The speaker answered fearlessly, " We will resist 
its execution to the death." That very day Tryon sent the As- 
sembly home. The people took the stamp agent before the 
mayor of Wilmington, and forced him publicly to resign his 
office, and to make oath that he would never have anything 
more to do with the stamps. 

Two ships were seized at Brunswick in February, 1766, by the 
customhouse officers, for entering the harbor with unstamped 
clearance papers. This provoked a storm. Armed men in 
broad daylight, without masks, broke into the collector's office, 
and carried off the clearance papers. Another body of armed 

1 This great Virginia orator closed his speech for this resolution with the 
famous words, " Cassar had his Brutus; Charles I., his Cromwell; and 
George III." — "Treason, treason!" cried the speaker — "may profit by 
their example," continued Henry. " If this be treason, make the most 
of it." 



OPPRESSIVE LEGISLA TION. 



159 



men went into the harbor, and took the ships from the royal 
guards. They surrounded the governor's house, and demanded 
the body of the stamp distributer. He was forced to swear that 
he would never issue any stamped paper in the Colony. 

248. In other Colonies. — At Faneuil Hall, Boston, the Act 
was bitterly denounced by Samuel Adams. The " Sons of Lib- 
erty " met, and pulled down the building where the stamps were 
to be sold. They then hung the stamp agent in efifigy, and dis- 




Kxcitement over Stamp Act. 

persed. A favorite motto of theirs was, " Liberty, property, and 
no stamps." At Philadelphia, when the stamp ship arrived, all 
the vessels in the harbor dropped their flags to half-mast, and 
the city bells began to toll the death of liberty. New York City 
was thoroughly aroused, and declared that the stamps should not 
land. Copies of the Act were distributed through the streets of 



i6o HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

the city, headed "The Folly of England and the Ruin of Amer- 
ica." In Georgia the stamps were hidden by the royal governor 
to protect them, and were never used.i 

249. The Stamp Act Congress. — Rhode Island first sug- 
gested a meeting of all the Colonies for discussion of the best 
means to surmount the increasing difficulties. James Otis, the 
intrepid friend of liberty, pushed this matter through the Massa- 
chusetts Assembly, and fixed a date for the delegates to assemble. 
Twenty-eight delegates from nine of the Colonies met at New 
York in October of 1765,2 adopted a declaration of rights and 
grievances, and sent a joint petition to the King. It asserted 
(i) a claim to the full privileges of Enghshmen ; (2) the legis- 
lative power of their own assembhes"; (3) that Parhament could 
not tax them ; and (4) the right of trial by jury. The Legis- 
latures of Virginia and North Carolina had been dissolved be- 
fore delegates could be appointed. They, together with New 
Hampshire and Georgia, were in full accord with the movement. 

250. Non=Importation.^ — The colonists agreed that they 
would buy no goods from England until the Stamp Act was re- 
pealed. They started their own spinning v>^heels and looms, and 

' To protect certain ships that feared to depart from Savannah without 
stamped clearance papers, the Georgians consented to relax their opposition 
for that single case, and to allow the stamps to be used. South Carolina 
took offense at this, and denounced Georgia. Every vessel trading with 
Georgia was to be burned. Two vessels cleared the Charleston harbor bound 
for Savannah. The excited South Carolinians pursued them, brought them 
back, and destroyed them, together with their cargoes. Thus deeply did 
South Carolinians hate the detested stamps. It is needless to say that 
Georgians hated the Act as deeply as did their neighbors in South Carolina. 

2 Of this Congress it has been said, " It was an assembly graced liy large 
ability, genius, learning, and common sense. It was calm in its delibera- 
tions, seemingly unmoved by the whirl of political waters." Christopher 
Gadsden of South Carolina, in the course of a discussion in this Congress, 
gave vent to the following sentiment, which under various guises has trav- 
eled from lip to lip throughout America: " There ought to be no New Eng- 
land man, no New Yorker, known on the Continent ; but all of us Americans." 

3 In Maryland non-importation was called " touching-the-pocket-nerve " 
Baltimore was the last city to recede from the non-importation agreement. 



OPPRESSIVE LEGISLATION. i6i 

began other manufactures. Frugality and industry, ^ enjoined 
on all, were practiced in almost every life. The lawyers 
and rich citizens put on homespun clothes, and refused to wear 
anything made from imported goods. On the ist of November, 
1765, the Act was to go into operation. Shops were closed, 
Inisiness stopped, bells tolled, and flags hung at half-mast, to in- 
dicate the death of liberty. 

251. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — The Stamp Act was re- 
pealed the following year (1766). Two causes led to this: (i) 
the clamor of English merchants who had lost a market for their 
goods, and were on the verge of commercial ruin ; and ( 2 ) 
the courage and daring of the colonists. William Pitt stood 
up in Parliament, and said, " In my opinion, this kingdom has 
no right to lay a tax on the Colonies. I rejoice that America 
has resisted." Parhament repealed the law, but asserted while 
doing so that the right to tax had not been relinquished. This 
reservation did not prevent the colonists from enjoying their vic- 
tory. Holidays were held from Portsmouth to Savannah. Bon- 
fires, banners, cannons, and bells proclaimed the people's joy. 
William Pitt became the hero of the hour, and statues were 
erected to the man who had the courage to say to a hostile Par- 
liament, " You have no right to tax America." 

252. The Quartering Act. — Although the Stamp Act was 
repealed, the Quartering Act, which permitted Parliament to 
quarter troops in the Colonies, remained in full force. Gen. Gage 
was quartered at New York with a detachment of royal troops, 
and demanded of the New York Assembly that it provide by law 
for their support. This was complied with ; but, when Capt. 
Phillips demanded the same thing of the Georgia Assembly, it 
was refused (January, 1767). They said, " There is no difference 
between a tax fixed by Parliament without our consent, and one 
wrung from an unwilling colonial Assembly at the point of a 

1 Franklin had written from England these words : " The sun of liberty 
is set, and you must light up the candles of industry and economy." 



1 62 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Parliament bayonet. We will pay neither." The New York 
Assembly reconsidered its action, and refused the support. 

253. New Taxes. — Parliament passed another "revenue law" 
in 1767, which imposed certain duties upon glass, paper, paste- 
board, white and red lead, and tea. The colonists declared 
that they would import none of the goods named in the law, and 
the old non-importation clubs sprang into existence at once. 
The Maryland Assembly took high ground, declaring that life 
without liberty is worse than death. They also organized the 
" Maryland Liberty Lottery " to raise funds to place their griev- 
ances before the Crown. Every lover of liberty purchased a 
ticket, and held it as a badge of honor. The " Letters of a 
Pennsylvania Farmer," whose author was John Dickinson of 
Philadelphia, had a wide circulation, and argued with great 
power the unconstitutionality of the Acts. Parliament again re- 
treated before the gathering storm by repealing the law as to 
everything except tea. The tax on tea was permitted to remain, 
and was so very small that it was cheaper to buy tea with the 
tax added than to smuggle it. It was not, however, a question 
of the amount of tax: the colonists declared (1770) that no 
right existed to collect any tax, and that no tax should be paid. 

254. The Boston Massacre. — Soldiers were sent to the 
Colonies, and the people were required to house and feed them. 
Two regiments were sent to Boston. The soldiers and citizens 
had numerous fights, in one of which several citizens were killed 
(1770). The soldiers who fired were tried for murder, were given 
a fair trial, and were defended by some of the best lawyers in 
New England. All but two were acquitted. 

255. Battle of Alamance. — Meanwhile Gov. Tryon, the 
" Great Wolf " of North Carolina, was carrying his high-handed 
measures of oppression into direful execution. Exactions in fees 
of the most exorbitant character were carried on in open defiance 
of law and right. The people of western North Carolina re- 
solved to redress their own wrongs. Bodies of men called 



OPPRESSIVE LEGISLA TION. 



163 



" Regulators " sprang into existence, and patrolled the country. 
The governor ordered them to disperse. The sturdy yeomanry 
refused. The governor marched westward, and met the patriots 
at Alamance. Here a desperate battle was fought (177 1), and 




FMittlc ,</ Aldiiiainr. 

the first blood shed for political liberty. The patriots were 
defeated, and nine of their bodies left upon the field. Bancroft 
says that Alamance is the connecting link between the Stamp 
Act and Lexington. 

256. The Boston Tea Party. — Three ships of tea were sent 
to Boston in 1773. The patriotic citizens of Boston declared 
that not one leaf of this tea should ever be landed. The ships 
came to anchor in Boston harbor, and lay there nineteen days, 
waiting for some one to buy and unload the tea. At this 
juncture a company of citizens disguised as Indians rushed to 
the wharf, boarded the vessels, and emptied every chest of tea 
into the harbor. This tea party cost the East India Company a 
hundred thousand dollars, and is the costliest one on record. 
The tea designed for New York and Philadelphia was not per- 
mitted to be landed, and was taken back to England. At 
Charleston tea was landed and purposely stored in damp cellars, 
where it rotted, and was entirely lost. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

COLONIES ORGANIZING FOR RESISTANCE. 
Leading Events. 



Four Oppressive Laws (1774). 
First Continental Congress (1774). 
Lexington and Concord (1775). 



Ticonderoga (1775). 

The Mecklenburg Declaration (1775). 

Second Continental Congress (1775). 



257. The Four Colonial Acts. — Parliament, upon hearing 
of the destruction of the tea at Boston, resolved to make the 
colonists sufifer for it. Lord North, a bitter enemy to American 
ideas, was prime minister, and he declared that nothing short of 
absolute submission to the authority of Parliament would bring 
peace to the country. One speaker uttered, amidst applause, 
these words : " The town of Boston ought to be knocked about 
their ears and destroyed." Coercion was resolved upon almost 
unanimously, and took shape in four bills (1774): (i) The 
Boston Port Bill; (2) A Bill to regulate the Government of 
Massachusetts; (3) A Bill to transport Offenders to other Prov- 
inces or to Great Britain for Trial ; (4) The Quebec Bill. 

The first bill closed the port of Boston to all outside trade 
until it paid for the tea. The second measure took the right 
of nomination of certain officers from the people and gave it to 
the governor, and forbade the assembling of the people to discuss 
general questions. The third bill gave to any one charged with 
murder committed in aid of the magistrates the right to be tried 
in England, and not in the Colonies. The fourth bill annexed 
all the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi 
to Canada. 

258. Committees of Correspondence. — From the beginning 
two sets of committees had been at work in each Colony. The 
first was suggested by Massachusetts, and consisted of a number 

164 



COLONIES ORGANIZING FOR RESISTANCE. 165 

of men elected by each town or county to correspond with each 
other for the general good. The second, suggested by Virginia, 
was a legislative committee of correspondence in each Colony. 
In every town, county, and province, the best men were chosen 
for work upon these committees, and to their action is to be 
credited the remarkable unanimity with which the whole coun- 
try acted. The interest of every hamlet was at stake, and every 
hamlet spoke its sentiments through its accredited committee, 

259. The First Continental Congress.— The Virginia As- 
sembly, by resolution, set apart the day on which, the Boston 
Port Bill was to take effect as a day for fasting, humiliation, and 
prayer. The Assembly of Maryland asked the other Colonies 
to join in a Congress for the discussion of colonial measures. 
These suggestions were adopted by the other Colonies ; and on 
the fifth day of September, 1774. the First Continental Congress 1 
of America met at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. This great 
Congress asserted (i) that all Americans had an absolute right 
to hfe, liberty, and property; (2) that they were bound by no 
law to which they had not given their consent ; (3) that they 
had the sole right to tax themselves ; (4) that they possessed the 
inalienable right to trial by a jury of the neighborhood, and the 
right to petition; and (5) they protested against the quartering 
of standing armies in the Colonies without their consent. 

260. Assembly and Congress. — Gov. Martin of North 
Carolina dissolved three Legislatures in succession, and, to keep 
the people from appointing delegates to the Philadelphia Congress 
(1774), he resolved not to call the Assembly together during that 
year. When John Harvey, the speaker of the Assembly, heard 
this, he said, "Then the people will convene one themselves." 

1 The number of delegates present at this Congress was fifty-five ; and 
the Colonies represented, twelve, Georgia being absent. Peyton Randolph 
of Virginia was elected president. Prominent members were George Wash- 
ington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Dickinson, William Living- 
ston, John Jay, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Roger Sherman, Richard 
Caswell, John Rutledge, Edward Rutledge, and Christopher Gadsden. 



1 66 II I STORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Hand-bills were issued, and delegates elected. The governor 
was astounded, and forbade the delegates to assemble ; but on 
Aug. 25, 1774, they met, and held the first Assembly in opposi- 
tion to the Crown. After the First Continental Congress ad- 
journed, the governor convened the Assembly, and on the same 
day John Harvey convened the Provincial Congress. The 
members of these bodies were the same men, with the same 
ofiicers. For one half-day they sat as an Assembly under Gov. 
Martin, and the rest of the day as a Congress defying the 
governor. The governor dissolved the Assembly, but the Con- 
gress would not dissolve. 

261. Bloodshed at Lexington. — The main body of the 
British troops was at Boston under Gen. Gage. Minute-men 
had been organized in the towns of New England and the other 
Colonies. Some of them had collected stores at Concord. Gen. 
Gage resolved to destroy these, and sent Col. Smith and Major 
Pitcairn with about a thousand regular soldiers to perform the 
task. The patriots in Boston hung two lights in the steeple of 
Christ Church, and notified the people in Charlestown that the 
English soldiers were moving. The English marched to Lexing- 
ton, where about eighty American troops were gathered on the 
common. Pitcairn, at the head of the redcoats, shouted, " Dis- 
perse, you rebels! Lay down your arms!" The Americans 
replied, " We are on our own ground, doing no injury." The 
English soldiers fired, and seven American soldiers fell dead. 
Thus began the Revolutionary War, April 19, 1775. 

262. Skirmish at Concord. — The British went on to Con- 
cord, where, after destroying a part of the stores, they were 
stopped by the Americans at Concord Bridge. A skirmish ensued, 
and several men were killed on each side. Hie regular British sol- 
diers fell back, leaving the bridge in the hands of the Americans. 
They saw ominous signs of danger in the maddened people, and 
resolved to hurry into Boston. Everybody flew to arms. Boys 
and men gathered from all sides to avenge their countrymen. A 



COLONIES ORGANIZING FOR RESISTANCE. 

XT 



167 




^^/<r/V<?r£»/ 



British soldier said, " It seemed as if men came down from the 
clouds." The provincials fired from behind trees, rocks, fences, 
and houses. Each volley brought down a row of proud grena- 
diers. The British quickened their march into a run, which never 
slackened till reenforcements met them at Lexington. Lord 
Percy met the retreating force at this place with a thousand 
choice troops, but did not make a stand. The retreat continued 
to Charlestown under a constantly increasing provincial fire. 
Benjamin Franklin has wittily described this retreat thus : " Gen. 



1 68 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Gage's troops made a most vigorous retreat, — twenty miles in 
three hours, — scarce to be paralleled in history. The feeble 
Americans who pelted them all the way could scarce keep up 
with them." 

263. Result. — The Americans left their farms and homes, 
and with all kinds of weapons marched to Boston. Gen. Gage 
found himself shut up in the town except from the water side. 
The siege of Boston was begun. Soon sixteen thousand men 
were gathered round the city, digging trenches, and preparing to 
drive the British out. 

264. Capture of Fort Ticonderoga. — The troubles between 
New York and Vermont were at white heat about this time. 
Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys were in arms again.st 
New York sheriffs. Hearing of the fight at Concord, and being 
joined by Benedict Arnold from Connecticut, they turned their 
arms against Ticonderoga. They reached the fortress before day, 
and forced an entrance. Arriving at the commander's quarters, 
Allen demanded a surrender of the fortress at once. " By what 
authority? " asked the commander. " In the name of the Great 
Jehovah and the Continental Congress," exclaimed the vigorous 
Vermonter. Resistance was impossible, and the fort was sur- 
rendered (May 10, 1775) without the firing of a gun or the loss 
of a life. This was a fortunate affair for the Americans in 
another way. They needed guns and ammunition, and large 
quantities of these were found stored in this fort. In a short 
time Crown Point also fell into the hands of the Americans. 

265. The News arrives in the South. — Couriers traveled 
day and night to New York, Philadelphia, Annapohs, Alexandria, 
Williamsburg, New Berne, Wilmington, Charleston, and Savan- 
nah, carrying the bloody news of Lexington and Concord. It 
created everywhere a profound sensation. About a month after 
the tragedy at Lexington the news reached Charlotte, the modest 
capital of Mecklenburg County, far out in western North Caro- 
lina. A large number of the leading men of the county gathered 



COLONIES ORGANIZING FOR RESISTANCE. 169 

promptly at the call of Col. Polk, and passed (May, 1775) a series 
of resolutions, which has come to be known in history as the 
"Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence." 

266. The Mecklenburg Resolutions set forth, that, inas- 
much as the English King and Parliament had declared the 
American Colonies to be in a state of actual rebellion, all laws 
and commissions and civil constitutions which emanated from the 
King or Parliament are null and void, and should for the present 
be wholly suspended, and that the Congress of each province 
under the direction of the Continental Congress be invested with 
exclusive legislative and executive powers within their respective 
provinces. Then follow resolutions providing for the arming of 
the eight militia companies of the county, the purchase of ammu- 
nition, and for the internal government of the county until the 
Provincial Congress should otherwise direct, or Great Britain re- 
sign its unjust and arbitrary pretensions with respect to America. 

Thus the county which Tarleton said was " more hostile to 
England than any in America" had declared itself free, and at 
the same time established a form of independent government for 
itself. 

267. Second Continental Congress. — This body met in 
the State House (Independence Hall) at Philadelphia (May 10, 
1775), and did some vigorous work, (i) It sent another address 
to the King, seeking a settlement of the difficulties. • (2) It sent 
an address to the inhabitants of Great Britain. (3) It sent 
another address to Ireland. (4) Having done everything it 
could for peace, it then turned its energies to the following war 
like measures : {a) it elected George Washington of Virginia 
commander in chief of the American armies ; {h) it adopted the 
Articles of War ; {c) it decided to raise twenty thousand men, 
and voted money to equip them for service. 

268. The King refused to accept the address of Congress, 
and in a speech to Parliament informed that body that he was 
about to take more active measures to conquer the American 



lyo HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

provinces then in rebellion. Parliament not only voted supplies, 
but arranged for the employment of foreign troops to whip the 
Americans. " Hessians," or mercenary soldiers of Europe, were 
to be paid to do what the regular British soldiers were not in- 
clined to do. These measures cut off all hope of reconciliation 
with the mother country, and the alternative " independence or 
slavery " was thus forced upon the Americans. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



Bunker Hill (June, 1775). 
Burning of Norfolk (Dec, 1775). 
Moore's Creek, N.C. (Feb., 1776) 



Leading Events. 

Evacuation of Boston (March, 1776)- 
Charleston, S.C. (June, 1776). 
Independence declared (July, 1776). 



269. Affairs about Boston. — Before Washington left Phila- 
delphia to take command of the American Army before Boston, 
another battle was fought. Gens. Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne 
were sent over from England to reenforce Gen. Gage. Bunker 
Hill from the north, and Dorchester Heights from the south, 
overlooked Boston, and were 
selected by Gage as places 
to be fortified. The Ameri- 
cans also saw the strength of 
Bunker Hill, and sent a de- 
tachment of soldiers from 
Cambridge to Charlestown 
to begin the work of fortify- 
ing. Mistaking the hill in 
the night, they began their 
intrenchments on Breed's 
Hill. The British discov- 
ered the Americans on this 
commanding position at day- 
light, and began to bombard them. This was kept up until two 
o'clock in the afternoon without damage to the Americans. 

270. Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). — Gage saw 
that the Americans must be dislodged, or that he must leave 
Boston. He sent Howe with three thousand regular soldiers to 

171 




172 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

attack the Americans. He landed at Morton's Point, and started 
up the hill, as Burgoyne said, " in perfect order." Clinton, in 
the mean time, threw shells into Charlestown, and set it on fire. 
The hills all around were covered with people. The burning 
town, with burning church steeples high over the houses, made 
clouds of smoke, which, however, did not cover the charge. Up 
the hill marched Howe, while the shells from all sides poured in 
on the Americans with deadly effect. Powder was scarce on the 
American side ; and the orders passed down the lines, " Don't 
fire till you see the whites of their eyes! " 

When the British were near enough, the fire came, and with it 
death to the redcoats by whole ranks. Forming again, they 
pressed up a second time, only to be met by another tremendous 
discharge which forced them back. The provincials held their 
ground like old soldiers. Howe staggered on the left, and it 
looked as if the Americans had gained flie day. Clinton saw the 
danger, and ' sent reenforcements. Up the hill they climbed 
again, led by the renowned Pigot. 

By this time the ammunition of the Americans had given out, 
and they could oppose nothing to the enemy but the butt-end of 
their muskets and the rocks of the hillsides. They then gave 
back without confusion, doggedly disputing every inch of the 
way. The British held the hill, but the effect was equal to a 
victory for the Americans. They had made the British run, and 
the fear of their trained arms was partially broken. The British 
lost over a thousand men, and the Americans nearly five hundred, 
including the great soldier and patriot Gen. Warren. 

271. Effect of the Battle. — This battle elevated the stand- 
ing of the provincial soldiery. When Washington heard of the 
conduct of his soldiers, he remarked, "The liberties of the coun- 
try are safe;" and Gage candidly said to the ministry, "The 
trials we have had show the rebels are not the despicable rabble 
too many have supposed them to be. In all their wars against 
the French they never showed so much conduct, attention, and 
perseverance as they do now." 



OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 173 

272. Expedition against Quebec. — In July, 1775, Wash- 
ington took command of the army before Boston. Gen. Richard 
Montgomery was ordered to proceed down Lake Champkin into 
Canada. He captured Fort Chambly, St. Johns, and Montreal 
before winter, and pushed on to Quebec, where he was joined by 
a detachment from Boston under Benedict Arnold, that had 
marched thither through the wilderness of Maine. On Dec. 31, 
in the midst of a snowstorm, these hardy Americans began the 
assault of rock-bound Quebec. They charged up the face of the 
steep rocks. Montgomery was almost halfway up when he was 
struck by a ball, and fell. Arnold was wounded ; and the army, 
being without commanders, was forced to withdraw. 

273. Burning of Norfolk. — Gov. Dunmore of Virginia at- 
tempted to arouse the slaves of Virginia to insurrection. A body 
of Scotch soldiery was met by the patriots of Virginia and North 
Carolina at Great Bridge, and defeated (Dec. 9, 1775). Dun- 
more was forced to take refuge on an English war ship. His 
last act of unsoldierly warfare was the burning of Norfolk (New 
Year's Day, 1776). Gov. CampbeU of South Carolina had stirred 
up a Tory or loyalist insurrection in his province, which was 
speedily crushed by the militia regiments of North and South 
Carolina. This was termed the " Insurrection of Scovellites." 

274. Battle of Moore's Creek. — Early in 1776 the Enghsh 
ministry beheld with dismay many royal governors issuing procla- 
mations, and governing their provinces from the protected decks 
of English men-of-war many miles from shore. Gov. Martin of 
North Carolina issued a proclamation from the ocean, near the 
mouth of the Cape Fear, appointing Gen. Donald McDonald as 
commander in chief of the Tories of North Carolina. These 
Tories were made up principally of the Scotch Highlanders who 
fled to America after the defeat of the Pretender at CuUoden. 
McDonald, with about fifteen hundred men, was met by Col. 
Caswell at Moore's Bridge on Feb. 27, 1776, and defeated. The 
fight lasted about an hour, and resulted in the death of the brave 



174 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




Batik- oj Mc-.'ici. Lycck. 

Col. Allan McLeod and thirty-four Highlanders, and the capture 
of eight hundred of the enemy, including Gen. McDonald. This 
was a signal victory, and broke the power of the Tories in the 
South. Cornwallis and Chnton landed at the mouth of the Cape 
Fear shortly after this, but sailed away 
without any demonstrations. 

275. The Naval Flag. — In Jan- 
uary, 1776, Congress adopted a flag for 
the American fleet. It bore the em- 
blem of a rattlesnake with thirteen rat- 
tles in an attitude to strike, and the 
Naval Flag. motto, " Don't tread on me." 

276. Evacuation of Boston. — Early in March, 1776, Gen. 
Washington decided that the time had come to drive the enemy 
from Boston. He resolved to fortify Dorchester Heights, one 
of Burgoyne's strategic points ; and, to divert the attention of 
Gen. Howe from the detachment which he sent there for this 
piupose, he bombarded the city for three nights. The following 




OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 175 

morning the British discovered the Americans on the heights, and 
resolved at once to dislodge them. A severe storm kept Howe 
from advancing that day, and on the next the Americans had 
intrenched themselves so securely as to make a dislodgment im- 
possible. But the British could not stay in Boston with the 
Americans on the heights, and they were therefore forced to 
evacuate. Howe gathered his army into his grand fleet, and 
sailed for Halifax. The evacuation was too sudden for Lord 
Howe to destroy all the stores or to spike all the guns. The 
guns on Bunker Hill were in excellent condition, and the stores 
captured in the city were a great help. Massachusetts had now 
no English soldier upon her soil, and was not troubled with the 
English Army during the remainder of the war. 

277. The Attack on Charleston. — A British fleet of eleven 
vessels, under Sir Peter Parker, sailed from Halifax, carrying an 
army commanded by Gen. Clinton. It reached Charleston, S.C., 
and, after nearly a month's preparation, began" an attack upon a 
fort on Sulhvan's Island (June, 1776). The garrison, commanded 
by Col. William Moultrie, had few of the elements for a strong 
resistance excepting an unconquerable courage. Gen. Charles 
Lee, then in command of the Southern Army, said that the fort 
was in the wrong place ; that the " officers were all boys, and the 
men raw recruits." Besides this, the ammunition was short. Nev- 
ertheless that fort gained an everlasting renown. Shot and shell 
poured down on it for twelve hours without intermission. The 
men fought with the greatest heroism. 1 The American loss was 
thirty-two men, while the enemy suffered a loss of two hundred 
and five, besides the terrible damage to the ships. During the 



1 While shot were flying thick around the fort, the flagstaff was cut, and 
the flag dropped outside the wall. A brave young sergeant, seeing this, 
leaped through an embrasure amidst the thickest fire, seized the flag, returned 
safely to the fort, and planted it on the bastion immediately in front of the 
enemy. This was Sergeant Jasper. Sergeant McDonald, as he went down 
to his death, exclaimed, "Don't let liberty expire with me to-day! " Men 
had their limbs torn away, and yet remained at their posts. 



176 



JI J STORY OF THE AMERICA AT PEOPLE. 



bombardment an effort was made by Clinton and Cornwallis 
to land on the east end of the island, so as to attack the fort on 
land and sea at the same time. Twice they attempted this with 
their " Regulars," only to be repulsed each time by the Virginian 
and Carolinian soldiers. At eleven o'clock at night the British 
passed beyond the bar, and the Americans enjoyed another 
victory. 

278. The Declaration of Independence. — In June, 1776, 
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia startled the Continental Congress 
by the introduction of a resolution " that these United Colonies 




Indepcjuieiue Hall. 



are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The 
measure was discussed for many days, and care was taken to 
ascertain the sentiment of the different Colonial Assemblies and 
of the people. Finally, on July 4, 1776, Congress pressed the 



OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. ITJ 

resolution to a vote, and a declaration, drawn by Thomas Jeffer- 
son,i was adopted. Tliis document cut off all ways of retreat, 
and was the boldest stroke that had been delivered by the Colo- 
nies. It was received with joy by the Americans, and with deri- 
sion by the Parhament. The local assemblies ordered its reading 
in every country town ; and this was always accompanied by the 
ringing of bells, by the firing of guns, by songs, and by patriotic 
speeches. The 4th of July, from that day to this, has always 
been considered the great American holiday. (The full text of 
the Declaration of Independence is inserted in the Appendix, and 
should be studied now.) 

279. Reprisal. — For more than one hundred years England 
had attempted to keep all nations from trading with the Colonies. 
She desired and enjoyed a monopoly of their trade. Congress 
now turned the tables on her. The American ports were opened 
to all nations of the earth excepting Great Britain. American 
vessels were licensed to go upon the high seas, and attack and 
capture the merchant ships of the " Mistress of the Seas." Amer- 
ican privateers made the English commerce suffer a great deal, 
and three hundred and fifty British vessels were captured the first 
year. The Colonies had Httle to lose, and everything to gain. 
Congress also authorized Washington to employ friendly Indians 
in the capture of British officers and soldiers on the frontier.^ 

1 The committee appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence — 
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and 
Robert R. Livingston — appointed Thomas Jefferson to prepare the paper. 
Only a few slight changes were made by committee and Congress.' 

2 The defeat of the British at Fort Moultrie enal)led Col. Rutherford of 
North Carolina, Col. Christian of Virginia, and Col. Jack of Georgia, to 
enter the Cherokee country, and to chastise the Indians so severely as to 
keep them peaceable during the remainder of the war. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 



Long Island (Aug., 1776). 
White Plains (Oct., 1776). 
Retreat through Jersey (Nov., 1776). 



Leading Events. 

Trenton (Dec, 1776). 
Princeton (Jan., 1777). 
Foreign Aid (1777). 



NEW YORK 

And 
VICINITY. 



280. Movements around New York As had been ex- 
pected, the British now turned their arms against New York. 
The campaign around that city and through New Jersey demon- 
strated that a man of iron was needed at the head of the army, 

and that the selection of 
Washington as commander 
in chief was the wisest 
move that Congress had 
made. For a time it took 
all of his abihty to hold the 
patriots together. The sec- 
tions were jealous of each 
other. Incompetent army 
officers were continually 
wrangling over precedence 
in rank. Private soldiers 
refused to obey orders on 
the miserable plea that they 
were " free and indepen- 
dent." Provisions, equip- 
ments, arms, and ammuni- 
tion were scarce. Volunteers went home at the expiration of 
their enlistments without leave. It looked as though the entire, 
army would abandon the cause. Despite all these things, W'ash- 

178 




CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 179 

ington never gave up. He was opposed by an army in perfect 
discipline. Its officers were illustrious, and its supplies unlimited. 
Admiral Richard Howe, brother of Sir 'William Howe, arrived 
at New York with reenforcements. The British Army was sup- 
ported by four hundred ships and transports, ten ships of the line, 
and twenty frigates. Aside from the privateers, the Americans 
had no navy. 

281. Battle of Long Island. — The two Howes believed 
that a single campaign would end the war. They began it on 
Aug. 27, 1776, by attacking the Americans on Long Island. 
Gen. Putnam had five thousand soldiers in the battle, one half of 
whom could not be made to stand. The British had twenty-five 
thousand. In this contest, had all the Americans fought equally 
well, the relative strength would have been five to one. The 
cowardice of some of the new regiments changed this proportion, 
and gave the Howes a strength of about ten to one\ Of course, 
the Americans were defeated, but only after some most desperate 
fighting and the display of some remarkable heroism. 

282. Retreat from Long Island. — During the fight, Wash- 
ington crossed over from New York to Long Island, and by his 
genius and ability saved the army from capture. Howe was 
sure of taking the .whole army, and everything pointed to his 
success. But Washington did not intend to be caught. On 
the night of the 29th he crossed the Sound with the greatest se- 
crecy, and entered New York, losing but a single cannon. Gen. 
Nathanael Greene said that this retreat was the best effected of 
any of which he had ever read or heard. It saved the army, and 
taught Howe that he had a remarkably cautious, wary, and 
skillful antagonist. " This retreat is ranked among those skillful 
maneuvers which distinguish a master in the art of war." 

283. Battle of Harlem Heights. — The New England 
Rangers and a Virginia regiment which had just arrived met 
the enemy at Harlem Heights, where a short yet glorious action 
occurred. Many of those who had disgracefully fled a few days 



i8o 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



before, fought with heroism at this place. The commanders of 
the regiments fell, mortally wounded ; but the men without field 
officers drove the larger force of the enemy from the field. 

284. Battle of White Plains. — On Oct. 28 Howe attacked 
Washington at White Plains. The action was short but very 
severe. Each side lost about the same number. The Americans 
were driven behind their intrenchments, and the British went into 
camp. Washington changed his base during the night, and lodged 
himself more securely among the hills of North Castle. 

285. Fort Washington. — Leaving a part of the army under 
command of Gen. Charles Lee, Washington crossed the Hudson 
and proceeded to Fort Lee. Nearly opposite this fort, on the 
north end of Manhattan Island, stood Fort Washington. This 
was garrisoned by about two thousand Americans under Col. 

Magaw of Pennsylvania. 
The British a.s.saulted 
this post on Nov. 16, 
and captured it at a 
cost of a thousand men. 
Washington, from the 
opposite side of the riv- 
er, witnessed with deep 
distress the capture of 
his brave men, but was 
pow^erless to help. It 
was almost a deathblow 
to the American arms. 

286. The Retreat 
through New Jersey.' 
Fort Lee was now in 
peril, as was the entire army ; but Washington saw the danger, 
and avoided it. Gathering up his stores and ammunition, he 



CENTRAL 
NEW JERSEY 

1778 




>3ro7mtiii)Uy 



1 Washington's extrication of the army from Long Island, and the retreat 
across New Jersey, were, from a military standpoint, superior to the two 



CAMPAIGN OF 1776. i8i 

again began the retreat. Howe sent Lord Cornwallis with a 
detachment of his best troops to pursue and capture, if possible. 
Washington ordered the troops at North Castle to join him,i 
and then marched slowly southward through New Jersey, 
closely pursued by Cornwallis. Early in December, Washing- 
ton reached and crossed the Delaware River near Trenton, and, 
having secured all the boats within a hundred miles, he felt 
secure. Cornwallis had lost his prize, and, thinking the campaign 
over for the year, went into winter quarters at Princeton, Trenton, 
and other places in New Jersey. This long retreat, although 
conducted in a masterful way, discouraged the Americans. The 
army had poor clothing, and many of the soldiers marched with 
bare, bleeding feet over the frozen roads. The Tories of New 
Jersey called them "ragamufifins." The people of New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, and New York, were sadly demoralized, and many 
of them accepted the pardon offered by Howe. The spirit of 
resistance was almost extinguished. The enlistments were about 
to expire again, and the continued reverses tended to deter the 
reenlistments. But in spite of the people's despair, Washington 
did not lose hope. 

287. Battle of Trenton. — Seeing that Howe had divided 
his forces and camped them in different towns, Washington re- 
solved to begin offensive operations by striking a blow at one of 
these detachments. On Christmas night (1776), with twenty- 
four hundred men, he crossed the Delaware River despite the 
peril of the floating ice. The weather was intensely cold, and 
the wind was almost a gale. It was nearly daylight before he 
was ready to begin the hurried march to Trenton, nine miles 
distant. Almost frozen and but half clad, the army cheerfully 

great retreats of history; viz., the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks con- 
ducted by Xenophon, and Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. 

1 Lee disregarded Washington's urgent commands to send forward these 
troops, which were sorely needed. When he did move, he acted so rashly 
as to involve himself in ruin. He took lodgings one night at Basking Ridge, 
N.J., three miles from camp, and was taken prisoner by a band of dragoons. 
His troops moved on, and effected a junction with Washington. 



1 82 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

marched forward, facing a storm of hail and snow. Cornwalhs had 
stationed Col. Rahl with a force of fifteen hundred Hessians at 
this place, and it was the purpose of Washington to surprise and 
capture them. At eight o'clock he reached Trenton without 
being discovered. The action was short and decisive. In thirty 
minutes nearly a thousand Hessians, with their guns in their 
hands, surrendered to Washington. The Americans had lost but 




Peln^vari 



four men, — two killed, and two frozen to death. Washington 
then hurriedly recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners and 
stores. This Avas the master stroke of the war. Its boldness 
was exceeded only by its brilliance. Cornwallis recoiled from 
its force with amazement. The Americans were electrified, and 
Washinsiton became the hero of the hour.^ 



1 This was Washington's Cliristmas gift to his country. Von Biilow says, 
" Tlic surprise of Trenton was for America what Thermopyl;\: was for 
Greece. This surprise is one of the best-planned and bohlest-executed mili- 
tary movements of our century. It was, however, excelled by the attempt 
upon Princeton, and both events are sufficient to elevate a general to the 
temple of immortality, especially when, as in this case, he fights for the g<jod 
of his country." 



CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 1 83 

288. Washington outgenerals Cornwallis. — Crossing the 

river again, Washington took his stand at Trenton. Cornwallis, 
with a large force, reached this place on the night of the 2d of 
January, 1777, and encamped. He went to bed saying to his 
officers, " In the morning we will bag the fox;" and it did look 
that way. Behind Washington was the Delaware River, which 
could not be crossed. Before him was an army which he could 
not conquer in open battle. Yet the fox was not bagged. In 
the morning Washington's camp was there, but not his army, 
Diuring the night he had got behind the British Army, — a ma- 
neuver which not only extricated his Httle force, but added glory 
to the American arms and to the American commander. He 
kindled all his campfires, and then withdrew by a circuitous route 
towards Princeton, 1 where a part of the British Army, on the way 
to join Cornwalhs, was camping for the night. 

289. Battle of Princeton. — At daylight these troops were 
up and in line, ready to march for Trenton, when Washington's 
army confronted them. At the first charge the brave Gen. Mer- 
cer fell, mortally wounded. Washington then put himself at the 
head of the army, and amidst the hottest fire led it to victory. 
The enemy had more than a hundred killed, and lost about three 
hundred prisoners. The American loss was very small. Going 
on to Morristown, he intrenched himself so skillfully as to compel 
Howe to remain at Brunswick and Amboy, and to destroy his 
hopes of mastering the Jerseys that winter. This beating of Corn- 
wallis at Princeton was considered a greater stroke than the affair 
at Trenton. The American people declared Washington the 
" saver of his country," and Europeans called him " The American 
Fabius."'^ Frederick the Great of Prussia said that the achieve- 
ments of Washington and his little band during the six weeks 

1 Fortune favored Washington again. When the march began, the roads 
were soft with mud. A sudden change froze them as hard as pavements. 

2 Quintus Fabius Maximus, Cunctator (" the Lingerer"), was the Roman 
general who fought against Hannibal in the Second Punic War, and whose 
policy was to wear out his adversary by constant delay. 



1 84 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




Robert Morris. 



following Christmas were the most brilliant recorded on the pages 
of military history. 

290. Robert Morris. — The paper money of Congress was 
not good. The soldiers would not receive it ; and Washington 

wrote to Robert Morris of Phila- 
r ' delphia, that, in order to preserve 

IY his army, it was necessary for 

him to have some good money. 
Bounties had to be paid to in- 
duce reenlistments, and to hold 
for a few months more large 
numbers of the men who were 
now in arms. The private for- 
tunes of Washington and some 
of the other officers had been 
pledged to secure means to meet 
other urgent needs of the army. 
To meet this extraordinary de- 
mand, Washington urged Morris to raise fifty thousand dollars in 
gold, and to send it to him at once. On New Year's morning 
(1777) Morris started out to raise 
this enormous sum of money. He 
put in a very large sum himself, and 
then went from friend to friend until 
he had raised the whole amount. 
This he sent to Washington, and 
with it Washington held his army.^ 

291. Foreign Aid. — Congress 
sent Benjamin Franklin (October, 
1776), then over seventy years of age, to France to seek aid 
from that country. France was not willing to come to an 

1 The patriot Morris, after expending his fortune upon the American cause, 
was permitted by the United States to die in poverty. This will ever remain 
a disgrace to the American name. A monument erected to the name of Mor- 
ris, exquisite in design and princely in proportions, should be built by the 
American Congress to erase this national shame. 




Continental Cnrrettcy. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 



185 



open rupture with England, but was secretly in sympathy with 
the American cause. The French listened to Franklin with ear- 
nestness, and treated him as 
a hero. The Declaration 
of Independence was read 
as a choice document, and 
applauded. European offi- 
cers and soldiers out of em- 
ployment were led to join 
the American Army ; some 
because they loved the 
theater of war, others be- 
cause they loved liberty. 
Among the latter were De- 
Kalb, Steuben, Kosciusko, 
Pulaski, and Lafayette. 
These men were soldiers 
trained in the best schools 
of European warfare. Steu- ""-''" 

ben had fought under Frederick the Great. Lafayette gave 
his money, and then crossed the ocean and gave himself. These 
foreign recruits became the drill masters of the American armies, 
and soon turned these rough heroes into skilled soldiers (1777-78). 
Thus the loss to the Americans by the capture of Lee, and the 
discontent of Gates, Arnold, and others, was fully offset by the 
ability and patriotism of the foreign heroes that the God of bat- 
tles sent to the American cause. 




CHAPTER XXIX. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 



Burgoyne's March (July). 
Walloomsac (Aug. 16). 
Fort Stanwix (Aug. 6). 
Surrender of Burgoyne (Oct. 17), 



Leading Events. 

Brandy wine (Sept. 11). 
Occupation of Pliiladelphia(Sept. 26). 
Valley Forge (December). 
Aid from France. 



292. The Stars and Stripes. — On the 14th of June, 1777, 
Congress adopted the stars and stripes as the national flag. 

293. The March of 
Burgoyne. — A British 
army from Canada under 
Gen. Burgoyne proceeded 
south until it reached Fort 
Ticonderoga on the south 
end of Lake Champlain. 
This fort was garrisoned by 
Gen. St. Clair with thirty- 
five hundred men, but was 
abandoned (July) at the 
approach of the enemy.^ 
St. Clair united with Gen. 
Schuyler, his superior offi- 
cer, and took stand near 
the mouth of the Mohawk. 




First American Flag. 



294. Battle of Walloomsac and Sancoix Bridge.^ — Bur- 
goyne took possession of Ticonderoga and the stores left there 

1 To defend Fort Ticonderoga successfully would have required ten thou- 
sand men. Gen. St. Clair, although severely censured, acted the part of a 
judicious officer. The fate of Fort Washington's defenders vk'as avoided, 
and, by abandoning a fort, St. Clair helped to save a State. 

2 Often called the " Battle of Bennington." 

186 



CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 



187 



by St. Clair. In order to try the afifections of the people, to dis- 
concert the councils of the enemy, to obtain recruits and cattle, 
horses and carriages, he sent Col. Baum 
with a detachment of six hundred, and 
then Col. Breyman with eight hundred 
men, to raid the country to the Connect- 
icut River, and march to Albany. Gen. 
John Stark and Col. Warner, with about 
two thousand men from New Hamp- 
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and New 
York, marched to meet them. They met 
Baum at the Walloomsac in New York, 
near Bennington, Aug. 16, and a success- 
ful battle was fought by the Americans. 
While Col. Baum was thus attacked. Col. 
Breyman approached Sancoix Bridge, 
two miles from the Walloomsac, where he was defeated 
was Burgoyne's first reverse. 




Scene 0/ Burgoyne s Invasion. 

This 



295. Fort Stanwix. — Another detachment of British and 
Indians, under Col. St. Leger, was sent from Lake Ontario to 
capture Fort Stanwix, the most western American post in New 
York. Gen. Herkimer, while advancing to the relief of this 
post, fell into an ambush (Aug. 6) at Oriskany, and lost about 
four hundred men. The fortress held out resolutely for sev- 
eral weeks, when the British, alarmed at the rumors of an over- 
whelming force coming against them, abandoned the siege. 
Gen. Arnold, who had spread the rumors, succeeded in captur- 
ing the tents and stores of the besiegers. This was Burgoyne's 
second reverse. 

296. Surrender of Burgoyne. — Gen. Gates, through the 
importunity of Massachusetts, was appointed to the command of 
the American forces, and reUeved Gen. Schuyler at once. On 
Sept. ig, 1777, Burgoyne attacked Gates in his camp, and main- 
tained the struggle until night. Each side claimed the victory. 



i88 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



On Oct. 7 a second battle ^ was fought near the same place, and 
the British were defeated. Escape being hopeless, Burgoyne 
surrendered his entire army (Oct. 17), amounting to about six 
thousand men. This was his last and fatal reverse. Schuyler, 




A >}ioui at Suiatoya 



Lincoln, and especially Arnold and Morgan, were the real heroes 
of the battle. Thus one third of the British Army in America 
had been killed or captured in a single campaign, and a quantity 
of arms and stores fell into the hands of the impoverished patriots. 
As a result, the peace party in England were strengthened, and 
France determined to recognise American independence. 

297. The Conway Cabal. — The victory over Burgoyne 
pushed Gates to the pinnacle of popularity. There was a strong 
faction in New England which was dissatisfied with Washing- 
ton and" all of his coadjutors. It worked secretly, and began 
by breaking down the characters of such generals as St, Clair, 

1 Called the " Battle of Bemis Heights," or the " Battle of Stillwater," or 
the " Battle of Saratoga." This and the battle of Sept. 19 are sometimes called 
the " Two Battles of Saratoga; " sometimes, the " Two Battles of Stillwater." 



CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 



189 



Putnam, Schuyler, and Greene. It expected to be supported 
by popular outcry, and that the result would be the downfall of 
Washington and the elevation of Gates. A court-martial, how- 
ever, acquitted St. Clair, Schuyler, and Putnam with the highest 
honor, and the name of Washington overpowered the intrigues 
of his enemies. 

298. Battle of Brandy wine. — Late in August, Gen. Howe 
landed his army at the head of Chesapeake Bay, and moved 
to Brandywine Creek, within a few miles of Philadelphia. Wash- 
ington concentrated his forces at this point, and gave the British 
a hard fight, but without checking them. Cornwallis pushed 
on with a part of the army, and entered Philadelphia without 
opposition in September. Congress retired to York, beyond the 
Susquehanna, where, before the year passed, they framed and 
adopted the Articles of Confederation. 

299. Germantown. — Lord Howe, with the main army, was 
posted at Germantown, and Washington resolved to strike another 
offensive blow. After an 
all-night's march, his troops 
were drawn up before the 
village of Germantown at 
daybreak (September). Gen. 
Wayne led the attack, which 
was one of the fiercest of the 
war. They earned every- 
thing before" them ; and the 
British were preparing to run, 
when, from some misunder- 
standing brought about by 
the dense fog, the Americans 
became alarmed, and retired 
before their conquered foes. 
Howe now had complete possession of Philadelphia, and soon 
captured Forts Mercer and Mifflin on the Delaware. This gave 

12 




pH\UADELPH/4 

AND 

Vicinity. 



190 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

him control of the water approaches, and, so long as he remained 
in the city, he felt that Washington would not leave his strong 
position at Whitemarsh^ to attack him. 

300. Valley Forge. — In the middle of December (1777) 
Washington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge with his 
half-clothed and half-starved soldiers. The patriotism of the 
Americans is not to be judged by their sufferings upon the battle- 
field alone. Supplies could not be had for the worthless money 
that Congress was forced to use in payment of its debts. There 
was plenty of this, but nobody wanted it. The ready money 
of the British, the gold that had a " ring " to it, attracted the 
produce of the country to Philadelphia rather than to Valley 
Forge. The supplies which had been purchased for the army 
were not forwarded to camp, through the mismanagement of the 
Quartermasters' Department, which was controlled by officers 
appointed by Congress through political influence. The soldiers 
had scant provisions, a few potatoes and some salt fish. The 
men flinched as their bleeding feet touched the harsh ground, 
yet they never murmured. Did not Washington and the other 
officers eat potatoes and herring? Was not the gentle wife of 
Washington undergoing the same ordeals when she might have 
been securely lodged in affluence at Mount Vernon? From these 
examples the common soldier took courage, and bore his mis- 
eries without complaint. Valley Forge will always stand for 
patriotic heroism wherever American history is read. 

301. Baron Steuben came from the armies of Europe to 
offer his services to America. He was a drill master of the 
highest rank. He knew the value of discipline, and had the rare 

1 To a Quaker woman is to be ascribed the glory of saving the American 
Army at Whitemarsh. Lydia Darrah, at whose house in Philadelphia the 
council of war was held, overheard the plans of the British, and resolved to 
thwart them. On a plea of going to mill, she obtained a passport and went 
through the British lines. Then, by rapid riding, she reached Whitemarsh 
in time to apprise Washington of the attack. When the British came, instead 
of a surprised camp, they found the cannon mounted, and the soldiers in 
line of battle. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 191 

power of inducing others to desire it. The ragged American 
soldiery drilled each day un^er the command of Steuben. Euro- 
pean tactic's- and training took the place of raw courage and 
undisciplined bravery. These men were never beaten by the 
British again when fighting with equal numbers. 

302. Good News from France. — Then came the news that 
France had agreed to recognize the independence of America, 
and to help us with a fleet. Everybody was glad. War had 
been declared between England and France, and England sent 
commissioners to Congress, offering terms of peace. The right 
to tax America was disclaimed, but this came too late to satisfy 
Americans. Nothing short of absolute independence would 
satisfy their demands after the struggle already made. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

CAMPAIGNS OF 1778 AND 1779- 
Leading Events. 



Philadelphia regained (June, 1778). 
Battle of Monmouth (June, 1778). 
Massacres at Wyoming and Cherry 
Valley (1778). 



Campaign against New York Indians. 
Fall of Savannah (Dec, 1778). 
Naval Engagements (1779). 
Gen. Lincoln in the South (1779). 



303. Evacuation of Philadelphia. i — The alliance between 
France and the United States induced Clinton, who had super- 
seded Howe, to concentrate his troops at New York City. He 
evacuated Philadelphia in June, 1778, and Washington crossed 
into New Jersey to harass him as he marched northward. 

304. Monmouth. — The armies met at Monmouth, and 
fought all through a long June day (the 28th). Gen. Lee, who 
had been exchanged, was in command, and, in defiance of his 
orders, was retreating. Washington, seeing the backward move- 
ment of his troops, galloped to the spot, and by his personal 
endeavors stopped the retreat, and turned the soldiers once 
more towards the enemy. Then, turning upon Lee, he admin- 
istered a sharp rebuke, and ordered him to the rear.^ Night 
came on, and under its mantle of darkness Clinton pursued his 
march to New York. Both sides had suffered severely, but the 
British loss exceeded that of the Americans. But for Lee, the 

1 It is said that the British Army lost over a thousand soldiers while in 
Philadelphia. The young Hessians would fall in love with the German girls 
of that neighborhood, and every marriage took a soldier from the ranks. 

2 Gen. Lee belonged to the Conway Cabal. He was tried by a court- 
martial for disobeying orders and speaking disrespectfully of Washington, 
and was suspended from duty for one year. He never recovered from his 
disgrace, and his fall so crippled the opposition to Washington as to render 
it ineffective. The downfall of Gates soon followed that of Lee. 

192 



CAMPAIGNS OF 177S AND 1779. 



193 




// 'ashiugtim at Monmout/i. 



battle would have been an American victory ; but for Washing- 
ton, it would have been a disastrous defeat. Washington saved 
the honor ot the American arms, and destroyed the wicked cabal 
which had arrayed itself against him. 

305. The Attack on Newport. — The British Army was 
now concentrated at New York City, and at Newport in Rhode 
Island. Early in July, Count d'Estaing arrived with a French 
fleet, and a combined land and sea attack upon the British at 
Newport was planned by Gen. Sullivan. About this time a 
British fleet appeared outside the harbor, and the French fleet 
sailed out to give fight. A great storm scattered the vessels in 
each fleet. The French commander then returned to the har- 
bor, but immediately sailed for Boston for repairs. Sullivan at- 
tacked the enemy (August, 1778), and after some severe skir- 
mishing drew off his army, and by great skill saved it from 
capture. The French fleet sailed for the West Indies, and did 
nothing more this year. 

306. Wyoming and Cherry Valley Massacres. — Major 
Butler, a Tory of Niagara, with sixteen hundred Tories and 



194 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Indians, marched into the beautiful valley of Wyoming, in Penn- 
sylvania. The able men were at the post of duty in the American 
Army ; and none but women, old men, and children were there 
to defend the homes and the honor of the land. These fought 
long, but were without power to fight successfully. They sur- 
rendered upon honorable promises, only to be dishonorably 
butchered with the hatchet and the scalping knife (July, 1778), 
After this these marauders scattered through the valley, plun- 
dering, burning, and killing everything that came in their way. 
Joseph Brant the Mohawk, and Walter Butler, concocted another 
massacre for Cherry A'alley, N.Y. They burned every house, tom- 
ahawked and scalped several women and children, and dragged 
die rest into captivity (November). This closely followed the 
destruction of Andrustown (July) and German Flats (x^ugust). 
The whole western frontier was alive with stories of butcheries, 
tortures, and barbarities. 

307. Campaign against the Indians. — Washington de- 
cided (1779) to act vigorously against the Indian allies of the 
British. An army under Gen. Sullivan took up its line of march 
through unbroken forests into the very heart of the Indian 
country. They met the Tories and Indians at Newtown (now 
Elmira) in central New York, and routed them (Aug. 29). They 
then devastated the whole country around the lakes, destroying 
with ruthless hand the huts and crops. It is said that not enough 
was left to keep a child. The Indians looked with despair upon 
the waste, and went to Niagara. Their rule was completely over- 
turned in New York, and no further trouble occurred. The ex- 
pedition of Col. Broadhead up the Allegheny was a complete suc- 
cess, and broke the Indian control in western Pennsylvania. 

308. Fall of Savannah. — The British ministry again deter- 
mined to strike a blow from the South. Savannah was to be 
attacked from the sea by Col. Archibald Campbell and Com- 
modore Parker, and by a large land force from Florida under 
Gen. Prevost. The fleet entered the Savannah River in Decern- 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1778 AND 1779. 195 

ber, 1778, and, after a battle in which the patriots were outnum- 
bered three to one, the city was captured. The British then planted 
posts at Augusta and Ebenezer, and overran the whole State. ^ 

309. Battle of Kettle Creek. — Col. Boyd, with eight hundred 
Loyalists, was attacked (Feb. 14, 1779) by Cols. Pickens, Clarke, 
and Dooly at Kettle Creek, Ga., and after a desperate encounter 
was forced to fly. Col. Boyd was killed, and three hundred of 
his followers were slain or captured. Out of the general gloom 
in Georgia this battle shone like a star of hope ; and the names 
of Pickens, Dooly, and Clarke became a terror to the Tories. 
Upper Georgia was wrested from their hands by the aroused pa- 
triots, and Augusta was evacuated by the British. 

310. Battle of Brier Creek. — One of the most disgraceful 
routs of the war was the battle of Brier Creek, Ga. (March 3), 
The British general, Prevost, from a point in the rear, surprised 
the camp of Gen. Ashe, and threw the center and right wing of 
his army into flight, leaving the left wing, under Col. Elbert, to 
sustain the brunt of the battle. Elbert fought until every one 
of his command was killed, wounded, or captiu-ed. 

311. Marauding Parties. — The year 1779 began with a 
marauding party up the Chesapeake, which destroyed a great 
deal of valuable property. Stony Point and Fort Lafayette on 
the Hudson were captured by the British under the leadership 
of Gen. Clinton. Gov. Tryon, formerly of North Carolina and 
New York, ravaged the coast of Connecticut, plundered New 
Haven, and burned Fairfield and Norwalk. 

312. Recapture of Stony Point. — Washington determined 
to regain the fort at Stony Point, and sent Gen. Wayne, after- 
wards called " Mad Anthony " on account of his fearlessness, to 
accomplish the plan. At midnight (July 16, 1779), Wayne, at 

1 Gen. Prevost did not reach Savannah in time to participate in the action. 
He heard of the downfall of that city at Sunbury, and at once invested the 
latter city, and demanded its surrender. Major Lane held out for three days, 
when he surrendered. 



196 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



the head of the Americans, climbed the steep ascent, and in thirty 
minutes had full possession of the fort and all of its stores. Wash- 
ington Irving says of this, "The storming of Stony Point stands 
out in high reUef as one of the most brilliant achievements of the 
war." Upon the approach of the British with a larger force, 
however, Wayne evacuated the position so gallantly won, to 
save the prisoners and stores he had captured. 

313. Capture of Paulus Hook. — Major Henry Lee, popu- 
larly called " Light Horse Harry," at the head of three hundred 
brave men, surprised the British post at Paulus Hook (August), 

and captured its garrison 
of a hundred and sixty 
defenders. Lee lost but 
I two men. Thus the 
country was treated to 
" one of the most daring 
and insolent assaults to 
be found in records of 
chivalry." 

314. Naval Engage= 
nients. — The American 
Navy was small, but it 
managed during this year 
( 1 7 7 9 ) to do some effect- 
ive Avork. The cruise of 
Commodore Paul Jones 
along the coast of Great 
Britain was a daring feat, 
and enabled many Eng- 
lishmen to see the Ameri- 
can flag who would never 
have done so under 
other circumstances. 
His principal ship, the " Bon Homme Richard," made an auda- 
cious attack upon a large man-of-war, the "Serapis." In the 




'Bon Iloiiime Rkhard" nnd "S<>(i/>is.' 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1778 AND 1779. 



197 



September moonlight the two vessels lay alongside, and poured 
hot shot into each other's sides from cannon muzzles almost 
touching. The crews on each ship fought like brave men, and 
the havoc was ruinous. The " Serapis " hauled down her colors 
and surrendered just as the " Bon Homme Richard " was ready 
to sink. 

315. English War with Holland. — Jones sailed with his 
prizes into one of the ports of Holland, where he was treated as 
the representative of an independent power, and not as a "rebel 
and pirate," as the British ambassador demanded of the Dutch 
authorities. This was the beginning of an irritation between 
Holland and Great Britain which led to the English war with 
Holland. The British 

thereby gained another 
armed foe, which made it 
easier for the Americans 
to win. 

316. Siege of Savan= 
nah. — A combined at- 
tack upon Savannah was 
planned by the Americans 
and French. Count d'Es- 
taing was to leave the West 
Indies, and approach the 
city from the ocean, while 
Gen. Lincoln was to march 
overland. After a regular 
siege of two weeks, the be- 
siegers became impatient, 
and, on the 9th of Octo- 
ber, 1779, they made an 
assault. Three times the 
allied armies tried to take 
the intrenchments, only to be driven back. The charge of the 
CaroUnians and Georgians at Spring Hill was gallantly made, and 




Pulaski 's Moitiiiiieiit 



1 98 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

the colors were planted on the slope of the fort, but the murder- 
ous fire forced them back.^ Count Pulaski, seeing an opening 
between the works, made a daring charge, which resulted in his 
death. The French fleet sailed for France, Lincoln went back 
to South Carolina, and the British held Georgia. 

317. Close of 1779.. — The British had Georgia, the southern 
part of New York, and a post on the Penobscot, All the bal- 
ance of the country was free, but still the Americans were in great 
trouble. France had not done the good that had been expected ; 
the restrictions upon trade almost destroyed it ; the paper money 
had so depreciated in value as to be worthless ; and Congress 
had no credit. The army was diminishing, while Parliament 
voted to send out a hundred and twenty thousand additional sea- 
men and soldiers. 

Washington went into winter quarters at Morristown, and suf- 
fered greatly for want of clothing and blankets. For three months 
the snow lay from two to three feet deep on the ground. Without 
meat at times, and almost frozen, the Americans resolved to fight 
on as they had begun. True heroes are those who, in spite of 
affliction, hold fast to their principles. 

1 Sergeant Jasper lost his life while gallantly carrying the colors presented 
to him by the ladies of Charleston. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1780, 



Leading Events. 



Pall of Charleston (May 12). 
Qen. Francis Marion. 
Camden (Aug:. 16). 



Fishing Creek (Aug. 18). 
King's Mountain (Oct. 7). 
Treason of Arnold. 



318. Fall of Charleston. — Sir Henry Clinton resolved to 
try the second time to capture Charleston, S.C., and, after the 
departure of D'Estaing, he sailed with a large fleet from New 
York to this Southern metropoHs. Gen. Lincoln, being reen- 
forced from North Carolina and Virginia, fortified the city, and 




awaited the assault. He did not wait long. Two hundred can- 
non shook the ramparts until the fortifications were destroyed. 
Then Gen. Lincoln surrendered (May 12) his whole army of five 

199 



200 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

thousand men as prisoners of war. This was a great disaster. 
By it North Carolina lost all her regular soldiers, and was left 
defenseless. It practically left the whole South to the British, 
with no regular army to oppose them.i Clinton put an army at 
Ninety-Six, another at Camden, and another at Augusta. He 
then issued a proclamation offering full pardon to every one who 
would swear allegiance to the Crown. Many people did this, 
but the greater number remained true to the American cause. 

319. Marion, the Swamp Fox. — Small bands of back- 
woodsmen under Sumter did not let the enemy rest. Gen. 
Francis MarioTi gave the British continual trouble in the valleys 
of the Santee and Pedee. Sleeping in the woods and hiding in 

swamps, he and his " Ragged 
Regiment " watched for every 
favorable chance to cut off small 
detachments of the enemy, arid 
to keep them in continual alarm. 
It was impossible to tell when or 
where the sword of Marion would 
fall. Col. Sumter ^ gathered up 
a band of Carolinians, and armed 
them with anything that a black- 
smith could make out of a farm- 
ing implement. Sometimes they 
had but three rounds of powder 
and shot to the man. At other 
times those who had no guns would stand in the rear, waiting for 
some one in front to be killed, so that the place might be filled. 
Six hundred Whigs soon rallied to his call. 

1 Tarleton's Legion, after the capture of Charleston, intercepted Col. 
Buford and a company of Virginians at Waxhaw Settlement, and cut them to 
pieces while negotiating a surrender. This dastardly act was applauded by 
Parliament. 

2 At William's Plantation the British were caught in a lane by Sumter's 
forces, and, being unable to escape either way, were disgracefully routed. 




CAMPAIGN OF 1780. 201 

320. Battle of Camden. — The hero of Bemis Heights, Gen. 
Gates, was now placed in command of the Southern Department. 
Lords Rawdon and CornwalHs took position at Camden, and 
Gates at Clermont, S.C. Each army acted on the plan of mak- 
ing a night attack upon the other. They met at Sander's Creek. 
Cornwallis and Gates were both surprised, and prepared to fight 
(Aug. 16, 1780). Had all parts of the American line stood, the 
victory would have been with Gates ; but the untrained militia 
fled at the first fire, and the veterans could not maintain the 
unequal fight. The Maryland and Delaware troops fought with 
great bravery, but were compelled to retreat. Gates lost one 
thousand men, together with the brave Baron de Kalb, who, after 
eleven wounds, fell upon the ground made glorious by his daring. 
Gates retreated to Charlotte, N. C, where he was superseded by 
Gen. Nathanael Greene. 

321. Fishing Creek. — Sumter's corps was attacked by Tarle- 
ton at Fishing Creek, and defeated (Aug. 18). This left no one 
but the " Swamp Fox " to dispute the possession of South Caro- 
lina with the enemy. Cornwallis then started north into North 
Carohna to end the war. He reached Charlotte, when the Amer- 
icans under Davie and Graham gave him so much trouble as to 
lead him to call that city "The Hornet's Nest."^ 

322. Battle of King's Mountain. — The governor of North 
Carolina appealed to the backwoodsmen in the Watauga Settle- 
ment, in what is now East Tennessee, to rally to the help of 
"Old North State." These brave mountaineers turned out to a 
man. Sevier, Shelby Cleveland, McDowell, Campbell, and 
Williams, with nine hundred men in the saddle, set out to meet 
Col. Ferguson. On the summit of King's Mountain one of the 
most famous battles of the war was fought (Oct. 7). Ferguson 

1 At Ramsour's Mill the militia of North Carolina under Col. Locke 
charged the Tories, who outnumbered them three to one, and drove them 
from the field. Major Davie at Flat Rock and at Hanging Rock gave Tarle- 
ton's Legion a severe repulse. At Musgrove's Mill the militia of North 
Carolina gained a decided advantage. 



202 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

was a soldier in every sense of the word. He had the advan- 
tage in numbers and in position. Still the tide went against him. 
Step by step he was pushed back by the unerring shots of the 
deadly rifles. At last he fell, and his followers laid down their 




Batiic oj AVz/j,' j Mountaitt. 

arms. Three hundred were dead, and six hundred surrendered. 
This was a bloody yet a glorious victory. Lord Cornwallis fell 
back to Winnsboro in South Carolina. King's Mountain was 
the turning-point 1 of the war in the South, and gave this afflicted 
region another year of preparation for the final achievements of 
Gen. Greene. Thus the heroes of Tennessee proved their right 
to participate in the glory of " The Old Thirteen." 

323. The Treason of Benedict Arnold. — Paper money was 
plentiful and worthless ; counterfeits of it had been spread through- 
out the country by the British ; business was paralyzed, and dis- 

1 Bancroft says, " The victory of King's Mountain, which in the spirit of 
the American soldiers was like the rising at Concord, in its effect like the 
success at Iknnington, changed the aspects of the war." Jefferson called it 
" the joyful turn of the tide." 



CAMPAIGN OF 1780. 203 

tress was general. But worse than all this was the defection of 
Gen. Arnold. He had marched a hero through the woods of 
Maine to Quebec ; he had fought bravely before that impregna- 
ble fortress ; still later, at Saratoga, he had won his spurs anew. 
Everybody knew that he was brave, and the brave are always 
trusted. Washington trusted him, as did the whole country. West 
Point, an important fortress on the Hudson, was under his com- 
mand. Here Arnold brooded over his real and imaginary griev- 
ances, and conceived the plan of betraying the post to the enemy. 
324. The Capture of Major Andr6. — To make the final 
arrangements, Major Andre was sent up the river by Gen. CHnton 
to confer with Gen. Arnold. The two met in a thicket near West 
Point, and completed the treason upon these terms : Arnold was 
to surrender West Point, its garrisons and stores ; he was to re- 
ceive nearly fifty thousand dollars in money, and a brigadier's 
commission in the English Army. During the interview an 
American battery had discovered a strange ship (the "Vulture") 
in the river, and had sent a shell in that direction. The " Vul- 
ture " dropped down the river, leaving Andre to return to New 
York by land. He crossed the Hudson to its east side, and 
passed the outposts safely. At Tarrytown three militia-men ^ 
stopped him, discovered that he was a British soldier, stripped him, 
and found the papers proving Arnold's treason. He was de- 
livered to Col. Jameson at North Castle, who stupidly notified 
Arnold that Andre had been captured. Arnold escaped to New 
York City. Andre was tried as a spy by court-martial, con- 
demned to death, and hanged (Oct. 2). His character was good. 
He died like a brave man, and Americans have always depre- 
cated his fate. Washington offered Clinton an even exchange, 
— Andre for Arnold, — but was refused because Chnton had 
agreed to protect Arnold. Arnold passed the remainder of his 
life a disgraced man. He received what had been promised, but 
he never received an equivalent for his tarnished name. 

1 John Paulding, Isaac van Wart, and David Williams. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

EVENTS WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. 



Watauga Settlements (1769). 
Lord Dunmore's War (1774). 
Battle of Point Pleasant (1774). 
Transylvania (1775). 
Clark's Conquest of Illinois (1778) 



Leading Events. 

Chickamauga Expedition (1779). 
Cumberland Settlements (1779-80). 
Bird's Kentucky Expedition (1780). 
Erection of Fort Jefferson (1780). 
Battle of Blue Licks (1782). 



325. The Watauga Commonwealth. — After the Indian 
treaty at Fort Stanwix in 1768 (*i\ 238), emigrants from the 
older Colonies began to settle the ceded lands between the Ohio 
and the Tennessee Rivers. A settlement, now Abingdon, Va., 

was planted on the head waters of 
the Holston ; and shortly afterwards 
(1769) settlers also arrived on the 
Watauga, near Jonesboro, Tenn., 
which was then thought to be within 
Virginia. Among the latter were 
James Robertson and John Sevier, 
— men who were among the great- 
est of our pioneers, and who for 
thirty years were the leading spirits 
of the southwestern settlements. 
The following year (1770) Robert- 
son brought his family over the 
mountains from North Carolina, 
and with them came many of his neighbors who could not brave 
the oppression of the royal governor, Try on. In 1771 the sur- 
veyor, Anthony Bledsoe, traced the Virginia boundary some dis- 
tance westward, and it was disco\-ered that Watauga came within 

204 




Jci/in Sevier. 



EVENTS WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. 205 

the limits of North CaroHna. Being dissatisfied with the royal 
government of that Colony, the settlers promptly organized an 
independent government of their own. They adopted (1772) a 
written constitution, known as the "Articles of the Watauga As- 
sociation," and for six years exercised all the rights of full state- 
hood until the region was organized into Washington County, 
N.C. (1778). 

326. The Long Hunters and the Surveyors. — For several 
years after the Pontiac war (1763) the settlers on the frontier 
were not troubled by any general Indian war. The traders 
told stories of the beautiful lands to the west abounding in 
game ; and this begot an army of men too restless to watch the 
slow development of the soil, yet eager to see new lands and to 
kill new game. The beautiful valleys of Tennessee, Kentucky, 
and Ohio soon resounded with rifle shots from bands of hunters, 
as they eagerly pursued the bear, the elk, the deer, or the buffalo. 
Every bold, fearless, adventurous man 
wanted to become a backwoodsman ; 
and over the mountains, in companies of 
from two to forty, they went, eager to 
see the great West. They were frequently 
absent for a year or more, and came to 
be known as the " Long Hunters." 
Daniel Boone was the most famous of 
these hunters.^ Following them (1771- 
74) were parties of surveyors, who lo- '' '^ " 

Daniel Boone. 

cated lands that had been granted as 

bounties to the soldiers of the French-Indian war. Among these 

were John Floyd, the McAfees, and Washington. 2 

1 Daniel Boone, with a party of hunters, climbed to the top of the Cum- 
berland Mountains, and entered Kentucky in 1769. There were also Simon 
Kenton, Harrod, Finley, Knox, Bledsoe, and others. They traversed Ohio, 
the Illinois Country, central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee. These men 
were pioneers of three States, — Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. 

2 Washington located lands in northeastern Kentucky in 1770-72. Cro- 
ghan had made a rude survey of the Ohio River as early as 1765. 

13 




2o6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

327. The Moravians in Ohio. — About this time (177 1) the 
Moravian missionaries removed their Delaware Indian converts 
from eastern Pennsylvania to the Muskingum valley in Ohio, where 
they established the Indian villages of Schoenbrunn ("beautiful 
spring"), Salem, and Gnadenhiitten ("tents of grace"). The 
Bible and the spelling-book were united here for the elevation of 
the Indians. The butchery (1782) of the Christian Indians at 
Gnadenhiitten by American settlers is unparalleled for brutality. 

328. Lord Dunmore's War. — The Shawnees and other 
Indians grew restive at the gradual encroachment of the whites 
on their old hunting grounds, and their resentment culminated 
when a body of lawless men penetrated the forests of Ohio, and, 
near the present site of Steubenville, murdered the family of 
Logan, the great Indian chief and orator among the Mingoes. 
Logan laid aside his peaceful habits, and became the implacable 
enemy of the whites. A confederacy of the Shawnees, Delawares, 
Mingoes, Wyandottes, and Cayugas was formed (1774) to ex- 
terminate the white settlements west of the mountains. Cornstalk, 
the chief of the Shawnees, and king of the confederacy, Avas in 
command of the Indian forces. The settlers who had just founded 
Harrodsburg in Kentucky, and the hunters and siu"veyors, all 
hurried east to the older frontier ; and Lord Dunmore, governor 
of Virginia, with an army of Virginians, marched over the moun- 
tains to subdue the savages. Dunmore took charge of the northern 
wing, and placed the southern wing under Gen. Andrew Lewis. 

329. The Battle of Kanawha or Point Pleasant. — When 
Lewis reached the mouth of the Great Kanawha, upon the spot 
where Point Pleasant now is, he was attacked (October, 1774) by 
Cornstalk with a large body of Indians. For about five hours 
the battle raged with fearful energy, but resulted at last in the 
retreat of the Indians across the Ohio to their towns near Chilli- 
cothe, on the Scioto. Here they encountered Dunmore's wing 
of the army ; but they were so thoroughly subdued by their fight 
with Lewis, that a treaty of peace was quickly effected. 



EVENTS WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. 



207 



The battle of Kanawha was of pecuhar advantage to the Col- 
onies in the struggle with Great Britain, since it secured an interval 
of peace with the Indians, during which the settlements in Ken- 
tucky got a foothold, and these settlements served as a basis for 
Clark's conquest of the Illinois Country five years later. 

330. Transylvania. — Shortly after the Dtmmore war, Rich- 
ard Henderson and Nathaniel Hart obtained from the Cherokees 
at Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga a cession of the region be- 
tween the Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers. They named this 
region "Transylvania," and early in 1775 sent a party under 
Boone to blaze a road^ through the wilderness from the Holston 
to the Kentucky. Before the end of the year Harrodsburg was 
reoccupied, and 
new settlements 
were founded at 
Boonesboro, Boil- 
ing Springs, and 
St. Asaph's or 
Logan's Station. 
Delegates from 
these settlements 
met, and organized the Legis- "'. 
lature of Transylvania, which 
provided a militia force for defense. 
Gen. George Rogers Clark, then a 
young man fresh from Virginia, was 

placed in charge of these irregular troops. During the next 
year he went before the Legislature of Virginia, and had (1776) 
all of the Colony of Transylvania erected into the county of 
Kentucky. 

331. The Cherokee War. — Incited by the Tories and British 
agents in the Southern Colonies, the Cherokees, in the summer 




Fort at Boonesboro. 



l This road was soon traversed by thousands of settlers, and is known as 
" Boone's Trace" or the " Wilderness Road." 



2o8 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



of 1776, siuklcnly descended from tlieir towns ^ upon the outlying 
settlements in the Tennessee valley, in North and South Carolina, 
and in Georgia, burning houses, stealing stock, and killing men, 
women, and children. The Watauga settlers were warned by a 
friendlv scjuaw, and hurried into the fort, where, after a three- 
weeks' siege, the Indians were driven off. Other settlers collected 
at Eaton's Station, not far distant, and others defeated the savages 
in the battle of Island Flats. But east of the mountains, and 
especially in South Carolina, the settlers suffered severely before 
a force could be raised to check the attack. In the autumn, 
however, the militia organized, and, marching against the Chero- 
kee strongholds from the north, east, and south, punished the 
Indians most severely, burning most of their towns, forcing some 
to remove westward to the Chickamauga region, and compelling 
the remainder to agree to a treaty of peace. 

332. Clark's Conquest of the Illinois Country- (1778).— 

Major George Rogers Clark, after establishing Kentucky as 
part of Virginia, and aiding its struggling 
settlements, looked about to ascertain a cause 
for the Indian atrocities occurring on the 
whole American frontier. Like Washington, 
he saw that these Indian movements were 
impelled by some outside force. He dis- 
covered that the British posts of Detroit, 
Kaskaskia, and St. Vincent's (Vincennes) 
were the centers from which the Indians 
obtained ammunition and arms to devastate 
the country. He resolved to take these forts. While in Virginia 
he asked and received from Gov. Patrick Henry a commission to 




George Rogers Clark. 



1 The Cherokees lived in a number of " towns," or communities, among 
the high mountains of western North Carolina, on the head waters of the 
Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, and French Broad Rivers, and but a short dis- 
tance south of the Watauga Settlements. 

2 The Illinois Country of the Spaniards was on both sides of the Missis- 
sippi. Kaskaskia and Cahokia were in western Illinois. 



EVENTS WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. 209 

move against the Indians of the Far West.^ With a company of 
Virginians gathered from the Holston, and three companies of 
Kentuckians, he started. At the FaUs of the Ohio they stopped 
and built a fort on Corn Island. At the mouth of the Tennessee 
the party landed, and marched across the present State of Illinois 
to the old French fort Kaskaskia. Clark entered the fort through 
a postern which had been overlooked by the garrison, and so com- 
pletely surprised the soldiers as to disarm them all without shed- 
ding a drop of blood. He pushed on, and captured the British 
post of Cahokia, where the French, as soon as they were made 
to know that France had acknowledged the independence of 
America, shouted for freedom and the Americans. Clark then 
marched against Fort St. Vincent, which, without the firing of a 
gun, surrendered, and the garrison took the oath of allegiance 
to the State of Virginia (July 16, 1778). The British governor, 
Hamilton, left Detroit, and recaptured Vincennes (December, 
1778), only to be forced by Clark to surrender it a second time 
(February, 1779), and to yield himself a prisoner of war. The 
winter march of Clark from Kaskaskia to Vincennes through the 
swamps and swollen rivers was a remarkable achievement. 

^^Z. Shelby's Chickamauga Expedition. — A war party 
of Chickam>augas having started out against the Carolina frontier, 
Col. Evan Shelby, with a thousand picked men from the Hol- 
ston and the Watauga Settlements, paddled down the Tennessee 
(April, 1779) to the homes of these Indians, and destroyed them 
and twenty thousand bushels of corn. This expedition, together 
with Clark's, broke the coalition that had been formed between 
the Northern and the Southern Indians. 

334. The Cumberland Settlements.— James Robertson 

1 Clark had two sets of instructions from the governor of Virginia: (l) 
the public one was to proceed to tlie defense of Kentucky; (2) the secret set 
was to attack the British post of Kaskaskia. George Wythe, George Mason, 
and Thomas Jefferson agreed to use all their influence to obtain from the 
Legislature a bounty of three hundred acres of land for every person in the 
expedition. The county of Illinois was established l)y the Legislature of 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




James Koberisoii. 



visited the Great Bend of the Cumberland in the spring of 1779, 
and selected a place for a settlement at " French Lick," or the 

" Bluffs," on the present site of 
Nashville. He returned on Christ- 
mas Day with a number of settlers, 
overland, from the Watauga Settle- 
ments. Another and larger body 
of settlers, with the women and 
children, under the lead of John 
Donelson, came in boats down the 
Tennessee and. up the Cumber- 
land.^ They reached their desti- 
nation in safety in April, 1780, met 
Robertson's party, and founded 
the extreme western settlement of 
Nashboro,2 where a government 
was organized. 

335. Bird's Expedition into Kentucky. — In 1779 John 
Bowman led an expedition from Kentucky against the Indian 
town of Old Chilhcothe, on the Scioto. It was driven back by 
the Indians. In 1780, however. Col. Bird, a British officer from 
Detroit, crossed the Ohio with a force of Canadians and Indians 
and several cannon. The idea of attacking pklisades with can- 
non was new to Kentuckians, and resistance seemed useless. 
One fort was captured, and the expedition returned to Detroit 
with the garrison as prisoners. 

336. Fort Jefferson. — Gov. Jefferson directed Col. Clark 
to establish a new fort on the Mississippi south of the Ohio. 
The fort was built (1780), and called Fort Jefferson. This 

Virginia in October, 1778, and embraced all the chartered limits of Virginia 
north and west of the Ohio. Its eastern part was called the " Department 
of the Wabash." 

1 With this party was Donelson's daughter, Rachel, who afterwards be- 
came the wife of Andrew Jackson. 

^ It took the name " Nashville " in 17S4. 



EVENTS WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. 211 

was done to perfect the American boundary to the Mississippi, 
and to take it into actual possession. Our French alhes had a 
plan to divide the region from the Alleghany Mountains to the 
Mississippi between Great Britain and Spain, the Ohio River be- 
ing the division line ; but this scheme to convert Kentucky 
and Tennessee into a Spanish province was thwarted in the be- 
ginning by this act of Jefferson. 1 

337. Battle of Blue Licks.2 — At Blue Licks (August, 1782) 
a bloody engagement resulted in the defeat of the Kentuckians 
by a concentrated attack of Indians led by two renegade white 
men, — McKee and Girty. Clark resolved to punish them, and, 
with a thousand mounted riflemen, he hurried to the Pickaway 
towns in Ohio, which the Indians deserted at his approach. From 
town to town he went, burning their huts, and destroying their 
corn. After this no combination of Indians assaulted Kentucky. 
Roving bands occasioned trouble now and then, but Clark's 
display of force had destroyed their power to combine. 

1 In a statement of American claims to the Mississippi Valley drawn by 
a committee of Congress (Oct. 17, 1780), the following facts were asserted: 
I. "The United States had obtained possession of all the important posts 
on the Illinois and the Wabash, rescued the inhabitants from British domin- 
ion, and established civil government in its proper form over them." 2. 
"They have, moreover, established a post on a strong and commanding 
position near the mouth of the Ohio." Gov. Jefferson's instructions to Clark 
are dated June 28, 1^78, and bear testimony to the far-seeing mind of the 
"Great Expander of the United States." The exploits of Gov. Galvez of 
Louisiana should not be overlooked. In September, 1779, with a force of 
Creoles and Acadians, he captured the British forts at Manchac, Baton 
Rouge, and Natchez. The next year he captured Mobile and Pensacola. 

2 Estill's defeat (March 22, 1782) near the site of Mount Sterling, Ky., 
was a most memorable skirmish. The battle-cry " Every man to his man, and 
each to his tree! " excited the valor of the backwoodsmen to fieht to the death. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1781. 



Leading: Events. 

Battle of Cowpens (Jan. 17). 
Retreat across North Carolina (Jan.). 
Battle of Guilford C. H. (Mar. 15). 
Siege of Ninety=Six (June). 



Battle of Eutaw Springs (Sept. 8). 
Surrender of Yorktown (Oct. 19). 
Patriotism of Washington. 
Treaty of Peace (Sept. 3, 1783). 



338. Greene against Cornwallis. — The first act of Gen. 
Greene after taking command was to have a map drawn of the 

three large streams that cross the 
western part of North Carolina; 
viz., the Dan, the Yadkin, and the 
Catawba. To subsist his army 
and to drill it, he sent Kosciusko 
to the head waters of the Pedee 
to select the " Camp of Repose." 
Here the army was made. Jeal- 
ousies were healed, the sick 
nursed, the timid encouraged, 
and the whole mass welded into 
^.... "i-> one body, moving under one 

Gen. Greene. control ; namely, the will of 

Gen. Greene. Here came the renowned Gen. Morgan and 

" Light Horse Harry " Lee. 

339. Battle of Cowpens. — Morgan was at Cowpens, and 
his men were anxious to wipe out the disgrace of Camden. They 
demanded of Morgan that he .should "lead them to victory." 
On Jan. i 7 the victory came. When the opposing armies stood 
facing each other, Morgan made a speech to his men ; and when 
the enemy crossed " the dead line," fifty yards away, he gave the 
deadly order, "Fire!" The British recoiled, but turned again 




CAMPAIGN OF 1781. 



213 




Gen. Morgan. 



to charge with bayonets fixed. A second fire sent them back 
again, with the loss of their leaders. The third discharge ended 
the fight ; and the British fled in .,f»a^^_, 

confusion, with Col. Washing- 
ton's cavalry in hot pursuit. 
The battle was a great disaster 
to CornwaUis. His death-roll 
at Cowpens exceeded that of 
any battle excepting King's 
Mountain. 

340. Greene's Great Re= 
treat across North Carolina. 
Morgan hastily moved north- 
ward with his prisoners to unite 
with Gen. Greene. CornwaUis 
was so thunderstruck at the news 
of Cowpens, that he wasted twelve hours before starting to retrieve 
his loss. This gave Morgan a good chance to escape with the 
stores and prisoners. He reached the Catawba, and crossed, ex- 
pecting to be closely pursued by CornwaUis, who was but twenty- 
five miles away (Jan. 23). For some unknown reason CornwaUis 
stopped two days at Ramsour's Mill before crossing. Morgan 
took advantage of this to rest his troops. Greene, having united 
with Morgan, took command ; and then began the race for the 
fords of the Yadkin, which the Americans reached (Feb. 3) just 
as it began to rise from rains in the mountains. The van of the 
British Army appeared just as the last boat of the Americans had 
crossed. For four days CornwaUis fumed over the high water, 
while Greene complacently rested his men on the other side. 

On the 9th CornwaUis crossed the Yadkin at Huntsville, and 
set out for the fords of the Dan. The lines of pursuit and retreat 
were nearly parallel and about twenty miles apart. Greene's 
main army crossed on the 13th, the next day the rear guard 
did the same, and the American Army was safe. CornwaUis, 
outwitted and crestfallen, withdrew to Hillsboro. 



214 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

341. Battle of Guilford Court House — In March, 1781, 
Greene recrossed the Dan, and took position at Guilford Court 
House, where he was attacked by CornwaUis. The action was 
severe, and Greene was forced to retreat. But it was not possible 
for CornwaUis to remain where he was, and in a short time he re- 
treated to Wilmington, and thence to Virginia. The effect of 
Guilford Court House was to break up Cornwallis's plan in the 
South, and to change Washington's plans in the North. Greene 
lost the battle, but saved the campaign. 

342. Down South. — All interest was now centered upon the 
Southern Army. CornwaUis had left the Carolinas, but Lord 
Rawdon was left in command. The forts at Augusta, Ninety- 
Six, and Camden relied upon Charleston for supplies. To stop 
these, Lee and Marion ^ were sent to the country between Charles- 
ton and Camden, Sumter was to watch the territory between 
Camden and Ninety-Six, while Pickens stood guard between 
Ninety-Six and Augusta. Greene had a way of seeing the 
whole field, and occupying it. Greene pursued the British to 
Hobkirk's Hill, where he was attacked and defeated by Lord 
Rawdon (April 25). The loss on each side was about the same. 
Lee and Marion captured Wright's Blufif on the Santee (April 
26) ; and, as this cut the communication to Charleston, Rawdon 
was forced to leave Camden, and to fall back to Eutaw Springs. 

343. Ninety=Six. — Greene stationed his forces before the 
strong post of Ninety-Six (May 22), and held the place in a state 

1 Marion was feared by CornwaUis more than any other American. A 
British officer, while attending to some matter of business with him, was in- 
vited to remain for dinner. The officer accepted the invitation, glad to see 
more of the man who entertained with grace and dignity combined. The 
meal was simple, and served with greater simplicity. The colored servant 
brought baked potatoes on waiters made of bark. Surprised at this, the 
officer said, " Surely, general, this is not your ordinary fare." — " Indeed it 
is," replied Marion, " but, having to-day the honor of your company, we are 
so happy as to have more than our usual allowance." It is said that the 
officer returned to Charleston and resigned his commission, saying that it 
would be impossil)le to conquer men who fought for nothing, and went with- 
out food and clothes. 



CAMPAIGN OF 1781. 



215 



of siege for four weeks, when, hearing that Rawdon was on the 
way with reenforcements, he made an attack. It was a grand 
charge, but it failed. Greene retreated ; but in a short time the 
British evacuated the post, and the Americans took possession. 

344. Eutaw Springs. — Col. Stewart, having superseded 
Lord Rawdon, was attacked at Eutaw Springs by Gen. Greene 
(Sept. 8). The battle raged fiercely for several hours, and was 
terminated by the withdrawal of Greene. During the night 
Col. Stewart silently led his troops into Charleston. This ended 
Greene's campaign. He had driven the British from the interior 
of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. New York 
City, Yorktown, Wilmington, Charleston, and Savannah were 
the only places under control of the English Army, Everybody 
felt that the end was near. The Southern Army, with clothes in 
tatters, without meat and without money, had finished its work 
with honor to itself and with glory to the country. 

345. Surrender of Yorktown. — Clinton directed Cornwallis 
to proceed to Norfolk, and to fortify the place. Washington 
appeared to be 
massing his forces 
for an attack upon 
New York, and 
Clinton prepared 
to meet him. The 
French fleet was 
already in Chesa- 
peake Bay, and 
Washington's plan 
was to block the 
mouth of York 
River with this 
fleet, place a land 
force upon the 
peninsula behind 




Artificers -=»- lien.Clinlon ''''M-.Vj, 



Map showing Fositioti cf Troops around Yorktown. 



2i6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Yorktown, and make it impossible for Cornwallis to escape. 
Having misled Clinton as to his intentions, he marched rapidly 
southward to the head of Chesapeake Bay, where he embarked 
upon the French ships, and was landed near Williamsburg. 
Count de Grasse, with the French fleet of twenty-four ships of 
the line, appeared in the bay, and landed three thousand French 
soldiers to aid Lafayette, who had been placed in charge of the 
troops around Yorktown. Washington's force united with this, 
and the siege began. After eight days he began his bombard- 
ment of the place, which lasted eight days. Then came the 
assault, which gave the outer works to Washington. Cornwallis 
resolved to cross York River, cut his way through the army, and 
join Clinton; but the wind and waves made it impossible to 
cross the York, and there was now no escape. On the 19th of 
October, 1781, the surrender followed. Thus ended the career 
of Cornwallis. Thus ended the Revolution. 

346. The News. — Although the British still held several 
cities, the general belief was that the war was over ; and it really 
was. The news reached Philadelphia that night at midnight. A 
watchman, walking the streets, cried, " Past two o'clock, and 
Cornwallis is taken!" This awakened the city, and shouts of 
joy were heard on all sides. Congress marched with proper 
solemnity to church, where fervent thanks were given to the 
Ruler of the universe for the successful issue of the war. The 
House of Commons reversed its procedure of so many years, 
and declared that any one advising a continuance of the war was 
an enemy to the country. 

347. Washington's Patriotism. — The failure of the States 
to pay the soldiers led a great many of them to believe that the 
only way to remedy these evils was to create a strong monarchy 
in America, and they offered to make Washington king. Wash- 
ington spurned the proposition, saying, " If I am not deceived in 
the knowledge of myself, you could not have found a person to 
whom your schemes could be more disagreeable." 



CAMPAIGN OF 1781. 



217 






348. Provisional Treaty of Peace. — In July of the next 
year (1782) Savannah was evacuated, and in December the 
British left Charleston. At Versailles (November, 1782) the in- 
dependence of the United States was acknowledged in a provi- 
sional treaty.^ On April 17, 
1783, nearly eight years after 
the battle of Lexington, Wash- 
ington was ordered to pro- 
claim a cessation of hostilities, 
and to disband the army.^ 
The final treaty was signed at 
Paris on Sept. 3, 1783, and 
the last of the British troops 
left America on the 25th of 
November. Washington, in 
a very touching address, said 
farewell to the army he loved, 
and started homeward. Stop- ^^-^ "f ^'"^"^ ^^"^'^ '"■ ^7^3- 

ping at Annapolis, he resigned his commission to Congress.^ On 
Christmas Eve Washington reached his delightful Potomac home. 
Mount Vernon, and began anew his private life, cultivating the 
affections of good men, and practicing the domestic virtues. 




1 The commissioners were John Oswald for England ; and John Adams, 
Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, for the United States. 

2 The country was as much indebted to Washington for the dissolution of 
the army as for his military services. The qualities of self-control exhibited 
by him during this terrible ordeal place him above any military chieftain that 
ever lived. " He said to the angry elements of discord, ' Be still,' and they 
obeyed his voice." 

3 The President of Congress, upon taking the commission of Washington, 
said, " You retire from the theater of action with the blessings of your fellow- 
citizens ; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military 
command, it will continue to animate remotest ages." 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 

Leading Events. 

State Constitutions (1776, 1777). I Weakness of the Confederation. 

The Articles of Confederation (1777). The Constitution (1787). 

The Western Lands (1781). 1 The First Election (1789). 

349. State Constitutions. — Soon after the Colonies went 
to war with the King, and declared their independence of him, 
they adopted State constitutions. These were simply written 
statements, adopted by the people, defining what the branches 
of government should be, and how they should be conducted. 
The people had been working under charters before. These 
charters came from the King, and recognized him as the source 
of authority. The constitutions, however, were made by the 
people, and recognized all authority as springing from them, as 
had been set forth in the Declaration. From this time on, the 
people elected their own officers, and made their own laws. South 
Carolina, led by Drayton and Gadsden, passed the first State 
constitution, and during the year 1776 six other States followed 
this example. Four more followed by 1783, leaving Connecti- 
cut and Rhode Island to plod on under their old charters. These 
two, however, were among the most liberal ever granted by the 
King, and were in reality httle different from the constitutions 
adopted by the people. 

350. The Articles of Confederation. — As each Colony had 
been separate and distinct from all the others, so was each of the 
new States. The right of each State to manage its own affairs 
independent of control by the other States was always claimed. 
The only modification of this was brought about by the weak- 

218 



STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 219 

ness of the States when contending singly against an enemy. 
Then the need of a common power, speaking for all and binding 
all, was found to be necessary. By common agreement they 
gave to the Continental Congress the right to create armies, and 
to provide for the defense of their common rights. Congress drew 
up the Articles of Confederation, and, in November, 1777, urged 
the States to adopt them. These articles defined the powers 
which should belong to Congress, and gave the country a new 
name, "The United States of America." The States were su- 
preme in all local matters ; the United States, in all matters dele- 
gated to it by the States. The States were careful from the 
beginning not to centralize too much power in the Congress. 

351. The Western Lands. — By May, 1779, the Articles of 
Confederation had been adopted by all the States save Mary- 
land. The refusal of Maryland to accede grew out of the dispute 
over the lands in the great West. Virginia claimed them by 
charter right, and by right of conquest under George Rogers 
Clark. They were also claimed by New York by right of ces- 
sion from the Indians. Connecticut and Massachusetts claimed 
that parts of these lands were covered by their charters. Mary- 
land argued that these lands were the common property of the 
United States, and refused to enter the Confederation unless this 
claim should be recognized. Her idea was, that, if the claims of 
the larger States were allowed, the weaker States would be at a 
disadvantage. Congress recommended that each State cede its 
lands to the United States ; and Virginia, being desirous of the 
Union marked out by the articles, very generously offered 
to cede to the United States (Jan. 2, 1781) all her great and just 
claim to the territory northwest of the Ohio River, which was 
afterwards organized into the Territory of the Northwest. The 
other States did as Virginia had done ; but Connecticut reserved 
a certain part of her Ohio lands to create a school fund, and to 
reimburse her citizens for losses by Tory raids. Maryland then 
signed the Articles of Confederation (March i, 1781), and the 
new nation was legally bom. 



2 2Q HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

352. The Weakness of the Confederation. — Washington, 
more than any other man, knew the weakness of the Articles of 
Confederation. He had seen Congress fail in 1779, 1780, and 
1 78 1, to raise troops: Congress could solicit troops, but could 
not directly enhst them. He had seen Congress fail to provide 
means to pay the army : it could make requisitions on the States, 
but it could not collect. He had seen Congress fail to control 
the currency : it could advise, but not regulate. He had seen 
the inability of Congress to enforce its own decrees : it could pass 
kws, but could not enforce them. He had been forced to rely 
upon the States for troops ; and when they came, they felt that 
they owed allegiance to the State, and not to him. He had seen 
each State issuing paper money until two hundred million dollars 
in paper were worth only five million in silver.^ 

There were four fatal defects in the Confederation: (i) a 
two-thirds majority of all the States was required to pass a law 
in Congress; (2) Congress had no power to enforce its own laws; 
(3) each State was left free to fix its own customhouse duties 
irrespective of the others ; (4) a unanimous vote of all the States 
was required to amend or change the Articles of Confederation. 
Many men besides Washington recognized these defects; but the 
vague fear of a strong Federal government was so great, that a 
change was effected with the utmost diilficulty. 

353. The Annapolis Meeting. — At the suggestion of Mary- 
land, Virginia issued invitations to all the States to attend a 
meeting and discuss a uniform system of legislation on the sub- 
ject of trade. Five States - only accepted Virginia's invitation, 
and met at Annapolis (Sept. 11, 1786). The only result of the 
meeting was an address asking Congress to call a convention 
at Philadelphia, " to devise provision to render the Constitution 
of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the 
Union." Congress refused to call this convention. 

1 The salary of a major-general would not pay an express rider ; that of a 
captain would not purchase a pair of shoes. 

2 Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. 



STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 22 1 

354. The Country drifting towards Anarchy. — Con- 
gress itself attempted to amend the Articles of Confederation, and 
establish a uniform system of revenue ; but New York refused to 
consent, and so the attempt failed. Meanwhile, to relieve the 
pressure of debt, Rhode Island and other States had issued paper 
money, and tried to enforce its circulation by law ; but merchants 
closed their shops, and business came to a standstill. In Massa- 
chusetts the farmers favored paper money, but the Legislature 
jefused to issue it, and voted funds to Congress instead. This 
led to an insurrection in that State (1786-87) known as Shays's 
Rebellion, which was quelled by the State militia, but only after 
the loss of many lives, and the destruction and pillage of much 
property. There was also rioting and bloodshed in New Hamp- 
shire and Vermont. To these disorders was added a quarrel with 
Spain respecting the southwestern boundary and the free naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi. The United States claimed south to the 
31st parallel, while Spain claimed north to the mouth of the 
Yazoo. Spain held New Orleans and Natchez, and threatened 
to close the navigation of the Mississippi at the latter place. The 
far Northern States were wilHng to yield the claims of Spain, but 
the Southern States and the Western settlements took a juster 
view of the value of the Mississippi, and absolutely refused to 
accede. There were threats of secession in both New England 
and Kentucky if their respective views were not adopted. All 
these troubles threatened the Union, and made people see that 
some action to strengthen the government was imperative. 

355. The Constitutional Convention. — Despite the refusal 
of Congress, James Madison urged the Legislature of Virginia 
(November, 1786) to invite the States to meet in Philadelphia. 
The Legislature did so, and selected delegates, with Washington 
at their head, to represent Virginia. Congress yielded ; the day 
was set; and the other States, Rhode Island alone excepted, 
selected delegates. In May, 1787, the convention met, and 
shortly after, as the delegates continued to arrive, twelve States 
were represented. Washington was elected president of the con- 

*4 



STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 223 

vention ; and after four months the Constitution of the United 
States was submitted for adoption.^ 

356. Ratification of the Constitution. — This document 
was discussed as no other paper had ever been before. Patriots 
were for it, and patriots were against it. Every lover of Amer- 
ica felt that the paper was in the right direction ; but, while some 
thought it gave too much power to the United States Govern- 
ment, others were of opinion that it did not make the central 
government strong enough.^ Men who had contested their rights 
inch by inch with Parliament did not choose to make another 
Parliament at home with stronger powers. In Virginia the con- 
test was severe. Many of the best men of the age opposed it, 
but the influence of Washington outweighed them all. He was 
the center of power in Virginia and in the whole country. State 
after State registered its verdict, and in less than a year the 
Constitution was ratified by all but North Carolina and Rhode 
Island. Although backed by Pinckney, Morris, Madison, Frank- 
lin, Hamilton, Livingston, Adams, and others, the master spirit 
of the work was George Washington, who thus from his peaceful 
home became first in peace, as he had already become first in 
war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. 

357. The Constitution. — The Federal Constitution met 
three ends : ( i ) that the government should be strong enough 
to preserve peace at home, and to make itself respected abroad ; 
(2) that local self-government should be maintained in every 
part of the Union ; and (3) that there should be absolute free 
trade between the States. 

An examination of the Constitution will show how wise and 
prudent our fathers were. The small States contended that every 
State should have equal power in the General Government, 
while the larger ones demanded that all' officers should be elected 

1 Mark the caution: (i) the Constitution was submitted to Congress, and 
then to a convention of delegates in each State ; (2) the delegates were to be 
chosen by the people ; (3) nine States were required to make it operative. 

'^ The latter were called " Federalists; " the former, " Antifederalists." 



224 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN TEG PIE. 



by a majority of the people. The Constitution blended both 
ideas into an harmonious unity. To protect the small States, an 
equal vote was given to each of them in the Senate. Delaware, 
the least populous State, was made equal in senatorial power to 




hiaui^ii} til n of II n/iiii^ioii 

Virginia or Massachusetts. The power and importance of the 
larger States were preserved by making the representation in the 
lower House depend upon the population. 

Delegated Powers. — The Constitution is an enumeration of the 
powers of the United States as deiined by the States and dele- 



STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 225 

gated to the United States. These are, (i) to lay and collect 
taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, and to pay the debts of the 
United States; (2) to borrow money; (3) to regulate commerce 
between the States and with foreign nations; (4) naturalization; 
(5) to coin money; (6) to establish post offices and post roads; 
(7) to grant copyrights and patents; (8) to declare war; (9) to 
raise armies and navies. 

The Reserved Potvcrs. — All powers not delegated to the United 
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, 
were reserved to the States.^ 

Local self-government was carefully guarded in this the first 
Federal Constitution ever adopted by any people. The great 
difficulty has been to rightly distinguish these great principles ; 
and the study of Americans should be to know ( i ) the delegated 
powers, (2) the prohibited powers, and (3) the reserved powers.^ 

(The Constitution, in the Appendix, should be read now). 

358. The First Election. — On the first Wednesday in Jan- 
uary, 1789, the first election was held under the Constitution; 
and shortly after this the electors met, and by a unanimous vote 
selected George Washington as the first President of the United 
States. John Adams of iVIassachusetts was elected Vice-President. 

359. The Inauguration. — The seat of government was now 
at New York, and to this place Washington turned his course. 
In New Jersey troops of beautiful girls, dressed in white, scat- 
tered flowers along his way. Each country road became a 
crowded thoroughfare. The very places where he had under- 
gone the greatest suffering now swelled with efforts to make him 
glad. Before a surging crowd in the street, with crowds all 
around, on house tops and in windows, Washington took the 
oath of office on the open balcony of the Federal Hall. 

1 No State was required to adopt the Constitution ; but, the instant the 
adoption was made, that State surrendered all control of the enumerated 
powers. 

^ The implied powers are such as are necessary to enforce the delegated 
powers. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

THE \VEST, AND STATE EDUCATION. 



Leading Topics. 



The Ordinance of 1787. 
Prosperity of the Northwest. 
Land Surveys. 



State of Franklin. 
Public Land Grants. 
State Universities. 



360. The Ordinance of 1787. — The only really great act 
of the old Congress under the Articles of Confederation was the 
passage of the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the 
territory northwest of the Ohio, that had been ceded by the States. 
Several of its articles have become famous. The third article 
declared, that, as religion, morality, and knowledge are necessary 
to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and 
the means of education shall ever be encouraged, and good faith 
observed towards the Indians. This was a new principle in gov- 
ernment, and had remarkable influence in attracting settlers. The 
sixth article prohibited slavery within the territory. Legislative 
interference with private contracts was prohibited. 

361. Prosperity of the Northwest. — Gen. Arthur St. Clair 
was appointed governor of the Northwest Territory in 1789, and 
took up his residence at Marietta, the oldegt town in Ohio.^ As 
to Kentucky and Tennessee, so to Ohio, went a large number of 
vigorous settkrs, principally from Virginia and the Eastern States. 
Out of the Northwest Territory were afterwards formed the five 
great States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 

362. Government System of Land Survey. — In May, 
1785, Congress passed an ordinance for ascertaining the mode 
of disposing of lands in the Western territory. Thomas Hutchins, 

1 Founded by Gen. Putnam in 1788. 
326 



THE WEST, AND STATE EDUCATION. 227 

geographer of the United States, with a corps of surveyors ap- 
pointed by Congress from the several States, entered the territory^ 
and, according to the instructions of Congress, began to divide 
the area into townships of six miles square by hnes running due 
north and south, and by others crossing these at right angles. 
The townships were to be numbered from north to south, and 
the ranges of townships progressively westward. Each township 
was subdivided into thirty-six sections, each one mile square. 
Since then this method has become the system of land survey 
of the United States.^ A certain portion of the Ohio survey was 
reserved for bounties to the Continental soldiers. The region 
between the Little Miami and the Scioto was reserved by Vir- 
ginia for her own soldiers.^ 

363. The State of Franklin (1784-88). — After the battle of 
King's Mountain the " Over Hill " Country became famous, and 
attracted immigration. Hither were led by Gen. Elijah Clarke 
the women and children of Tory-ridden Georgia. A hard-fought 
battle was won over the Cherokees at Boyd's Creek, and their 
country desolated around Hiwassee. Four counties were formed, 
and settlements were numerous. In August, 1784, delegates 
from three counties — Washington, Sullivan, and Greene — met 
at Jonesboro and declared themselves free and independent of 
North Carolina. In November, 1 785, a constitution was adopted, 
and the name " State of Franklin " ^ given to the East Tennessee 
country. John Sevier was elected governor. 

1 This system is called the " rectangular system." A congressional com- 
mittee headed by Thomas Jefferson reported this act (1784) with townships 
ten miles square. Mr. Grayson of Virginia moved to reduce to six, which 
was carried. Mr. Jefferson is considered the author of the rectangular 
system, and Mr. Grayson of the present size of townships. 

2 Congress gave a major-general 1,100 acres; a brigadier, 850; a colonel, 
500 ; a lieutenant-colonel, 450 ; a major, 400 ; a captain, 300 ; a lieutenant, 
200; an ensign, 150; and a soldier, 100. These bounties peopled Ohio, 
Kentucky, and Tennessee with the heroes of the older Colonies. 

3 The taxes of this new State were payable in flax linen, tow linen, linsey, 
beaver skins, tallow, beeswax, rye whisky, peach or apple brandy, country- 
made sugar, and tobacco. Salaries were paid with these articles. 



2 28 HISTORY OF THE AM ERICA X P EOF IE. 

364. Dissolution of the State of Franklin. — North Caro- 
lina, having repealed her cession of lands to the United States, 
was not disposed to let her Western children erect a new State, 
and commanded the officers of the State of Franklin to disband. 
Seven counties were now in existence, and they preferred the 
new State to North Carolina. Two governments sprang up in 
each county, — the one elected by those who desired the new 
State, the other by those who remained loyal to North Carolina. 
Each man had the option to pay his taxes to either government, 
and for a while two different governments in the same territory 
ran smoothly. But in 1788 the government of North Carolina 
was recognized, and Franklin ceased to be a State. 

365. Early Schools. — The grammar schools of New Eng- 
land, South Carolina, and other Colonies were not free public 
schools, but were American copies of the " great public schools " 
of Rugby, Eton, and Harrow. The colleges Harvard, William 
and Mary, Yale, Columbia, and Dartmouth were classical col- 
leges fashioned after the older ones of Europe. With small en- 
dowments and in a new country, there was no chance for them 
to be self-supporting. The colonial governments aided them by 
revenue raised by taxation. 

366. Education in the Hands of the Church. — In the 

Dutch and Swedish Colonies education was given into the hands 
of the Church, which in turn was a State institution. Here the 
preacher and the schoolmaster were the same person. The 
Church was the schoolhouse. The Quakers supported schools 
as church and private enterprises. In the more populous com- 
munities of New England, schools flourished better than in the 
more sparsely settled regions of the South, though the sentiment 
towards them was of the most favorable kind in both sections. 
The great idea of the early schools was the moral elevation of 
society, and the support of religion. In each college, theology 
was taught, and the spread of the Gospel was an important point 
in the teaching of every school. 



THE WEST, A AW STATE EDUCATION: 



229 



367. Separation from the Church. — After the Declara» 
tion of Independence the reh'gious idea of education became less, 
and the pohtical idea more, prominent. As the Chm^ch receded, 
and separated from the State, it failed to carry with it the right 
and duty of educating. The value of citizenship became of 
supreme importance, and the right and duty of State education 
sprang into existence. 

368. Jefferson and Education. — Thomas Jefferson, in 1775, 
began the discussion of the political phase which education soon 
assumed in America, and which it has never relinquished. He 
argued for, and asked Virginians to establish, a system of educa- 
tion in which the State divorced from the Church should be the 






'^ > f^^ i^i3l.ji_ 



Pi;:',;;:;llll!;!ilirJ|iS:^^-,-^ ,. 









kk. 





University of I 'ir^iuia. 



chief factor. He set out the following plan : ( i ) a system created, 
regulated, and supported by the State; (2) a system compre- 
hending all men as citizens, and designed to foster that relation ; 
(3) a system with three great divisions: {a) the university, (d) 
the high schools, {c) the " ward " or district schools. All of these 
were to be supported by the taxed wealth of the country, and 
were to comprise the whole need of the citizen from the primary 
school to the university. The University of Virginia was the 
result of this agitation. 



230 



HISTOKY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



369. Public Land Grants. — In 1785 Congress set apart 
one section in every township in the Western territory, the 
proceeds from the sale of which were to be devoted to the 
maintenance of pubhc schools ; and before this Virginia granted 
thousands of acres in Kentucky for the support of schools. 

370. State Universities. — The State idea of education was 
ingrafted into the Constitution of Pennsylvania during the war. 
North Carolina followed with a like constitutional requirement. 
The State University became the pride of the people. Georgia 
came next (1777), and estabhshed county schools to be supported 
by the State. In 1 784 the University of Georgia was established. 
Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina followed in rapid succes- 
sion. Independent State action upon educational matters reached 
its earliest and highest development in this group of States. Their 
universities represent the people's higher education, and are cre- 
ated, controlled, and supported by the States. 

371. Education in the West. — One of the first acts of the 
Legislature of Franklin was to provide for Martin Academy, 

which was founded by Samuel 
Doak in 1785, and was the first 
school west of the Alleghanies. 
It afterwards became Washing- 
ton College. In Kentucky, Tran- 
sylvania University was begun 
as Transylvania Academy in 
1785, and exercised a remark- 
able influence by its library, its 
lectures, and its profe.ssors, upon 
the whole Western country. In 
the same year Davidson Academy 
was founded at Nashville, Tenn. ; 
and Blount College at Knoxville, Tenn., was organized by the 
Legislature of the Southwest Territory in 1794. Ohio University 
at Athens, O., was established in 1804. 




Sniiinfl Dnak. 



Leading Battles and Commanders of the devolution. 



WHERE FOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



AMERICAN. 



Lexington. 
Ticonderoga. 
Bunker Hill, 
Quebec. 
f Fort Moultrie. 

Long Island. 

White Plains. 

Fort Washington. 

Trenton. 

Princeton. 

Ticonderoga. 

Oriskany and Fort Stan- 
wix. 

Bennington. 

Bennington. 

Brandyvvine. 

Stillwater. 

Germantown. 

Saratoga. 

Fort Mercer. 
' Monmouth. 

Rhode Island. 

Wyoming. 

Cherry Valley. 

Savannah. 

Sunbury. 

Kettle Creek. 

Brier Creek. 

Stony Point. 

Paulus Hook. 

Savannah. 
'Charleston. 

Camden. 

Fishing Creek. 

King's Mountain. 

Cowpens. 

Guilford Court House. 

Hobkirk's Hill. 

Ninety-Six. 

Eutavv Springs. 

Yorktown. 



Parker. 

Allen. 

Prescott. 

Montgomery. 

Moultrie. 

Putnam. 

McDougall. 

Magaw. 

Washington. 

Washington. 

St. Clair. 

Gen. Herkimer. 

Stark. 

Williams. 

Washington. 

Gates. 

Washington. 

Gates. 

Col. Greene. 

Washington. 

Sullivan. 

Zeb. Butler. 

Robert Howe. 
I^ane. 
Pickens. 
Ashe. 
Wayne. 
Lee. 
Lincoln. 
Lincoln. 
Gates. 
Sumter. 
Campbell. 
Morgan. 
Greene. 
Greene. 
Greene. 
Greene. 

Washington and 
De Grasse. 



Smith and Pitcairn. 
DeLaplace. 
Howe and Clinton. 
Clinton. 

Clinton and Sir Pe- 
ter Parker. 
Howe and Clinton. 
Howe. 
Howe. 
Rahl. 
Mawhood. 
Burgoyne. 
St. Leger. 

Baum. 

Breyman. 

Howe. 

Burgoyne. 

Howe. 

Burgoyne. 

Donop. 

Clinton. 

Pigot. 

John Butler. 

Brant. 

Campbell. 

Prevost. 

Boyd. 

Prevost. 

Johnson. 

Sutherland. 

Prevost. 

Clinton. 

Cornwallis. 

Tarleton. 

Ferguson. 

Tarleton. 

Cornwallis. 

Rawdon. 

Brown. 

Stewart. 

Cornwallis. 



231 



232 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Leading Persons of the Revolution. 



Gen. Smallwood. 
Gen. Ward. 
Samuel Adams. 
Gen. Williams. 
Sergeant Jasper. 
Count Pulaski. 
Gen. Gates. 
Cornwallis. 
Col. Prescott. 
Rochambeau. 
Sir H. Clinton. 
Anthony Wayne. 
Marion. 
Gen. Pickens. 



Gen. Putnam. 

Ethan Allen. 

James Otis. 

Washington. 

Gen. Sumner. 

Baron Steuben. 

Lafayette. 

Gen. Burgoyne. 

King George III. 

Gen. Sumter. 

Benjamin Franklin. 

Major Andre. 

Gen. Lee. 

Light Horse Harry Lee. 



George Rogers Clark. Gen. Clarke. 



Gen. Stark. 
Patrick Henry. 
Gen. Gage. 
John Adams. 
Gen. Moore. 
Baron DeKalb. 
Gen. Howe. 
Roljert Morris. 
Joseph Warren. 
Kosciusko. 
Gen. Greene. 
Benedict Arnold. 
Paul Jones. 
Gen. Morgan. 
John Sevier. 



Watauga. 

Concord. 

Philadelphia. 

Valley Forge. 

Bennington. 

Transylvania. 

Monmouth. 

Stony Point. 

Yorktown. 

Point Pleasant. 

Eutaw Springs. 



Leading Places. 

Ninety-Six. 
Trenton. 
Lexington. 
Nevv' York. 
Princeton. 
Brandy wine. 
Bemis Heights. 
Cowpens. 
Mount Vernon. 
West Point. 
Charlotte. 



King's Mountain. 

Ticonderoga. 

Charlestown. 

Boston. 

Germantown. 

Saratoga. 

Northwest Territory. 

Charleston. 

Savannah. 

Guilford Court House. 

Moore's Bridge. 



Leading Topics. 

Washington's retreat through New Sullivan's Indian Expedition. 

Jersey. 
Greene's famous retreat. 
Causes of the Revolution. 



Beginning of the War. 

The Declaration of Independence. 

Expedition of George Clark. 



From Brandywine to Yorktown. 



PART VI. — RISE OF THE REPUBLIC. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS (1789-97). 



Leading Events. 



Personnel. 

Tariff for Revenue. 

Ten Amendments to the Constitution. 

First Census (1790). 

U. S. Banl< and Mint (1791-92). 

The New Capitol (1793). 



The Genet Affair (1794)- 

The Whisliy Insurrection (1794). 

Indian Wars in Ohio. 

The Four Treaties (1795). 

Three New States (1791, 1792, 1796). 

The Cotton-gin (1792). 



372. The Personnel of the Administration. — Few govern- 
ments ever started with better men in charge of affairs than the 
new Repubhc. During the first year, Washington ^ selected a 

1 George Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 22, 1732, and died at 
Mount Vernon, Dec. 14, 1799. His birthday is one of the great American holi- 
days. As a boy he was noted for his love of athletic sports and as a distinguished 
horseman. He was scrupulously clean in person and dress, and his school 
work was a model of accuracy and neatness. He was especially distinguished 
for punctuality and truthfulness. During his eleventh year his father died, 
and his training devolved upon his mother. Her nobility of character im- 
pressed itself upon the son, and gained for her his lifelong love and care. In 
the whole history of mankind there will be found few men more worthy of 
admiration than he. His talents were not of the highest order, yet they were 
admirably balanced and adjusted with each other. His life was controlled 
by the loftiest moral principles, and his will was modeled after the highest 
heroic ideals. He truly merited the title " Father of his Country." Jeffer- 
son said of him, " His integrity was the most pure, his justice the most 
inflexible, I have ever known ; no motives of interest or consanguinity, of 
friendship or hatred, being able to bias his decision. He was indeed, in 
every sense of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man." 

233 



234 HIsrOKY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

cabinet ^ of four eminent persons to aid him in the discharge of 
his duties. He chose men who, though differing in pohtical prin- 
ciples, were ready to do anything to promote the general welfare. 
The first cabinet was Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, secretary 
of state ; Alexander Hamilton of New York, secretary of the 
treasury ; Henry Knox of Massachusetts, secretary of war ; 
Edmund Randolph of Virginia, attorney-general. The Supreme 
Court was composed of John Jay of New York, John Rutledge 
of South Carolina, William Cushing of Massachusetts, Robert 
H. Harrison of Maryland, James -Wilson of Pennsylvania, and 
John Blair of Virginia. The speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives was Frederick Miihlenberg of Pennsylvania ; and the 
president of the Senate was John Adams of Massachusetts, the 
Vice-President of the United States. 

373. Tariff for Revenue. — The country was heavily in debt, 
and the attention of Congress was first directed to this matter, 
and the means to raise money to pay it off. A tonnage duty was 
placed upon ships, and a tariff upon the foreign goods, entering 
our ports, the amount of these revenues being designed to meet 
the pressing needs of the treasury. This tax soon placed money 
in the treasury. 

374. Ten Amendments to the Constitution (see Appen- 
dix). — The opposers of the Constitution were vigilant, and, to 
cure the defects of that instrument, amendments to the Constitu- 
tion were proposed, ten of which were adopted. By this action 
the objections of North Carolina and Rhode Island were re- 
moved, and before the end of May, 1790, they had ratified the 
Constitution. 

1 At the beginning of each administration it is lawful for the President 
to select the following heads of departments who form the President's 
"cabinet:" (i) secretary of state, (2) secretary of the treasury, (3) secre- 
tary of war, (4) secretary of the navy, (5) postmaster-general, (6) attorney- 
general, (7) secretary of the interior, and (8) secretary of agriculture. The 
first three and the sixth began with Washington's administration ; tlie fourth 
was created during John Adams's administration ; the fifth, in Jackson's; the 
seventh, in Polk's ; and the eighth, in Cleveland's first administration. 



PFA SHING TON'S A DMINIS TRA TION. 



235 



375. The First Census. — The first enumeration (1790) 
showed that the new country had a population of a httle less 
than four million people. In 1890, one hundred years after- 
wards, the eleventh census was taken, and showed a population 
of a litde less than sixty-three million. The significance of these 
figures, when compared with our weak beginning, is starthng. 




Map showing WesUvard Movement of Center of Population in United States, 1790-1 



The total population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1891 was a 
litde less than thirty-eight million ; of France, a litde more than 
thirty-eight million ; and of Germany, nearly fifty million. Thus 
America has outstripped each of the great European nations, and 
has now about one half the population of the three. 

376. The United States Bank and Mint. — The United 
States Bank was organized in 1 791, and was located in Phila- 
delphia, together with the Mint, which was established the follow- 
ing year. These gave the people a money that was equally good 
in every State. This was of great importance to the business 
interests of the whole country. 

377. The New Capitol. — By agreement the seat of govern- 
ment was to remain at New York until 1790, when it was to be 
taken to Philadelphia, there to remain until 1800, when it was 
to be finally located in a new city on the Potomac. Washington 
selected the site for this city, which was named in his honor, and 
laid the corner stone for the Capitol in 1793. 

378. The Genet Affair. — The French Revolution plunged 



236 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

Europe into an uproar. The King of France had been beheaded, 
and a republic set up on the ruins of the monarchy. Marquis, de 
Lafayette was one of the trusted leaders of the popular party. 
England declared war against the French Republic in the interest 
of kingly government. In America these conditions produced 
a strong sentiment that it was the duty of the United States to 
help France. 

At this juncture (1794) "Citizen" Genet appeared in Amer- 
ica as minister from the French Republic. He came to stim- 
ulate the spirit of gratitude which he knew was extant, and to 
obtain aid from this country. Washington, however, refused 
to be dragged into a war of disaster, and issued a proclama- 
tion commanding Americans to maintain a neutral position 
between the contending parties. Genet then became excited, 
and attempted to raise . a mob to put Washington out of 
office. He also began with unparalleled insolence to fit out 
privateers in American ports. But he made a great mistake. 
Washington stigmatized the conduct of the minister as " an in- 
sult to the country," and upon his demand Genet was promptly 
recalled. 

379. The Whisky Insurrection. — Out in western Pennsyl- 
vania a number of distillers refused to pay the tax which Congress 
had placed upon whisky. They arose in arms (1794) and drove 
away the collectors. Washington sent " Light Horse Harry " 
Lee into that region with a force sufficient to maintain the law- 
Long before he reached the scene of disorder the rioters dis- 
persed, and law and order became supreme. 

380. Indian Wars in Ohio. — Fort Washington, on the pres- 
ent site of Cincinnati, 1 had been made the capital of the North- 
west Territory, and the Indians residing there had relinquished 
their claims. But other tribes claimed the same region, and went 
to war to gain possession of it. Kentucky was called on for 
troops, and sent several hundred soldiers commanded by Col.. 

1 First called Losantiville (1789). 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



237 



Hardin. Gen. Harmar started for the Maumee country with 
over a thousand troops (1790). Col. Hardin was ambushed near 
Fort Wayne, losing many men ; and Harmar was defeated at 
Maumee Ford by Little Tvutle and his alhes. In 1791 St. Clair, 

with a large 
force of Ken- 
tuckians and 
Northwestem- 
ers, set out 
to break up 
the Miami 
Confederacy. 
Reaching the 
head waters of 




X^ 



>-s. I r^Recovery yX 

^^ — — .ffl.CZa'vs Defeat 




Sceiie of Indian Wars in Ohio. 

the Wabash River, he was surprised by two 
thousand Indian warriors, and defeated. This 
was the second Braddock's defeat. With a 
still greater force, Gen. Anthony Wayne 
marched into the Miami country on the Maumee River, deter- 
mined to strike a vigorous blow. The Kentuckians were again 
called to the front, and marched to the Maumee Rapids, where 
the Indians were in council. Wayne's offer of peace was re- 
jected, and a battle was fought (Aug. 20, 1794) in which Wayne 
was entirely successful. 

381. Wayne's Treaty with the Indians. — The treaty of 
peace at Greenville (1795), which followed Gen. Wayne's victory 
at Maumee Rapids, gave the United States the southern half of 
the present State of Ohio, and released all Indian claims to 
Kentucky. This treaty was kept until 181 2. 

382. Jay's Treaty with England. — In November, 1793, 
George III. issued secret instructions to British privateers to seize 
all neutral vessels found trading in the French West Indies. 
Before the United States was apprised of this high-handed meas- 
ure, the British privateers had injured American commerce to the 

«5 



238 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



extent of many millions of dollars. The war feeling ran high, 
especially in the Western country. Jay negotiated a treaty 
(ratified in 1795) which averted a war. By this treaty Great 
Britain agreed to pay all damages done by the privateers, and 
to abandon certain Western posts. 

383. Treaty with Spain. — This treaty (1795) opened the 
Mississippi River to American navigation, and determined the 
boundaries between the United States and Florida and Louisiana. 
The Mississippi River had been a bone of contention for some 
time. The Spaniards at New Madrid exacted toll from boats 
navigating this stream, and it was rumored that a treaty had been 
made granting this power to Spaniards. It made an uproar, and 
an independent government for Americans was discussed in the 
Southwest. The treaty prevented all forcible action, and prepared 
the way for the final purchase of this whole region. 




A igcriiie Pirates. 

384. Treaty with Algiers. — We were not so fortunate with 
Algiers. The pirates of this country lived by plundering tha 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 239 

merchant ships of the world. Exemption could be purchased by 
the payment of tribute ; and, as we had no navy to maintain the 
dignity of our flag, we agreed (1795) to pay an annual tribute to 
the Dey of Algiers to leave our ships untouched. 

385. Vermont. — The territory included in the present State 
of Vermont was never a Colony, but has a distinct colonial his- 
tory. Prior to 1765 it was understood in England and America 
that this territory was a part of the province of New Hampshire. 
As early as 1 749 the governor of New Hampshire began to grant 
lands west of the Connecticut River. In 1764 New York set 
up a claim to the Connecticut River, and granted the lands to 
other men. The New York purchasers brought suits in New 
York to put the settlers claiming from New Hampshire oiT the 
lands, and the court decided in their favor.^ The New Hamp- 
shire settlers refused to vacate, and organized an armed opposi- 
tion to the enforcement of the decrees of the New York court. 
Three conventions of the people were held in 1776-77: (i) at 
Dorset, petitioning Congress to recognize them as belonging to 
New Hampshire, and not to New York ; (2) at Westminster, de- 
claring the territory to be a new and separate State ; (3) at 
Windsor, naming the State " Vermont." - In a short time a con- 
stitution was adopted which excluded slavery from the territory ; 
and on March 4, 1791, Congress admitted Vermont into the 
Union, the first State added to the " Old Thirteen," or, as the 
popular saying ran, " The Fourteenth Star." 

* When Ira Allen was told of this decree, and advised to make terms with 
the claimants, he replied, " No, the gods of the valley are not the gods of the 
^ hills." He soon gathered a strong body of men, and it was agreed " to pun- 
ish with death whoever should attempt to enforce the decree." The gov- 
ernor of New York, hearing of this, threatened to drive them into the Green 
Mountains, whence the Vermonters came to be called " The Green Mountain 
Boys." The battle of Concord found them in arms, and turned their anger 
from New York to Ticonderoga. 

2 The Westminster Convention adopted the name " New Connecticut ; " 
but a district in Pennsylvania was found to have this name, and " Vermont" 
was then chosen. 



240 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



386. Kentucky. — From 1785 to 1792 Kentucky knocked at 
the door of Congress, asking to be admitted to the Union. Eight 
conventions in Kentucky agreed upon the measure, and five Acts 
of the Virginia Legislature consented to the separation. In 1792 
she was admitted into the Union as the fifteenth State, with Isaac 
Shelby, one of the heroes of King's Mountain, as the first gov- 
ernor. Flourishing towns were in existence at Harrodsburg 
(settled in 1774), Boonesboro (1775), Lexington (1779), I^^-i^- 
ville, Maysville, and Louisville. Virginia had made large grants 
of lands to her soldiers in Kentucky, and the population in 1790 
was about seventy-five thousand. 

387. Tennessee. — North Carolina ceded her Western lands, 
in 1790, to the United States, and the old State of Franklin be- 
came a part of the Territory south of the Ohio, which Congress 
erected. Settlements dotted the whole East Tennessee valley, 
and had lapped far out into the Middle Tennessee region, even 
to Nashville and Clarksville. With about seventy thousand 

people, hardy, brave, and energetic, 
the State of Tennessee entered the 
Union in 1796, and was enrolled as 
the sixteenth State. The three names 
most prominent in the early history of 
Tennessee are John Sevier, Isaac Shel- 
by, and James Robertson. Tennessee 
existed as (i) the Watauga Associa- 
tion (1769-77), (2) part of North 
Carolina (1777-84), (3) the State of 
Franklin (1784-88), (4) part of North 
Carolina (1788-90), (5) Territory south 

of the Ohio (1790-96), and (6) the State of Tennessee (1796 to 

the present time). 

388. The Cotton=gin. — The year 1792 will always be fa- 
mous for the greatest invention ever made in America. This was 
the cotton-gin. It was invented by Eli Whitney of Massachu- 




Isaac Shelby. 



WA SHING TON ' S A DM INI S TEA TION. 2 4 1 

setts, and could clean every day about a thousand times as much 
cotton as could be cleaned under the old process. This was a 
labor-saving triumph, and determined to a large extent the occu- 
pations in two great regions of country, — in the South, where 
raw cotton was produced ; and in New England and New York, 
where cotton goods were manufactured. By this means cotton 
became king.i 

389. The Close of Washington's Second Term During 

the entire administration of Washington, party spirit ran high. 
Jefferson had become the leader of the Republican (since called 
the Democratic) party, and Hamilton of the other (the Federal). 
Jefferson attacked with great power the financial measures of 
Hamilton, and Hamilton retorted with an attack upon Jefferson's 
management of foreign relations. The two parties were nearly 
equal in numbers, and were bitterly opposed to each other. It 
took all of Washington's tact to prevent an open rupture ; yet, 
strange to say, both political parties united upon him for the 
second term, and would have chosen him for the third term had 
he not refused to have the position. The House of Representa- 
tives had a majority against the views of the President, and yet 
at all times most cheerfully supported his measures. Jefferson 
said that Washington outweighed them all in influence over the 
people. 

1 In i860 the yield of cotton was nearly five million bales per annum. In 
1890 it reached the enormous figure of eight and a half million bales. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION (1797-1801). 

Leading Events. 
Troubles with France (1797-1800). 1 Death of Washins^ton (1799). 
Allen and Sedition Laws (1798). j The New Capital (1800). 

390. Presidential Election. — The Republican (Democratic) 
party supported Thomas Jefiferson of Virginia for the presidency ; 

and the Federalists, John Adams ^ of 
Massachusetts. Adams was chosen 
by three electoral votes ; and, as Jef- 
ferson had the next highest number, 
he became the Vice-President. 

391. Troubles with France. — 
The doctrine of neutrality maintained 
by the United States gave oiTense to 
the French Directory, and orders were 
given to French men-of-war to attack 
our merchant vessels and destroy our 
commerce. This was a declaration of war. Adams called Con- 
gress together, and commissioners were sent to France to adjust 
the trouble. The French refused to receive them, and through 
secret agents demanded of the commissioners a large sum of 
money, Pinckney indignantly replied, " Millions for defense, 
but not one cent for tribute." The commissioners were ordered 
to leave France. Men who had been urging an alliance with 




John Adams. 



1 John Adams was born in Braintree, Mass., in 1735, and died in 1826. 
Jefferson said of him that he was the ablest advocate and champion of inde- 
pendence in the Congress of 1776. He aided in the negotiation of the treaty 
of Paris, and was the first American minister to England. 

242 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 243 

France as a matter of gratitude now clamored for action to main- 
tain American honor. Washington was made lieutenant-general 
and commander in chief of the American Army, and tlie country 
again prepared for war. The navy was strengthened, and priva- 
teers were sent out to make reprisals upon French merchantmen. 
Commodore Truxton, with the ship " Constellation," attacked 
(Feb. 9, 1799) a French man-of-war, the "Insurgent," in the 
West Indies, and won. In another desperate battle he defeated 
the frigate " La Vengeance." In the mean time Napoleon Bona- 
parte had overthrown the French Directory, and he at once 
made peace with America. 

392. The Alien and Sedition Laws. — Violent attacks on 
the government by the friends and emissaries of France brought 
about (1798) the passage of two laws which became obnoxious to 
the country, and destroyed the Federalist party. The first, the 
Alien Law, permitted the President to send out of the country any 
alien he regarded as dangerous to the peace of the country ; the 
second, the Sedition Law, gave him power to fine and imprison 
persons who used the freedom of speech or the freedom of the 
press to attack the government. The Republican (Democratic) 
party at once denounced the laws, claiming that they were di- 
rected at them, and not at the friends of France. They argued 
that the laws were an assumption of power not in harmony with 
the Constitution, and that they should be declared unconstitu- 
tional. A libelous free press is less dangerous to a country than 
a censorship in the hands of the ruling powers. 

393. Death of Washington. — On Saturday night, Dec. 14, 
1799, Washington died at Mount Vernon. The whole country 
mourned his loss. Napoleon Bonaparte directed the flags of the 
French Republic to be draped with crape. The British fleet at 
Torbay displayed its colors at half-mast. Napoleon, Chatham, 
Erskine, and Grattan paid tributes to his exalted worth. John 
Marshall of Virginia pronounced the sentiment of Americans, 
and it remains unchanged after more than a hundred years. 



244 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



He said, " No man has ever appeared upon the theater of public 
action whose integrity was more incorruptible, or whose princi- 
ples were more jierfectly free from the contamination of selfish 
and unworthy passions. His ends were always upright, and his 
means were always pure." A monument to his memory has 
been reared in Washington City by a grateful country. 

394. Washington City. — In 1800 Congress held its first 
session at Washington City. The magnificent buildings, monu- 
ments, statues, and gardens that are to-day the pride of every 
American were not there to greet this Congress. Nothing but 
woods was to be seen on all sides, and Mrs. Adams is said to 
have lost her way in an attempt to find the Capital. 

395. The Election.— The Federalists nominated John Adams 
and C. C. Pinckney ; the Republicans (Democrats), Thomas Jeffer- 
son and Aaron Burr. Party spirit ran high, but the Alien and 
Sedition Laws had crippled the Federalist party, and it was de- 
feated. It never regained power. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr each received the same number of votes ; and the House of 
Representatives, after thirty-five ballots, decided upon Jefferson 
for President, thus leaving Burr to be Vice-President. The diffi- 
culties growing out of this election resulted in the adoption of the 
Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution. 







%:rM^^^:^ '^H""^ '■ , .^a' ■^^aJt.M II i \ w^wm- 




'dMM^^txt. 



^±i'^^ 



Capitol at Washington. 



s-^^ac 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS (1801-O9). 



Leading Events. 



The Louisiana Purchase (1803). 
Lewis and Clark's Expedition (i8o4)< 
The War with Tripoli (1804). 
Burr and Hamilton (1804). 



Embargo (1807). 

New States and Territories. 

The First Steamboat (1807). 

Slave Importation forbidden (1808). 



396. The Republican (Democratic) Party. — This party 
came into power at a time when there was a hill in the fierce 
war between England and 
France. Its leader, Jeffer- 
son/ was a democrat, accord- 
ing to the real meaning of the 
word. Republican simplicity 
was the rule of his life, and 
he objected to all titles, not 
excepting the ordinary " Mr." 
of every-day address. Think- 
ing it undemocratic to deliver 
a formal address to the as- 
sembled Houses, he dispensed 
with it, and sent a written mes- 
sage. The President's message 
was adopted by all succeeding 
Presidents, and is now a fixed 
part of our State ceremonies. 
His .cabinet was made up of 
men distinguished for their abilities, talents, and education. The 
Federalists believed that the administration of Jefferson would 

1 Thomas Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Va., in 1743, near the place 
he afterwards named Monticello; died July 4, 1826, the same day that John 

245 




Thomas Jcj[fc 



246 



///STORY OF T//E AM/'.R/CAN PEOPLE. 



ruin the country ; but they soon saw that he was not only taking 
care of it well, but was expanding it wonderfully. He has been 
called the "first and greatest expander of the United States." 

397. The Louisiana Purchase i (1803). — The greatest 
event of Jefferson's administration was the purchase of Louisi- 



^^Kv' 





U N UT E, D ( S T A T,.: E . ft , ^ 




MaJ> 0/ the United States in 1803. 

ana. The news came across the ocean that Spain had trans- 
ferred Louisiana to France, and that the mouth of the Mississippi 

Adams died, and the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 
He was the author of that instrument, and the founder of the Republican 
(now called the Democratic) party, in which capacities he exerted a greater 
influence on American institutions than any other man except Washington. 
He was the author of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and estab- 
lished the University of Virginia. He also originated a complete system of 
public elementary and collegiate education for Virginia as early as 1777. The 
decimal system of coinage was also devised by him. His first work in the 
Virginia Legislature was to procure the passage of laws that would root out 
" every fiber of ancient or future aristocracy." His greatest desire was to 
increase the direct participation of the people in the government, and he 
always condemned slavery as a moral and political evil. Jefferson removed 
a numljcr of officers duriag his term, filling Iheir places with men of equal 
ability who belonged to his own party. 

1 Tiie Spanish census of 1798 disclosed that the " Command of Arkansas " 
had 368 persons. St. Genevieve, Mo., was founded in 1755; St. Louis was 
founded in 1764. Each place had a population of 800 in 1775. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. H7 

was again in the hands of an unfriendly powen Napoleon had 
indeed bought this territory with the view of regaining in Amer- 
ica what France had lost ; but, when troubles arose with England 
in 1803, he concluded that it was better to sell the whole region 
than risk the chance of losing it in his struggle with Great Britain. 
Jefferson was determined that this greatest of chances for the 
peaceful exclusion of another foreign power from the soil of 
North America should not be lost. He purchased Louisiana, 
although " the Constitution was stretched until it cracked," trust- 
ing that an amendment would be passed to justify him. The 
price paid was about fifteen million dollars, or less than three 
cents an acre. The result of this purchase was twofold: (i) it 
insured to the United States the control of the Continent; (2) it 
lifted us above all foreign complications. 

398. Expedition of Lewis and Clark, — Jefferson now 
sent Capt. Merriwether Lewis and Lieut. William Clark to ex- 
plore the Missouri to its source, to cross the Rocky Mountains, 
and to proceed to the Pacific. They went up the Missouri, 
crossed a portage thirty-six miles wide, reached the head waters 
of the Columbia, and followed that river to its mouth. The trip 
lasted from May 4, 1804, to Sept. 23, 1806, and furnished the 
first reliable information of this region. The Clark Fork of the 
Columbia River was named after one of the leaders of the 
expedition. 

399. The War with Tripoli. — The Barbary States in North 
Africa had for centuries been the home of pirates and thieves. 
Their ships swarmed the high seas, and robbery was their mission. 
America had bought peace once by paying tribute. Another 
policy was pursued by Jefferson. Collecting a small fleet, he 
sent it (1803), under command of Commodore Preble, to con- 
quer a peace on the Mediterranean. The war lasted about two 
years. Capt. Decatur distinguished himself in it, and General 
Eaton stormed and captured Derne (1S05). The stars and stripes 
waved over a strange crowd of African soldiery. The blockade 



248 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



of Tripoli led to a treaty of peace (1805), and the ships of 
America were no longer molested by Tripolitans. 

400. Burr and Hamilton.— The popularity of Jefferson was 
so great in 1804 that he was reelected, with only fourteen 
electoral votes against him. George Clinton was elected to the 
vice-presidency. Aaron Burr^ then ran for governor of New 
York, thinking that this position would help him to become 
President in 1808. But Alexander Hamilton was opposed to 

him, and used his great influence to defeat 
him, and succeeded. Burr then challenged 
Hamilton to a duel, which Hamilton ac- 
cepted. On the eleventh day of July, 1804, 
they met at Weehawken, and Hamilton fell 
at the discharge of Burr's pistol. Hamilton 
refused to fire. Burr went West, and became 
acquainted with Harman Blennerhassett, an 
Irish exile w^ho had built a splendid house on 
an island in the Ohio River near the mouth of 
Here he devised a treasonable scheme to in- 
vade Mexico, and with the Western and Southern States to make 
a new empire, with himself as ruler. The plan was discovered, 
and Burr was arrested (Feb. 19, 1807). His trial occurred in 
Richmond, and resulted in a verdict of "not proven." 

401. The Foreign Blockade. — Jefferson's second term was 
the beginning of a stormy season, which ended in another war a 
few years later. France and England were once more at war, 
and each was doing everything to cripple the other. England 
declared the coast of France to be in a state of blockade, and 
France retaliated by issuing a decree blockading the British Isles. 
American vessels approaching these forbidden lines were fired 




A kxander Ifaiiu'lioit. 

the Muskingum. 



1 Aaron Burr was born in Newark, N.J., 1756, and died on Staten Island 
in 1836. He was the grandson of Jonathan Edwards, president of Princeton 
College. His father also held that place. He was a' lawyer of great reputa- 
tion. His talents were of the highest order, and justified his brilliant career. 
He died in obscurity, disgrace, and poverty. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMIiV/STR AT/ON. 249 

upon, seized, and confiscated. The eflfect of this was to cripple 
our carrying trade. The old Revohitionary hostihty to England 
began to revive, and the act of the " Leopard " kindled it to a 
flame. 

402. The Embargo. — The American frigate "Chesapeake," 
off the coast of Virginia, was hailed by the British man-of-war 
"Leopard," in 1807, and a demand made to search for de- 
serters. This was refused, and a broadside followed from the 
" Leopard " which compelled a surrender. England disavowed 
the act, and promised reparation. Jefferson issued a proclama- 
tion forbidding British ships to enter American harbors. Then 
Congress passed the Embargo Act (1807), which detained our 
merchant ships in the ports of the United States. The Brit- 
ish then forbade all trade with France, and Napoleon issued his 
famous " Milan Decree," forbidding all trade with England or 
her Colonies. Between these orders and decrees American com- 
merce almost died out. 

403. New States and Territories. — Ohio was admitted 
into the Union on Feb. 19, 1803. Two Territories were created 
out of the rest of the Northwest Territory during this administra- 
tion, — Indiana and Michigan. 1 Both these States had long 
been the seat of French occupancy. St. Vincent's (Vincennes), 
Detroit, and Sault Ste. Marie were well known to the whole 
country. From the great Louisiana Purchase were created at this 
time the Territories of Orleans and Louisiana. Orleans was made 
up of the present State of Louisiana ; and Louisiana Territory 
included the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, and the re- 
mainder of the Purchase. Mississippi Territory was also formed, 
being the present States of Alabama 2 and Mississippi. 

1 The oldest settlement in the present bounds of Michigan was made at 
Sault Ste. Marie, in 1668, by Jacques Marquette and Claude Dablon. Three 
years later Marquette gathered the Hurons into a settlement near St. Ignace, 
on the northern mainland of Michigan. Here he established a chapel. 
Detroit was settled in 1701 by the French. 

2 The first settlement in Alabama was by Le Moyne d'Iberville, in 1702, 
at Mobile. 



250 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

404. The First Steamboat. — The attention of inventors 
had been directed to the appHcation of steam to modes of travel, 
and several steamboats had been attempted ; but to Robert Ful- 



'\^^i'^^^- 





The "Clermont." 



ton was reserved the credit of first making an asstired success. 
He prepared his boat, the " Clermont," and launched it in 1807. 
The name " Fulton's Folly " had been given to it while in prep- 
aration, and no one expected that the claim of Fulton would 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 25 1 

be realized. But the boat moved, and it kept moving until it 
reached Albany. The splendid boats that now ply the Hudson 
filled with the wealth and elegance of America, are forgotten 
almost before they are left by their eager passengers, but this trip 
and this boat will never be forgotten. 

405. Slave Importation forbidden. — Congress passed a 
law which in 1808 made it unlawful for any person to bring 
slaves into the United States. At first slavery existed in all the 
Colonies, but was considered as of baneful influence even by 
slaveholders. Although a slave 1 owner Jefferson supported 
the law. 

406. The Elections. — The Federalists put up Charles C. 
Pinckney- in this election, and failed. Jefferson refused a re- 
nomination, and the Republican (Democratic) party nominated 
and elected James Madison of Virginia for President, and George 
Clinton^ of New York for Vice-President. 

1 Slavery was introduced into Virginia in 1619; into Massachusetts in 
1638; into South Carolina by Sir John Yeamans in 1671 ; into Georgia in 
1 75 1. The first American slave ship was built at Marblehead, Mass., in 
1636, and was named " Desire." 

2 Charles Cotes worth Pinckney was born in Charleston, S.C., in 1746, and 
died in 1825. He was graduated in Oxford, England, and was a gallant soldier 
of the Revolution. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and 
became a leader of the Federal party in his native State. His famous retort 
to Talleyrand while in Paris (^T 391) gave him great distinction. He must 
not be confounded with Charles Pinckney, the eloquent senator and governor 
of South Carolina. 

3 George Clinton was one of the leading patriots of New York. He was 
a member of the Congress that adopted the Declaration of Independence, and 
voted for it, but, being elected to an important military office, was not present 
at the signing. He was the first governor of New York, and held that office 
eighteen years. He opposed the Constitution because it gave too little power 
to the States. He was one of tlie greatest leaders ever known in New York 
politics. He died in office in 1812. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS (1809-17). 



Leading Events. 



Right of Search and Naturalization. 
Battle of Tippecanoe (181 1). 
War with Great Britain (1812). 
Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit (1812). 



Battles on Northern Border (1813-14). 
War with the Creeks (1813). 
Campaign on Chesapeake (1814). 
Battle of New Orleans (1815). 



407. Disturbed Relations with England. — Madison,^ the 
" Father of the Constitution," was confronted at the very thresh- 
old of his administration with difficult 
questions then disturbing the relations 
of the United States with England 
and France. The Embargo Act had 
been abandoned, and the Non-inter- 
course Act was substituted. This left 
all ports of the world open to Ameri- 
cans except those of France and Eng- 
land, and satisfied the demands of 
tliose States which threatened to leave 
the Union if the embargo continued. 
408. Right of Search and lm= 
pressment. — One of the doctrines which grew out of the Rev- 
olutionary war was expatriation, or the right to give up one's own 

' James Madison was born in Prince George County, Va., in 1751, and 
died in 1836. Graduating from Princeton College in 1771, he was elected 
the next year to the Convention of Virginia. He was defeated at the next 
election because he refused to " treat " the voters. The Assembly elected 
him, however, to Congress, in which he became one of the most prominent 
men. He was a member of the convention that adopted the Constitution, 
and one of the three great writers for the Federalist. He was a mediator 
rather than a partisan in the great struggle between the patriots Jefferson and 

252 




James Madison. 



MADISON'S ADMIXISTRATION. 253 

country, and to swear allegiance to another. England held the 
contrary doctrine ; and the common expression for the English 
belief was, " Once an Englishman, always an Englishman." The 
belief of the Briti.sh led to a claim which Americans, for lack of 
ships, could not successfully resist for several years. This was 
the right of search for British subjects. Under this claim our 
vessels were stopped and searched. Within eight years nearly 
one thousand vessels were searched, and over six thousand of 
our citizens impressed into the British Navy on the plea that they 
were British subjects. 

409. Naturalization. — As Americans believed that foreign- 
ers had a right to become citizens of the United States, it became 
necessary to define the process of investing an alien or foreign- 
born person with the rights and privileges of a native. This was 
done by the passage of the Naturalization Laws (1802). By 
these each foreigner was required to file with the proper officer 
a statement declaring his intention to become a citizen of the 
United States, and to renounce his allegiance to the country of 
his birth. This, after a certain number of years of actual resi- 
dence in the country, made him a naturalized citizen. America 
invited citizen's from all parts of the globe. A solemn oath cut 
them off from their old homes, and an actual residence of five 
years was apt to make them think and act like Americans. 

410. The Affair of the "President." — In 181 1 an affair 
occurred on the ocean which aggravated the war feeling in 
America. The United States frigate " President," under Com- 
modore Rogers, hailed in the dusk of the evening a passing ves- 
sel, and was answered by a cannon-ball. This was an insult 
which Rogers could not brook, and he answered the salutation 
with a broadside, and repeated it until he was asked to desist. 
Then haih'ng the vessel as at first, he was politely answered. The 

Hamilton. He was the "confidential, personal, and political friend of Jef- 
ferson during his administration. His triumphs were those of pure reason. 
His public and private life were above reproach." 




li ington 



(255) 



256 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



vessel, now completely disabled, proved to be the British ship of 
war " Little Belt." This splendid victory made the people glad, 
and "Free trade and sailors' rights! " became the poj)ular cry. 
But Madison clung to a peace policy, and hoped to settle the 
difficulty without an appeal to arms. In his own party there was 
a younger and rising element, headed by Henry Clay^ and John 
C. Calhoun, which asked for immediate action, and told Mr. 
Madison that if war was not declared, the next Republican nom- 
ination would not go to him. 

411. The Battle of Tippecanoe. — The enmity to Great 
Britain was increased by outbreaks of the Indians in Indiana 
Territory, which the j)eople claimed were caused by the English 
in Canada. Tecumseh, a famous Indian chief, with several 




Battle of Tippi-cavoe. 

tribes, threatened the frontier line of white settlements in Ohio 
and Indiana. Kentucky was again called on for help ; and with 

1 Clay's resolution in the Kentucky House of Represent.itives, pledging 
Kentucky to war, total non-intercourse, or another embargo, was carried with 
only one opposing vote. "A surrender of liberty and independence, or a 
bold and independent resistance," were the first great words of the " Mill- 
boy of the Slashes," as Clay was called. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 257 

soldiers from that State and from Indiana Territory, of which he 
was governor, Gen. William Henry Harrison, a pupil of Wayne, 
marched into the wilderness of Indiana. He met the Indians on 
Tippecanoe Creek, in the sacred village of Tecumseh's brother, 
the Prophet, where it was said no white man could conquer, and 
gained a splendid victory (181 1). The heaviest loss ever sus- 
tained by the Indians in battle was inflicted here. 

412. War declared with Great Britain This battle 

drew the line between the war party and all others, and further 
escape from war was impossible. Congress voted to increase 
the army and navy, and on the i8th of June, 181 2, war was de- 
clared with Great Britain. England now offered to rescind the 
" Orders in Council," thus opening the ports of France to our 
merchant marine. There was a time Avhen this offer would have 
been accepted ; but as Madison believed that no permanent 
peace would ensue so long as the right of search was not expli- 
citly relinquished, and as England refused to treat upon these 
terms, the peace proposition failed. 

413. General Hull surrenders Detroit. — Gen. William 
Hull was placed in command in the west ; and he concentrated 
a large army at Detroit, where he was confronted by Gen. Brock. 
Just as the Americans were expecting orders to fight, Hull ran up 
the white flag, and surrendered the fort (Aug. 16, 181 2). The 
country was indignant over this affair, and charged Hull with 
treason, cowardice, and neglect of duty. A court-martial found 
him guilty upon the last two charges, and sentenced him to be 
shot ; but, on account of previous gallant conduct, he was par- 
doned by the President. 

414. Battle of Queenston Heights. — Gen. Van Rensselaer 
captured the fortified post at Queenston on the Niagara River, 
where he was assaulted by Brock, but without success. Brock 
fell, mortally wounded, and the British withdrew. Van Rensse- 
laer returned to New York for reenforcements, and while he was 
absent the British obtained recruits, and retook the fort (Oct. 13, 

16 



25S 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



181 2), after one of the bloodiest assaults of the war, in which 
nearly all of the thousand Americans who defended it were killed. 
415. Naval Exploits. — In August (1812) Capt. David Por- 
ter captured the British man-of-war "Alert ; " and a few days later 
(Aug. 19) Capt. Hull defeated the British "Guerricre." In Octo- 
ber, Capt. Jones forced the " Frolic " to surrender, and was him- 
self captured, together with his prize, by the British " Poictiers." 
But a week later Capt. Decatur captured a packet ship, and 
afterwards defeated the British " Macedonian." In December 
Capt. Bainbridge defeated and blew up the British "Java," and 
earned for his ship, the " Constitution," the name " Old Ironsides." 




Battle bet^ueett ''Constitution" ami "Guerrierc' 



The American sloop " Hornet " met and sank the British 
"Peacock" in February (1813). The "Chesapeake" was not 
so successful in June, when she fought the British ship " Shan- 
non," and was obliged to surrender. Every officer was killed or 
wounded, and the dying Capt. Lawrence issued the gallant order, 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 259 

" Don't give up the ship." The naval event of the year, however, 
was the cruise of the " Essex," under Commodore Porter. He 
captured many prizes off South America and Africa, and pursued 
his course through the Paciiic to South America, where his ship 
was captured in March (1814) by two British war vessels that had 
been dispatched for that purpose. 

Besides these victories over the British Navy, the privateers 
sent out by the government under letters of marque, principally 
from Baltimore, captured about three hundred merchant ships, 
and took several thousand prisoners. Thus the United States 
was unexpectedly successful on the ocean, and in our little navy 
England had found, to her amazement and chagrin, a competi- 
tor that was successfully contesting with her the supremacy of 
the sea. 

416. The Presidential Election. — While these events were 
taking place on the ocean, the presidential election occurred in 
November (181 2). Two Democrats were voted for, — James 
Madison, and De Witt Clinton 1 of New York. De Witt Clinton 
was nominated by some of the more violent war Republicans 
(Democrats), and was also supported by the Federalists or peace 
party. Madison, the regular nominee, was reelected, with El- 
bridge Gerry of Massachusetts for Vice-President. The Vice- 
President, George Clinton, died in the preceding April, and was 
succeeded by the president of the Senate, WiUiam H. Crawford 
of Georgia. 

417. The Earthquake at New Madrid. — In 181 1 a great 
earthquake convulsed the valley of the Mississippi, beginning at 
the mouth of the Ohio, and extending three hundred miles to the 

1 De Witt Clinton was born at Little Britain, N.Y., March 2, 1769, and 
died at Albany, Feb. 11, 1828. He was a nephew of George Clinton, and 
his whole life was given to the pubHc service. He was eloquent and learned. 
He was one of the first promoters of the Erie Canal, and' was preeminent 
among statesmen for his patronage of learning and schools. His belief was, 
that, in promoting the interests of moral and intellectual cultivation, there 
can be no prodigality in the application of the public treasure. 



26o 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPIE. 



south. The disturbances lasted several months, and a large por- 
tion of country near New Madrid was sunk and submerged. 
These lands in Arkansas and Missouri have taken the name 
" sunk lands." The St. Francis River changed its channel, and a 
series of lakes took the place of the old bed. 



DETROIT 

'-^onrdfe Perry t -^ / 

r"r 'ivrcdo^^Aj?P'-"J''^13 Cleveland/ 

j j AVayneX^t.MVfc&^.C^'**^ , 

ipheuson l 1 

T. « - V Ravenna 

Penance) iT-tf ( 

-■ Tiffin Wooster' 

anton ° 





'ansfield" 



"Kanliat 

'^'J^iri^'" •?) ■ Tort 

O I T ^( , '^r Wayne 

'^ ■ Logansport > _^-^ 

^ Tippecanoe f -^ 

■^ JJov.7,lsnX ' 

:,^ i -v*>V^ oTipt, 

Urbina ! ..n>.y-^ ^ Ijifavette 
BanvnieX:^ ^ oCrawfordsv^^^^ ^ V^"-'; j ^ ^^^^^OLUM^^ ,,,°^- 



ii-hmond 




Mt. Vernon 

^ yZanesvflli 



A/a/> sho7vmg Western Battlefields. 

418. The Massacre at the River Raisin. — A detachment 
of Americans, chiefly Kentuckians, crossed Lake Erie upon the 
ice, and drove the British from Frenchtown (now Monroe, Mich.) 
on the river Raisin. Soon after, Col. Proctor, with a large force 
of British and Indians, attacked the Americans at this place, and 
routed them (Jan. 22, 1813). Gen. Winchester, in surrendering, 
exacted a promise from Col. Proctor that his troops should have 
protection from the Indians. Despite this promise, the Indians 
began their work of butchering immediately after the surrender. 
They tomahawked, scalped, and burned the defenseless men. 
Out of a thousand brave men, only about forty escaped. 

419. Other Engagements. — Gen. Dearborn attacked and 
plundered Toronto in April. In May, 181 3, Harrison was sur- 
rounded at Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, and besieged by a large 
force under Proctor and Tecumseh. Gen. Clay marched to his 



MA DISON ' S A DM IN IS TEA TION. 



261 



relief and defeated the British, but lost a detachment of gallant 
troops under Col. Dudley. Early in August, Proctor and Tecum- 
seh fell upon Fort Stephenson (Fremont, 
O.), but Major Croghan defended it with 
such spirit as to make them withdraw. A 
few weeks later the British attempted to 
capture Sackett's Harbor, but were re- 
pulsed ; and at the same time the Ameri- 
can troops captured Fort George at the 
mouth of the Niagara. 

420. The Battle of Lake Erie. — The 

English, with a great array of battleships, 
were sweeping Lake Erie, when Commodore Perry gathered 
together a number of ships, attacked Capt. Barclay, and defeated 
him (Sept. 10, 18 13). More famous even than the battle has 




C om)iwdo7 e 1\> ry. 




Battle of Lake Erie. 



262 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



become the report which Perry sent to Gen. Harrison, " We have 
met the enemy, and they are ours, — two ships, two brigs, one 
schooner, and one sloop." 

421. The Battle of the Thames. — Gen. Harrison crossed 
into Canada after Perry's victory, and compelled Proctor and 
Tecumseh to give battle on the river Thames (Oct. 5, 18 13). 
The attack of the Western soldiers, led by Col. Johnson, was 
irresistible. " Remember the Raisin ! " was in every mouth ; and 
in eight minutes the British regulars surrendered, while the In- 
dians scattered like autumn leaves. Tecumseh was slain, and 
Detroit and the Raisin were retrieved. 

422. Battles about Niagara. — Gen. Scott attacked the 
British at Chippewa (July 5, 18 14) on the Canada shore, and 

carried everything before him. Three 
weeks after this, amid the roar and 
almost within the spray of the mighty 
cataract of Niagara, was fought the 
battle of Niagara, sometimes called 
Bridgewater, and sometimes Lundy's 
Lane. The battle began at sundown, 
and continued until after midnight. 
Gen. Scott had two horses shot un- 
der him, and was finally wounded 
himself. 

423. Battle of Plattsburg. — 

This was a combined land and navai 
action. Gen. Macomb commanded 
tJie American land forces, and Com- 
modore MacDonough the flotilla. 
The British land forces were com- 
manded by Gen. Prevost, while the fleet was commanded by 
Commodore Downie. At the first shot from the enemy, an 
American rooster flew to the mainmast, and crowed long and 
loud. The Americans threw up their hats, and cheered the 




Map 0/ Niagara Froifier. 



MADISON'S ADMIXISTRA TION. 



263 




1 D A 



rooster with defiant shouts. Commodore Downie was killed, 
and the British fleet surrendered (September, 18 14), Prevost 
retreated, and there was no more fighting in that quarter. 

424. War with the Creeks. — The Creek Indians of Geor- 
gia and Alabama took up the quarrel of the Shawnees of the 
Northwest, and on Aug. 30, 1813, 
appeared in large numbers at Fort 
Mims, near the lower Alabama Riv- 
er, and captured it. The prisoners 
were all massacred. This aroused 
the Americans, and the militia of 
Georgia and Tennessee turned out 
in large numbers, with Andrew Jack- 
son in supreme command. Gen. 
Floyd, with a detachment of Geor- 
gians, met the Indians at Calabee 
and at Autossee, and defeated them. ? ""-" '^i" ii! ii! il" 

Gen. Coffee, with troops from the Scene 0/ the Creek War. 

" Volunteer State," attacked the Indians at Tallassahatchee on 
Nov. 3, and was successful. Jackson himself gained a complete 
victory on the 8th at Talladega, and an- 
other at Emucfaw a few days after. 

425. Battle of the Horseshoe Bend. 
After all their reverses, a last rally was 
made by Weathersf ord ^ and his brave 
Creeks at Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend 
of the Tallapoosa River. The Indians, 
with twelve hundred warriors, were ready 
for battle. Gen. Jackson, with a superior 
force, attacked them front and rear (March 
27, 1 8 14) with irresistible effect. Nearly 
half the Creeks were slain by the deadly rifles of the Tennessee 

1 Weathersford was a half-breed Creek leader, and a brave man. At the 
surrender he said to Jackson, " I am in your power. Do with me as you 
please. I am a soldier. I have done the white people all the harm I could. 




/; iat/uts/oni 



264 



TIT STORY OF T/fE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



•nrpfitowh tr^ \ \ -f* 

; ^ 



o^ O'^Georgetowh 



militia. Peace followed, and with it another Indian cession of 
territory. 

426. Bladensburg and the Capture of Washington 

During the summer of 18 13 the British fleet under Admiral George 
Cockburn did much damage on the Atlantic coast. The New 
England coast was completely blockaded, and the coast on each 
side of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays was ravaged, and 
much property destroyed. Frenchtown, Georgetown, Havre de 

Grace, and Fredericktown were 
burned. Major-Gen. Ross, with 
three thousand veterans fresh 
from a campaign against Napo- 
leon, entered the Chesapeake in 
August, and proceeded on his 
march to Washington. Gen. Win- 
der gathered the Maryland and 
Virginia militia at Bladensburg, 
about six miles from Washington, 
where a severe battle was fought 
(Aug. 24, 1 8 14), but without suc- 
cess. The veterans of Europe 
were held at bay for two hours 
by the spirited resistance of the 
Americans. Ross pushed on, and 
entered Washington that night. The President and all the officers 
had hastily departed. Ross staid twenty-four hours in the Amer- 

I have fought them, and fought them bravely. If I had an army, I would 
yet fight, and contend to the last ; but I have none. My people are all gone. 
My warriors can no longer hear my voice. Their bones are at Talladega, 
Tallassahatchee, Emucfaw, and Tohopeka. I have not surrendered mvsclf 
thoughtlessly. Whilst there were chances for success, I never left my post 
nor supplicated peace. But my people are gone, and I now ask it for myself 
and for my nation. The women and children of the war party who are now 
starving in the woods call for peace." Tlie crowd grew restless here, and sev- 
eral soldiers cried, " Kill him ! " Jackson, in his peculiarly imperious manner, 
shouted, "Any man who could kill as brave a man as this, would rob the 
dead!" Weatliersford retained the respect of the whites for many years. 




MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 265 

ican capital, and while there destroyed two million -dollars' worth 
of property, including the Capitol and other public buildings. 

427. Movements on Baltimore. — While Ross and Cock- 
burn attacked Washington, Sir Peter Parker was sent to capture 
Baltimore. At Caulk's Field, in Kent County, an engagement 
occurred in which Sir Peter Parker was slain (Aug. 31, 18 14). 
Ross landed on Sept. 11 at North Point, where a desperate 
encounter occurred, in which he was killed. 

428. Bombardment of Fort McHenry. — The British laid 
aside the musket for the mortar and bomb. Col. George Armi- 
stead, in command at Fort McHenry, a fortress which com- 
manded the approach to Baltimore 
from the water side, was attacked 
by the British fleet with a vigor 
almost unparalleled. The bom- 
bardment began at two o'clock 
on Tuesday morning, Sept. 14, 
1 8 14, and lasted without intermis- 
sion till one o'clock on Wednes- 
day morning. Over eighteen hun- 
dred shells were hurled at this 
splendid fort without effect. The 
American flag floated defiantly 
through shot and shell all day and 
night ; and when the eager eyes of 
the Baltimoreans were turned at daybreak towards the fort, " the 
flag was still there," and the city was saved. ^ The defense of 
Baltimore retrieved the loss of Washington. Baltimore reared 

1 Francis Scott Key, from the deck of one of the enemy's ships, had 
watched the flag all day, and as long as the bombs shot through the midnight 
darkness he knew that the fort was holding oiif. But the sullen silence from 
one o'clock to daybreak led him to believe that his gallant countrymen had 
given way; and, when the gray light of the eastern sky showed the floating 
folds of the stars and stripes " still there," he composed that great American 
song, The Star-Spangled Banner, to commemorate the action. Key was 
born in Maryland in 1779, and was a distinguished jurist and poet. 




Col. George A rmistead. 



266 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

a splendid monument in the center of the city in honor of the 
" Old Defenders." 

429. The Hartford Convention. — The New England States 
resolved to take decisive steps to maintain their rights. They 
had refused to permit their militia to be sent out of their States 
to carry on war that they thought unnecessary. ^ Besides this, 
the administration had refused to pay the claims of their militia 
when called out for their local defense. Delegates from all the 
New England States met at Hartford on Dec. 15, 1814, and pro- 
ceeded to deliberate with closed doors. No one knows to this 
day what was really done by this body. They adopted resolu- 
tions which show that they had determined on one of two things, 
— a change of national policy, or a separate government of their 
own. A second convention that was to meet for more decisive 
action was rendered unnecessary by the cessation of the war. 

430. Battle of New Orleans. — Twelve thousand veterans 
from Europe landed at the mouth of the Mississippi, and marched 
towards New Orleans. Gen. Jackson hastened to that place, 
and began to put it in an attitude of defense. With few men 
and little time, the " born general " got ready to resist the best- 
trained British army that ever landed on American soil. With 
cotton bales an impregnable breastwork was formed ; and behind 
this the gallant Kentuckians, Mississippians,- and Tennesseeans, 
with the citizens and slaves of New Orleans, stood ready to hold 
the place to the end. The Enghsh general, Pakenham, led the 
charge, only to be signally repulsed (Jan. 8, 181 5). Pakenham 
was killed, and the British retreated. This was the most brilliant 
victory of the war. The British loss exceeded two thousand ; 
while the American loss was but thirteen. 

1 The Federalists in New England had during the previous year (1813) 
denounced the war as unholy, wicked, base, cruel, and unjust. The pulpits 
advocated disunion as the only remedy. 

2 So eager were the Mississippians to go to New Orleans, that men enough 
were not left at home to guard the country. A draft was set up by the clerks 
to determine who should stay at hom^, 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 267 

431. Treaty of Peace. — While the people were exulting 
over Jackson's victory, the news came that terms of peace had 
been agreed upon at Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814). It was seen that 
the battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty of peace, 
but no one cried about that. Everybody was glad that peace 
had been made, and no one cared to investigate the terms upon 
which it had been made. The object for which the war had 
been undertaken was not named in the treaty, but no right to 
search American ships has since been asserted by England. 

432. The Algerine Pirates (1815) The pirates of Algiers 

and Tripoli took advantage of our war with Great Britain to re- 
new their lawless attacks upon our commerce. This war being 
over, Congress now resolved to teach them to respect the Amer- 
ican name. Capt. Decatur was sent to the Mediterranean with 
a fleet, which forced the Dey of Algiers to give security for his 
future conduct, and to pay our government for the recent pil- 
lages. We have had no trouble with the petty powers of North 
Africa since that day. 

433. New States. — The Territory of Orleans, under the 
name "State of Louisiana," was admitted to the Union on- 
April 30, 181 2, as the eighteenth State ; and soon after, the name 
of "the Territory of Louisiana," which included the present States 
of Arkansas and Missouri, was changed to that of "the Missouri 
Territory." St. Louis was the capital. Louisiana was the first 
State erected out of the Louisiana Purchase. The second State 
formed from the Northwest Territory was that of Indiana, which 
was admitted into the Union Dec. 1 1, 18 16, as the nineteenth State. 



CHAPTER XL. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS (1817-25). 



Leading Events. 



First Seminole War (1818). 
First Ocean Steamer (1819). 
Purchase of Florida (1819). 



The Missouri Compromise (1820). 
The Monroe Doctrine (1823). 
Lafayette's Visit (1824). 




434. The Elections. — The Republicans (Democrats) nom- 
inated James Monroe ^ of Virginia for President, and Daniel D. 

Tompkins of New York for Vice- 
President. The Federal party nomi- 
nated Rufus King of New York, and 
John Eager Howard of Maryland. 
The Republican (Democratic) ticket 
was elected by an immense majority. 
435- The Cabinet, — Monroe's 
cabinet, made up of men thoroughly 
identified with his political views, 
was noted for its ability. John 
Quincy Adams of Massachusetts 
was secretary of state; William H. 
Crawford of Georgia, secretary of the treasury ; John C. Calhoun 
of South Carolina, secretary of war ; William Wirt of Virginia, 
attorney-general ; and Benjamin W. Crowninshield of Massa- 
chusetts, secretary of the navy. 

1 James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Va., in 175^' ^^^ 
died in New York in 1831. He was educated at William and Mary College, 
and served with distinction in the American Army during the Revolution. 
He held many responsible positions in his State, and opposed the adoption of 
the Constitution because it gave too much power to the Federal Government. 
He was sent as envoy extraordinary to France in 1802 to aid the resident 
minister, Edward Livingston, in negotiations for the purchase of Louisiana. 

268 



Jaiiies Mo7iroe. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 269 

4j6. The Message of Monroe to Congress was applauded 
by all parties, and an era of peace and good will set in. The 
internal revenue taxes were abolished, and a pension act passed 
to relieve the soldiers of the two great wars with Great Britain. 

437. The Seminole War. — The Seminole Indians of Florida 
began a series of attacks (18 18) upon the people of the neigh- 
boring States, and Gen. Jackson was sent to subdue them. With 
a thousand men, he marched into the Indian country, where, 
finding them succored by the Spanish authorities, he invaded 
Florida and captured the Spanish fortress St. Marks. The Span- 
iards at Pensacola continued to aid and assist the Indians, until 
Jackson drove them out, and hoisted the American flag over that 
town. Following up his successes, he finally compelled the Span- 
ish governor to sail for Havana. This effectually silenced two 
objectionable elements, — the Seminoles and the Spaniards. The 
tough fiber of Jackson earned for him the title " Old Hickory." 




The '^Savannah." 

438. The First Ocean Steamer. — The old sailing vessels 
had been doing faithful service for thousands of years, but were 

He was twice governor of Virginia, and secretary of state under Madison ; a 
statesman of large practical powers, but not distinguished for oratory. 



270 



inSTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



compelled in this last century to give place to ships of more rapid 
transit. The ship "Savannah" crossed the ocean (181 9) from the 
city of the same name, displayed its graces to wondering Europe, 
and changed the carrying trade of the world. The three-months' 
voyage to Europe was forever displaced by the quicker mode of 
travel. The trip is now made in less than six days. 

439. The Purchase of Florida. — The Spanish Govern- 
ment, having been put out of possession of Florida by Gen. 
Jackson, sold the tenitory to the United States in 181 9 for five 
million dollars. Thus the possession of the Floridas by Spain, 




Map of United States hi 1819. 

which had continued with but slight interruption for three hun- 
dred years, came to an end. St. Augustine was almost the only 
town in all that region. The Spanish treaty not only gave the 
United States what is now called Florida, but settled the dispute 
over West Florida, on the east side of the Mississippi. 

440. The Missouri Compromise. — The question of slavery 
became an exciting one when Missouri asked for admission into 
the Union. Missouri had slaves, and there were those in Con- 
gress who objected to increasing the number of slave States. 
Louisiana had been bought with slavery already existing upon 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 271 

her territory. Should all the Louisiana Purchase be cut up into 
slave States, the power of those States would be supreme in the 
government. The House voted to exclude slavery from Missouri, 
but the Senate voted to let the new State enter without this re- 
striction. The debate was long and bitter (i 818-21). Senator 
Thomas of lUinois introduced what is known as the " Missouri 
Compromise Bill," which permitted Missouri to come into the 
Union without any restriction whatever, but provided that in all 
other States formed out of the Louisiana Purchase, lying north 
of the parallel 36° 30', slavery should be prohibited. This was 
adopted, and Missouri was admitted as a slave State. 

441. The Monroe Doctrine. — The South American Repub- 
lics, together with that of Mexico, were struggling for freedom, 
and Monroe in an address to Congress (1823) advised that body 
to recognize their independence. Austria, Prussia, and Russia, 
called the " Holy Alliance," were preparing to help Spain in the 
subjugation of her American provinces. Monroe said, " As a 
principle, the American continents are henceforth not to be con- 
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European 
power." This is called the " Monroe Doctrine," and, when it 
was announced, it broke the European coalition. 

442. The Era of Growth. — During Monroe's administra- 
tion many new States were admitted into the Union, and nearly 
all of the territory east of the Mississippi had assumed this rela- 




Map showing the National Road. 

tion. Mississippi was admitted in 181 7, Illinois in 1818, Ala- 
bama in 18 1 9, Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. Westward 



272 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

the tide of empire set its way, and in the valley of the Mississippi 
a new world was begun. 

The Erie Canal, from the Hudson River by way of the Mo- 
hawk Valley to Lake Erie at Buffalo, was begun in 181 7, and 
constructed chiefly through the perseverance of De Witt Clinton, 
and in spite of fierce opposition from those who not only con- 
sidered the enterprise impracticable, but were opposed to such 
an application of public moneys. The opening of the canal in 
October, 1825, was celebrated by the ringing of bells and the 
firing of cannon along its route. The canal became at once the 
great route between the East and the West, and, except when 
closed with ice in the winter, there was a constant passage through 
it of passengers and merchandise to the West, and of western 
farm products to the East. It helped to settle western New 
York, and enabled that State to pass Virginia, which until that 
time had been first in population. 

The Cumberland Road, or, as it soon came to be known, the 
National Road, was begun in 181 2, and built by the government, 
from Cumberland, Md., to Wheehng, and during Monroe's admin- 
istration it was continued to Zanesville on the Muskingum.^ To 
this road Baltimore, Washington, and other cities were joined 
by turnpikes. Over the National Road large emigrant bands 
from Maryland and Virginia passed into Kentucky, southern 
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Steamboats on the Lakes carried 
the New Englanders into northern Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 
while steamboats on the Ohio distributed the adventurous sons of 
all sections to the banks of the Mississippi and its tributaries. 

443. Lafayette's Visit. — During the last year of Monroe's 
administration, Gen. Lafayette visited the United States, and 
traveled in most of them. Everybody hailed the generous 
French patriot with delight, and his trip was an ovation from 

1 This road, originally projected to the Mississippi, was extended west- 
ward from Zanesville during J. Q. Adams's administration, and some work 
was done upon it in Indiana ; but it was turned over by President Jackson to 
the States through which it passed. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATIOy. 



273 




Scttlo-s goiiig II 'fs/. 



beginning to end. At Boston he laid the corner stone of Bun- 
ker Hill Monument on the day of the fiftieth anniversary of the 
battle. Congress gave him two hundred thousand dollars and a 
township of land, as a return for his great services in the dark 
days of the Revolution. 

444. The Elections. — Monroe, following the precedent of 
Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, declined a third term. The 
custom for twenty years had been for the congressmen to agree 
upon the one that should make the race for President in each 
party. This election sounded the death-knell of the congres- 
sional caucus, and prepared the way for national conventions of 
delegates, and for parties with announced platforms. The Re- 
pubHcan (Democratic) caucus nominated WilHam H. Crawford of 
Georgia for President, and Albert Gallatin of Pennsylvania for 
Vice-President. The latter declined, and the place was filled by 
substituting for Mr. Gallatin the name of John C. Calhoun of 
South Carolina. The Federals made no nomination. The re- 
sult was, that the people voted for a great many candidates who 
17 



274 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

had not been considered by the caucus. The electoral vote 
stood for President, 99 for Andrew Jackson, 84 for John Quincy 
Adams, 41 for Wilham H. Crawford, and 37 for Henry Clay. 
There being no opposition to Calhoun for Vice-President, he was 
declared elected. There being no election of President in the 
electoral college, the matter was thrown into the House of Repre- 
sentatives for decision, according to the requirements of the Con- 
stitution. This body decided the contest by selecting John 
Quincy Adams for President. 



CHAPTER XLI. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S 1 ADMINISTRATION (1825-29). 



Leading Events. 



Republican becomes Democratic 

Party (1828). 
Slavery and the Tariff (1828). 



Death of Adams and Jefferson (1826). 
Railroads (1828-31). 
The Elections (1838). 




445. Parties. — There had always been two parties holding 
distinct ideas as to the powers of the Constitution : ( i ) the strict 

constructionists, (2) the liberal con- 
structionists. The first idea was ad- 
vanced by the earliest Republican 
(Democratic) expounders of the 
Constitution, and grew in power as 
the party advanced in age. The 
second idea was held by the Feder- 
alists, and then by the Whigs. Strict 
construction required the words of 
the Constitution to be taken in their 
ordinary use, without any extension 
by way of explanation, and de- 
manded that the Federal Government should be confined to its 
specific and limited sphere of delegated powers. Liberal con- 

1 John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was born at Braintree, Mass., 
in 1767, and died in 1848. He had an excellent education, beginning with a 
superior mother, and continued in the best schools at Paris, Leyden, The 
Hague, and at Harvard College. He was minister to Holland under Wash- 
ington, and to Berlin under his father. He was elected to the United States 
Senate by the Federalists of Massachusetts, but resigned this position after 
voting for Jefferson's Embargo Act. He gave greater offense by charging 
some of the Federal leaders in Massachusetts with a plot to dissolve the 
Union. From this time until the division of the Republican (Democratic) 
party, about 1828, he acted with that party. Madison made him minister to 
Russia, and afterwards to Great Britain. He helped to negotiate the Treaty 

275 



JoJui Quincy Adams. 



276 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

struction required the words to be taken in their most extended 
sense, enlarging by inference and implication the powers of gen- 
eral government. Strict construction magnified the States, while 
liberal construction magnified the Federal Government.^ 

446. Protective Tariff. — During this administration political 
excitement ran high, and the era of good feeling which had pre- 
vailed for a number of years came to an end. The chief subject 
of discussion was the policy of high tariffs and internal improve- 
ments which had begun under the preceding administration. 
For a number of years American manufactures had been unprof- 
itable, and in 1824 Congress had passed a tariff act increasing 
the duties on imports which came in competition with American 
manufactures. Such a tariff is called a " protective tariff," as it 
aims to protect home manufactures, a tariff designed simply to 
raise revenue being called a "revenue tariff." In 1828 a still 
higher tariff law was passed, and a part of the revenue was ex- 
pended in internal improvements. The combination of a pro- 
tective tariff and internal improvements was called " The Ameri- 
can System," and was advocated by Mr. Clay and the Whig 
party, which was soon afterwards formed. Since most of the 
manufactories were in the North, the people of the South claimed, 
that, although the high tariff might benefit the North, it produced 

of Ghent, and was appointed by Monroe to the cabinet position which he held 
for eight years. He ran for the presidency with three other Republicans 
(Democrats), all professing about the same creed, and was elected. After his 
term of office expired, he was sent to Congress for seventeen years from his 
native district. The last years of his life in Congress were devoted to an 
inflexible opposition to slavery. He was called the " Old Man Eloquent." 

1 During Washington's administration certain statesmen argued that Ham- 
ilton as secretary of the treasury assumed powers for the National Government 
not granted by the Constitution. The leader of this movement was Thomas 
Jefferson, and the party that accepted its conclusions was called the " Repub- 
lican " party. It retained this title from 1792 to 1828, when it took its pres- 
ent name, the "Democratic" party. Hamilton argued that the powers in 
question were all implied in the Constitution, and were lawful. His follow- 
ers were called " Federalists," and retained an organization until 1828, when 
the National Republican party succeeded them, to be followed in 1833 by the 
Whigs, and in 1854 by the present Republican party. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 



277 



no benefit to their section. The advocates of the American 
System, on the other hand, maintained that the planters of the 
South were benefited by having a nearer market and better prices 
for their cotton. The Legislatures of several Southern States 
protested against the tariff act of 1828 as unconstitutional, and 
the South as a whole considered itself very unfairly treated. 

447. Internal Improvements. — The strict constructionists 
claimed that improvements wholly within a State should be made 
by the State, and not by the General Government. The other 
party held that it was the duty of the General Government to 
help the States to build canals, and to make turnpikes and all 
other improvements. The same principles were at stake in the 
matter of a United States Bank. Congress had passed a pro- 
tective tariff, had established a bank, and was appropriating the 
moneys of the government to aid internal improvements. Thus 
the people divided into parties based upon differences of view as 
to the organic law of the land. Throughout Adams's adminis- 
tration the issues were being formed. 

448. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. — 

The fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence 
(July 4, 1826) was sad- 
dened by the news that 
two of the most promi- 
nent men connected 
with the forming of 
that instrument and of 
the government had 
died upon the same 
day. John Adams died 
at Quincy, Mass., and 
Thomas Jefferson at 
Monticello, Va. 




MonticeUo. 



449. Railroads. — Maryland pushed steam into its greatest 
prominence this year by the construction of locomotives that 



278 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



could propel themselves around curves. In 1828 the ground was 
broken in Maryland for a railroad to the West, — the beginning 
of the great Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Charles Carroll of 
CarroUton was its president, and at that time was the only signer 
of the Declaration of Independence living. His remark as he 
struck the spade into the ground was a high compliment to rail- 
roads. He said, " I consider this among the important acts of 
my life, second only to that of signing the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, if second even to that." 

For two years the cars were pulled by horses and mules. 
Then Evan Thomas constructed a car with sails, which he called 
the "yEolus." This ran easily and well, though 
it had to travel the way the wind blew. Then 
Peter Cooper constructed in Baltimore a loco- 
motive which met every condition, and dispensed 
with horses, mules, and sails. The first trip ever 
made with an American engine was made by 
Peter Cooper and a few friends, between Balti- 
more and Elhcott's Mills, on Aug. 28, 1830. The 
trip, thirteen miles, was made in fifty-seven minutes. This same 
road now boasts of locomotives that will pull immense trains of 
cars from Baltimore to Cincinnati in twenty hours, without regard 
to the immense Alleghanies that tower between. The same year 
saw the opening of the 
Charleston and Ham- 
burg Railroad in South 
Carolina, and of the 
Petersburg Railroad in 
North Carolina. In 
1 83 1 the Mohawk and 
Hudson was opened in New York. To-day the railroads are 
everywhere, and distance is no longer an obstacle. ^ 

1 The New York and Erie Canal connecting Albany and Buffalo, and the 
Pennsylvania Canal connecting Philadelphia with Pittsburg, gave the States 
of New York and Pennsylvania great advantages over the hitherto leading 




The "Aiolus.' 




A—i 



Firsi Locomoth'e in America. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 279 

450. The Elections. — The Legislature of Tennessee in open 
session nominated Gen. Andrew Jackson for President, and 
called upon the other States to ratify this action. " Measures, 
not men," was the rallying cry of the campaign. Jackson was 
put forward as the candidate representing the opposition to the 
tariff and internal improvement measures passed by Congress. 
The party that he represented took the name " Democratic 
Party ; " while the administration supporters took the name 
" National Republican," and nominated John Quincy Adams 
for the presidency. Gen. Jackson was elected by a large major- 
ity. The administration of Adams was noted for its economy 
and for the abiUty of the cabinet. Many of the President's 
recommendations, although ridiculed at the time, have since 
become laws, adding honor and renown to the country. 

States, Virginia and Maryland. The latter States began the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal to the West. Not satisfied with this, and being desirous of 
bringing and retaining within their borders mechanics, manufacturers, mer- 
chants, and agriculturalists, they had a survey made of the country between 
the tide water of the Potomac and the Ohio River for the purpose of con- 
structing another canal. Gen. Bernard, Col. Totten, and John L. Sullivan 
were appointed by the President of the United States to make the survey. 
In 1826 a report was made, fixing the cost at $22,375,000. This was so 
great as to paralyze the energies of the Marylanders and Virginians. Driven 
from their canal project, and seeing their trade from the West diverted to 
the Northeast, they began to devise other means to connect themselves with 
the West. In 1827 a committee met at Baltimore, and recommended the 
building of a railroad from Baltimore to the Ohio River. The State granted 
a charter in 1827, and the ground was broken in 1828. Thus began the rail- 
road enterprise of America. 



CHAPTER XLII. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS (1829-37). 



Nullification (1832). 
Jackson's Vetoes (1831-37). 
Black Hawk War (1831-32). 



Leading Events. 

Removal of the Indians (1837-38). 
The Florida War (1835-38). 
Growth of Conventions. 



451. Civil-Service "Spoils." — Gen. Jackson^ began his ad- 
ministration by surrounding himself with men whom he could trust. 

Responsible to the country for 

the execution of the laws, he 
placed in office only such men 
as held the same political 
principles as himself, thus se- 
curing not only the ability, but 
also the active cooperation, 
of his assistants. Ability was 
held to be a requisite in all 
cases, but along with this Jack- 
son demanded a kindred polit- 
ical sentiment. Senator Marcy 
of New York uttered this senti- 
ment : " To the victors belong 
the spoils." Jackson followed 
it pretty closely during his administration ; and to a greater or 
less extent it has been followed by every administration since. 

1 Andrew Jackson was born in 1767 in the Waxhaw Settlement on 
the border between North and South Carohna, and died in 1845. He 
had little education, but great independence of character. His father 
died poor the year in which he was born. He entered the Revolution- 
ary army in 1781. He studied law in Salisbury, N. C, and moved to 
Nashville, Tenn. He helped to frame the first constitution of that State, and 

280 




Andrew Jackson. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 281 

452. The United States Bank.— The second charter of the 
bank was to expire in 1836, and Congress voted to renew it. 
Jackson vetoed the measure, and the bank soon perished. 

453- Nullification Ordinance.— The people of South Caro- 
lina met in a convention in 1832, and declared that the new 
tariff, being based upon the principle of protection to manufac- 
turers, and not upon that of raising revenue, was unconstitu- 
tional. Senator Hayne, in a speech of great abihty in the 
Senate of the United States, argued the ultimate right of a State 
to nuUify an Act of Congress, and was answered by Daniel 
Webster ^ in a speech of great eloquence, denying the right. 

454. Jackson's Proclamation. — The President decided 
the question by a proclamation (December, 1832) declaring that 
" the laws of the United States must be executed." This startled 
both friends and foes, and for thf time nullification was aban- 
doned. The prompt and decisive action of Gen. Jackson did 
more to plant the value of the Union in the hearts and minds 
of Americans than all the speeches that were made. Jackson 
was an anti- tariff man ; but he believed that nullification by a 
State was a greater evil than even a protective tariff, and acted 
vigorously in the matter. 

455. Clay's Compromise. — The Senate had three patriots 
in Clay, Calhoun, and Webster. They were men of command- 
was its first congressman. After tliis he was elected senator. This proving 
too slow a body for him, he resigned, and became judge of the Supreme Court 
of Tennessee. In the Creek war of 1814 he gained great popularity, which was 
greatly increased by the victory at New Orleans. This made him the idol of 
a large part of the country. He was bold, honest, and inflexible, and was 
justly called " the man of the people." 

1 Daniel Webster, statesman, jurist, and orator, was born in Salisbury (now 
Franklin), N.H., in 1782, and died in Marshfield, Mass., in 1852. He was 
graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801, and practiced law in his native 
town, and later in Boston. He entered Congress in 1813, where he served, 
except for a brief interval, until 1841. His most memorable parliamentary 
effort was this reply to Hayne, a powerful argument in defense of the Union 
and the Constitution. In 1850 he supported Clay's " Compromise Meas- 
ures " in his famous 7th of March speecli. 



282 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




intellect, unquestioned courage, and 
stiong convictions. Jackson asserted the 
\alidity of the law, but Clay so amend- 
—3 ed it as to make 
it unobjectionable 
to the contending 
parties. Clay's re- 
markable power in 
.bringing men to- 

John C. Calhoun l ' ^Hl^^ ^ ^ ..i r i ■ 

I ^^^J^p-^jjl getner won for him 

the title of "The 
Great Pacificatoi " 
The Tariff Com 
promise of 1833 
was based upon 
the principle that 
protection should 
be abandoned. By 

the bill all duties above the require- 
ments of revenue were to be gradu- 
ally reduced. The reduction was to 
go on for ten years, when all duties should be levied for revenue, 
and not for protection. After the passage of this bill, the South 
Carolina Convention met, and rescinded its ordinance. 

1 John C.ildwell Calhoun was born in Abbeville district, S.C., in 1782, 
and died in 1850. He was graduated with distinction at Yale. He entered 
Congress in 18 10, and won a national reputation as a leader before he had 
served his first term. He was held in high esteem by his State and party. 
His reputation for scholarship, logical power, and unimpassioned eloquence 
was not surpassed by that of any man in Congress. 

2 Henry Clay was born in "the Slashes" of Hanover County, Va. He 
studied law, and settled for practice in Lexington, Ky. He advocated the 
gradual abolition of slavery, and favored a tariff for protection. He began 
his career as a Republican (Democrat), but became the leader of the Whig 
party at its formation. As " Kentucky's favorite son," he held a high posi- 
tion in the esteem of the whole country, and was an orator of great power. 
For thirteen years he was speaker of the House of Representatives, and was 
admired by all parties for his courtesy, firmness, and accuracy. 




Daniel It 'ebster. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



283 



456. Internal Improvements. — The Maysville Road Bill 
passed both Houses of Congress; and Jackson vetoed it, as he 
did several others of the same kind. These vetoes stopped the 
flood of schemes and measures which were presenting themselves 
to Congress every day. The President and his party favored 
improvements, but held that it was not a function of the Gen- 
eral Government to carry them on. Such matters belonged to 
the States. 

457. The Black Hawk War. — The Sacs, Foxes, and Win- 
nebagoes, and the whites of Illinois, were in constant conflict. 
The fine cornfields north of Rock River in Wisconsin were too 
tempting to insure their pos- 
session to the savages. A 
treaty extorted from them 
transferred all this region to 
the United States for almost 
nothing. They afterwards 
refused to move, and war 
followed (1831-32). Gen. 
Atkinson marched into the 
country, and defeated them 
at Stillman's Run. The bat- 
tle of Bad Axe terminated 
the war with the defeat of 
the Indians. 1 

458. The Cherokees.— 
The Cherokees, the best of 
all the Indian nations, were now to feel the iron hand of civiliza- 
tion. They had farms, towns, schools, printing presses, and laws ; 
but the white people wanted their lands, and the government had 

1 Several men who afterwards became famous were soldiers in the cam- 
paign, — Zachary Taylor, Albert Sidney Johnston, Major Anderson, Jeffer- 
son Davis, and Abraham Lincoln. It is said that the first time that Lincoln 
ever took the oath of allegiance was when he offered as a recruit, and was 
sworn in by Jefferson Davis of the regular army. 




Scene 0/ Black Haivk Wat 



284 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



agreed to obtain them. The Georgia Legislature passed laws 
extending the State laws over the lands of the Creeks and of 
the Cherokees, but denying them civil rights in the State courts. 
The Supreme Court of the United States, of which John Mar- 

shain had for thirty years been 
chief justice, held that the Geor- 
gia laws were unconstitutional 
( 1 83 1 ), and the State of Georgia 
then refused to obey the man- 
date of the court. This made 
it necessary to force the Chero- 
kees to sell. By bribes and 
treaties (1838), all in the nature 
of force, the Cherokees were 
finally seated in Indian Territory 
upon reservations specially 
created for them. Forcible re- 
moval was necessary with the 
Creeks and Choctaws ; but in good time the Indians were all 
removed, and the white people got the lands. 

459. The Seminole War The Seminoles of Florida ob- 
jected to giving up their lands, and refused to go West. Osce- 
ola, one of the bravest of the brave, defied the government, and 
amid the swamps of Florida maintained a successful resistance 
for three years (1835-38). Major Dade's forces of a hundred 
and seventy men fell into an ambuscade, and all but one man 




Joint Marshall. 



>■ John Marshall was born, in Virginia in 1755, and died in 1835. His 
education was sound, and his talents eminent. In addition to numerous 
positions of honor awarded him by his State and country, he was the chief 
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to his death. 
The thirty volumes of the United .States Reports, covering a period of thirty- 
five years, contain the monuments of his great judicial power and learning, 
and are the standards upon constitutional questions. He imparted life and 
vigor to the Constitution and to the national body politic. His proudest 
epitaph may be written in a line: " Here lies the expounder of the CoDSti- 
tution of the United States." 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 285 

were killed. Gen. Clinch defeated the Indians on the Withla- 
coochie, but retreated at once. Gens. Scott and Gaines were 
sent to Florida, and the Seminoles were driven into the Ever- 
glades. In the fall of 1837 Osceola, relying upon the protec- 
tion of a flag of truce, went to an American camp. The flag 
was dishonored by his seizure. He was sent to Fort Moul- 
trie as a prisoner, and died in prison the next year. With- 
out a chief, the Seminoles fought on. Zachary Taylor took 
command, and carried the war into the swamps. On Christ- 
mas Day he fought a battle near Lake Okechobee, and was 
successful, but at a terrible cost of life. He hunted the Indians 
down despite all obstacles, until they submitted, and were carried 
to the West. 

460. Land Laws. — Col. Thomas H. Benton, being himself 
a pioneer, sympathized with that class, and during the thirty years 
he represented Missouri in the United States Senate, he advocated 
new land laws: (i) the right of preemption to actual settlers, (2) 
periodic reductions in price, (3) actual donations to such indus- 
trious persons as would cultivate the land for a given number of 
years. At first these measures were opposed ; but Col. Benton 
presented them year after year, until the people began to under- 
stand them. President Jackson finally recommended their pas- 
sage, and they were adopted. They helped to people the great 
West with a hardy, industrious, and energetic people, from whom 
have come the powerful States west of the great Mississippi. 

461. Unparalleled Growth. — Jackson's administration was 
noted for its prosperity. Not a mile of railroad was in existence 
when he became President. When he passed out of office nearly 
three thousand miles were in successful operation. Canals, steam- 
boats, and railroads were seen on every hand. The boats on 
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were little palaces, and this 
method of travel was remarkably popular. Manufactures were 
increasing on all sides. Louisville, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and 
New Orleans were bustling Western cities, while Chicago num- 





/^■'yyL..^::c^ 



)^^^/^5^^ 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 287 

bered about six hundred souls. The great poets, Longfellow, 
Whittier, Poe, Lowell, and Holmes, began to delight America ; 
while Emerson, Simms, Hawthorne, and Bancroft were awaken- 
ing a love for literature and history. Audubon of Louisiana be- 
gan the publication of his magnificent monument to ornithology, 
while Henry and Morse finished the experiments which gave the 
world the telegraph. There were more newspapers in America 
at this time than in all Europe, and the attention of all sections 
was turned to the improvement of the schools. Webster's Dic- 
tionary took the place of Johnson's ; and schoolbooks, periodicals, 
and apparatus were turned out in great quantities. McCormick, 
a citizen of Virginia, patented his reaper (1834). The' French 
Academy of Science elected him to membership " as having 
done more for the cause of agriculture than any other living 
man." 

462. New States. — Two new States were added to the Union 
in this term, — Arkansas (1836) and Michigan (1837). 

463. Conventions.— The old method for the selection of 
presidential candidates was by a caucus of congressmen, or by 
conventions of delegates selected by the party organizations in 
each State. The first national convention for the nomination of a 
President was the National Anti-Masonic Convention of Septem- 
ber, 1831 ; the second was the National Repubhcan Convention 
of December, 1831 ; and the third the Democratic Convention of 
May, 1832. At this convention the rule requiring two thirds of 
all the delegates to nominate a candidate was adopted, and has 
been adhered to by all Democratic conventions since that day. 

464. The Elections. — In 1832 Jackson was reelected Presi- 
dent, with Martin Van Buren as Vice-President. The Whigs 
nominated Henry Clay and John Sergeant. The Anti-Masonic 
party nominated Wilham Wirt and Amos Ellmaker, and carried 
the single State of Maine. In 1836 the chief Whig candidate 
was William H. Harrison of Ohio. The Democrats nominated 
Martin Van Buren and Richard M. Johnson, who were elected. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 



VAN BUREN'Sl ADMINISTRATION (1837-41). 



The Financial Crisis of 1837. 
The Sub=Treasury Law (1839). 
Attempts to annex Canada (1837) 



Leading Events. 

Mormon Troubles in Missouri (1838). 
Wilkes Exploring Expedition (1838). 
First Antislavery Convention (1840). 



465. The Financial Crisis of 1837. — Prosperity had blessed 
the country for twenty years. The desire to get rich blinded the 

judgment, and men ran headlong into 
investments upon credit which led to 
failure and to ruin. Banks stopped 
specie payment, and a general lack of 
confidence followed. States had bor- 
rowed money in Europe to build turn- 
pikes and canals. These loans became 
due, and were not paid. Tlie people 
had been trading on borrowed capital, 
and when pay day came around they 
had no money. Some of these asked 
time : others repudiated the debts. 
All these things together brought a crash. Money was not to be 
had, and suffering ensued. Opponents of Gen. Jackson attrib- 
uted the crash to the withdrawal of the deposits from the Bank 




1 Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, N.Y., in 1782, and died 
in 1862. He held many positions in his native State between 18.12 and 
18 19. The Republican (Democratic) party of New York was reorganized by 
him in i8i8, and kept control of State affairs for twenty years. He was 
elected to the United States Senate in 1821, and again in 1827. He resigned 
in 1828 to become the governor of New York. Jackson appointed him sec- 
retary of state in 1829, which place he resigned in 1831 to become the min- 
ister to Great ]?ritain. The Senate refused confirmation, and the Republican 

288 



FAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 289 

of the United States, and their distribution to the State banks; 
but the great and controlUng cause was the general creation of 
debt without prudent preparation for paying it. Wild projects ^ 
with certain loss made matters worse, and a panic ensued. 
Everybody lost contidence in the honor and solvency of the gov- 
ernment, the State, and individuals. Notes, bonds, and paper 
money became worthless. Nothing but gold would be accepted ; 
and there was not enough of this, even if its timid holders had 
permitted it to circulate. Flight States were bankrupt, and the 
government could not pay the interest on its bonds. 

466. The Sub=Treasury Law. — As a precaution against 
the future recurrence of similar disasters, the government deter- 
mined to take care of its own money. The President advised 
the establishment of an independent treasury at Washington, 
under the direct control of the government, with sub-treasuries 
in the larger cities. This was adopted, and is the law to-day.^ 

467. The Rebellion in Canada. — Canada was in rebellion 
against England (1837), and Americans along the border were 
anxious for her to succeed. Arms and supplies were sent to 
Canada. The President issued a proclamation commanding 
Americans to refrain from interference, and sent Gen. Scott to 
the frontier to see that the proclamation was enforced. 

468. The Mormons. — Joseph Smith of Palmyra, N.Y., 
claimed (1830) that an angel from heaven had given him a new 
Bible, " The Book of Mormon." Its believers went to Kirtland, 
O., in 1831, and thence to Independence, Mo., where they 
founded their order, and began to build a Mormon temple. 

party made him Vice-President. He thus presided over the body that refused 
to honor hmi. He withdrew from the Democratic party in 1848, and formed 
the " Free Democratic Party." He retired from politics after this year, and 
passed the rest of his life at Kinderhook. 

^ Cities in the woods were laid off, and sold at enormous prices. Towns 
that existed nowhere brought fabulous sums. 

2 This law was unpopular at first. It was passed in 1839, repealed in 
1841, and reenacted in 1846. It has proved to be a good law. 
18 



290 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



But their practices gave offense to Missourians, and they were 
arrested, put into jail, and finally driven out of the State (1838). 
They crossed the river, and started a town at Nauvoo, 111. 
About this time the doctrine of polygamy was introduced into 
their belief, which made them still more objectionable to men 
who loved the Bible and the old English law. The Illinois 




Mormons moving to Utah. 

settlers Avere as 
much averse to 
Mormon doctrine 
as the Missourians 
^""'""^ ' '''' ' " '^ " had been. In a 

riot, Joseph Smith was shot (1844), and Brigham Young, his 
successor, led the Mormons to what is now Utah. They arrived 
at Salt Lake in 1847, ^^'^ founded Salt Lake City. They in- 
creased rapidly, and in 1849 organized a State which they called 
" Deseret," and demanded admission to the Union. Congress 
refused, but formed the country into a Territory. 

469. Exploring Expedition — In 1838 the first naval ex- 
ploring expedition was sent out by the government from Norfolk, 
Va., under Capt. Wilkes. He discovered the Antarctic Continent, 
explored many islands and coasts, circumnavigated the globe, 
and returned in 1842. 



VAN BUR EN'S ADMINISTRATION. 291 

470. Emigration. — Although steamships had scoured the 
oceans for many years, there were none acting as " carriers " 
with regular schedules of arrival and departure until 1840. The 
Cunard line of steamers was established this year, and was fol- 
lowed in rapid succession by other lines. These brought to our 
shores thousands of hardy emigrants from England, Ireland, 
Germany, and other countries. This soon led to the formation 
of emigration societies in the States to bring from Europe whole 
colonies of people. In this way the various townships of for- 
eigners throughout the Mississippi Valley were formed. From 
1 840 to 1 850 about two million emigrants found homes in America. 

471. Antislavery Convention, — Denmark prohibited the 
slave trade in 1802, the United States in 1808, Great Britain in 
181 1, France in 1818. The Quakers in England had persist- 
ently opposed slavery, and were the first there and in America 
to bring it into disrepute. Great Britain had freed her slaves 
in August, 1838, after paying their owners twenty millions ster- 
ling. This precipitated the question with greater force in Amer- 
ica; and an antislavery convention was held in 1840, Avhich 
placed candidates in the field upon the single issue of the abo- 
lition of slavery. James G. Birney of New York was nominated 
for President, and Francis J. Lemoyne for Vice-President. 

472. The Elections. — The Whigs at Harrisburg nominated 
William Henry Harrison of Ohio, and John Tyler of Virginia. 
The Democrats at Baltimore nominated Martin Van Buren for 
President, but could not agree on a candidate for the second 
place. The campaign was of unusual interest. " Glory to the 
hero of Tippecanoe," " hard cider and log-cabin candidate," 
were heard on all sides ; while mimic log cabins, cider barrels, 
mugs, coon skins, and canoes were seen in all the Whig parades. 
" Tippecanoe and Tyler too," brought out crowds, that " could 
only be estimated by the acre." The Whigs elected their candi- 
dates by a large majority. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 



HARRISON-TYLERi ADMINISTRATION (1841-4S). 



Tariff of 1842. 

Slaveholders' Convention (1842). 
Personal Liberty Bills (1841-44). 
Ashburton Treaty (1842). 



Leading; Events. 

Magnetic Telegraph (1844). 
Texan Independence (1837-45). 
The Elections (1844). 
New States. 



473. Death of Harrison. — Gen. Harrison lived but a 
month after his inauguration as President, and was succeeded 

by John Tyler, the Vice-President, 
who acted with the Democrats. 

474. Tariff of 1842. — According 
to the Compromise Act of 1833, this 
was the year when duties were to 
be regulated on a revenue standard. 
The agreement was ignored, how- 
ever, by the manufacturing interest, 
and a tariff law passed by Congress 
which was regulated entirely by the 
principle of protection. This law 
was repealed in 1846 by a law which 
recognized the Compromise of 1833. 
475. The Dorr Rebellion. — The Constitution of Rhode 
Island restricted suffrage to property holders and their oldest 

1 William Henry Harrison, tlie ninth President, was liorn in Virginia in 
1773. Educated at Hampden-Sydney College, he entered the army in 1791 
as aide-de-camp to " Mad Anthony " Wayne. In 1799 he was a delegate to 
Congress for the Northwest Territory, and was appointed governor of In- 
diana Territory in 1801, which place he held by successive reappointments 
until 1813. He defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe in 1811, and was made 

292 




Williatn Henry Harrison. 



HA RRISON- T ) Z ER A DM I A VS TRA TION. 



293 



sons. This gave Newport, with a small population, an advan- 
tage over Providence, with a greater number of people. To 
remedy this, the " Reform " party 
made a new constitution, and elected 
Thomas W. Dorr governor. The old 
party declared the whole proceeding 
irregular, and refused to give up the 
offices. The Reformers tried to seize 
the arsenal and other public property, 
but were put down by the " Law and 
Order" party, supported by United 
States troops. Dorr did not get the 
office, but the principles he advocated 
were adopted in 1843. 

476. Slaveholders' Convention. — From the beginning 
there was a feeling in the South that slavery did not suit a free 
country. Washington arranged in his will for the liberation of 
his slaves. In the Northern Colonies slave labor was not profit- 
able, and the slaves were sold or made free. In some cases laws 
were passed for their gradual emancipation. Many, however, 
liberated them, and gave them homes. In the Southern States 
the slaves were far more numerous, and their labor profitable ; 




Johji Jyler. 



brigadier-general in 1812, and a major-general in the regular army in 1813. 
At the Thames he defeated the British. He was sent to Congress from Cin- 
cinnati in 1817, and to represent Ohio in the Senate in 1824. He was min- 
ister to the Republic of Colombia in 1828. He was defeated by Van Euren 
in 183b, and returned the compliment by defeating Van Buren in 1840. 

John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States, was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1790. He was in the Congress of 1816, and opposed the Tariff 
Bill and the Bank of the United States. He was elected governor of Vir- 
ginia in 1825, and United States senator in 1827. He was originally a sup- 
porter of Jackson, but after the nullification proclamation he became his 
enemy. He refused to obey the request of the Virginia Legislature, which 
called upon Virginia senators to vote for expunging the resolution of censure 
against Jackson. He resigned, and joined the Whigs. After the death of 
Harrison, he became President, and quarreled with the Whigs. His cabinet 
resigned, excepting Daniel Webster, and he appointed a new one containing 
several Democrats. 



294 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

yet in nearly every State from 1780 to 1830 there were con- 
stant manumissions. Parts of the South up to 1830 were grad- 
ually freeing their slaves ; but this gradual work was too slow 
for certain men who hated slavery. Men in Massachusetts 
preached abolition on every corner. They spread tracts over 
the country, which were couched in language that stirred the 
blood. The mails carried these to the negroes, who started an 
insurrection at Southampton, Va., in which men, women, and 
children were murdered in their beds. The South was roused 
to arms, and soldiers were heard in town and country. Aboli- 
tion societies were formed everywhere. The more prudent 
Northern men denounced the fanatics who were in the lead, and 
broke up their meetings. But the Abolitionists would listen to 
nobody. The result was a change of sentiment in all the 
Southern States. " If free negroes were to be excited into in- 
surrection, there must be fewer free negroes," was the decision 
of the South. Then the first slaveholders' convention of the 
world met at Annapolis in 1842, and resolved to begin the work 
of restriction in self-defense. Other nations solved the slave 
question by gradual emancipation. This policy was prevented 
in the South by the frenzy of a few men who could not "learn 
to labor and to wait."^ 

477. Personal Liberty Bills. — In 1832 Margarette Mor- 
gan, a slave, fled to Pennsylvania. She was arrested by an at- 
torney, and taken back to Maryland. For this the attorney was 
arrested, and convicted in the Pennsylvania courts. The attor- 
ney appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, where 
Judge Story held that the right to seize and retake fugitive slaves 
was under the Constitution an absolute right, uncontrollable by 
State legislation. Laws were passed by many Northern States, 
called " Personal Liberty Bills," nuUifying this decision of the court. 

1 North Carolina changed her constitution in 1835, and took from free 
negroes who were freeliolders the right of suffrage. Prior to this time a 
free negro with property could vote. Virginia and Ohio enacted statutes 
forbidding free negroes to enter their borders. 



HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRATION. 295 

478. The Ashburton Treaty. — In 1842 Daniel Webster 
and Lord Ashburton negotiated a treaty, known as the "Ash- 
burton Treaty," which settled the boundary between the United 
States and Canada ahnost to the Rocky Mountains. This ended 
a long and bitter contest over the northeast boundary, and re- 
moved the danger of another war with Great Britain. 

479. China. — President Tyler succeeded in establishing 
(1843) diplomatic relations with China, the first ever held by 
that people with any Christian State. 

480. The Magnetic Telegraph. — The idea of using elec- 
tricity for telegraphing was an old one, and its practical develop- 
ment is due to many experiments. S. F. B. Morse secured a 
patent for a magnetic telegraph in 1837, although his invention 
had been completed in 1832. In 1844 he had a line erected 
between Baltimore and Washington, over 
which a message was sent which proved 
the practicability of the invention. The 
first means of communication was the cou- 
rier or messenger ; then came the " post- 
horse " or the "post-chaise;" then "the 
railroad postal service." Then the tele- 
graph harnessed electricity to language, 
outran all the old means of communica- 
tion, and destroyed distance at a single 
blow. The telegraph was a great help in another direction. It 
extended the work of newspapers. . The news came more rap- 
idly, creating a greater demand for more newspapers, which in 
turn created a demand for greater presses. In 1846 a cylinder 
printing press (Hoe's Steam Printing Press) was patented, which 
printed both sides at once, and revolutionized newspaper work. 
These have been improved, until to-day the presses in the large 
newspaper offices turn off twenty-four thousand copies per hour. 

481. Texas. — After France ceded Louisiana to the United 
States in 1803, a dispute arose with the Spaniards as to the east- 




2g6 



Hf STORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




C'i'/U !■/>(/(•// J//.ss/<<i/, J'C-VllS. 



ern boundary of Mexico. ^ The United States claimed west to 
the Rio Grande, and the Spaniards east to the Sabine. A com- 
promise was made by 
which a narrow strip 
near the Sabine was 
to ])e neutral ground. 
l>ut men from the 
United States con- 
stantly invaded this 
country, as they had 
invaded Indian lands. 
In 1 8 13 the invaders 
were met by a Spanish 
army. The Spaniards 
were defeated, losing a 
thousand men. An- 
other bloody battle oc- 
curred that year, in which both sides were almost destroyed. In 
1 81 9 the Sabine River was made the western boundary of Louisi- 
ana by the United States. 

482. Revolution in Texas. — Settlers from the United States 
took possession of the country (1820-33), and in 1833 decided 
to form a government independent of Mexico. They prepared 
a constitution, and attempted to set up a government. Santa 
Anna, the Mexican president, objected to these proceedings, and 

1 Texas has had an eventful history. The French in 1685, under La 
Salle, had wandered over it, and had Imilt one fort, St. Louis. De Leon in 
1690 had built the mission of San Francisco, on Matagorda Bay, on the site 
of the, old fort. In 1693 these had all disappeared. Not discouraged, the 
Spaniards still planted the missions " like lighthouses along the coast." The 
name " New Philippines " was given to the country in 1715. The mission- 
houses were well built, and their adobe walls defied all assaults of the Co- 
manche and Apache, as they have defied the assaults of modern artillery. 
These mission-houses have been compared, when looked at from a distance, 
to the war-worn castles of Europe. One mission near San Antonio stood a 
siege of eighteen months, and won the contest. They were the beginnings 
of the settlement of Texas. 



HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRA TION. 



297 



war followed. Goliad was captured by the Texans, Oct. 9, 1835, 
and the battle of Concepcion was fought a little later. Spurred by 
these successes, they organ- 
ized a provisional govern- 
ment, with Henry Smith as 
governor, and Gen. Sam. 
Houston as commander in 
chief. On Dec. 20 they 
issued a declaration of in- 
dependence, and became 
a free State. Santa Anna 
determined to stamp out 
the treason, and, with sev- 
enty-five hundred men, 
started from Mexico in 
1836 to crush the Texans. 




JMap of Texas. 



483. Battles at San 
Antonio. — The capture of 
San Antonio from the Mexicans (Dec. 10, 1835) was a memorable 
affair. Fifteen hundred men were attacked and defeated by the 
Texans with one fourth that number. Santa Anna then turned 
his army towards San Antonio. In the Alamo a garrison was 
placed, and from the walls streamed a blood-red flag which dis- 
played the letters "TE X A S." Cooped up in that gloomy 
building were a hundred and eighty-three men, who for eleven 
days held Santa Anna and over seven thousand men at bay be- 
fore their unerring rifles. Santa Anna resolved to carry the fort by 
storm, and at daylight on March 6 four thousand Mexicans charged, 
while the band played " Dequelo," which means "no quarter." 

484. The Fall of the Alamo. — The first assault on three 
sides was turned back by the Texans without loss. The second 
charge met a second repulse. Behind bags of earth five feet 
high the Texans fought muzzle to muzzle with a vindictive foe. 
Santa Anna ordered the third charge, and led it himself. The 



298 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Mexicans reached the foot of the walls, and planted the ladders. 
There they paused, afraid to ascend. Pushed by the officers, 
they cHmbed to the top, only to be tumbled back in death, with 
the overturned ladders. Again and again this was repeated, new 
men taking the place of the old, until exhaustion overcame the 
brave heroes on the inside. The outside wall was gained by the 




Attack on the Alnmo. 

Mexicans, but the same unyielding fight was repeated in the 
courtyard and in every room. Only six of the brave defenders 
were left ; and these surrendered, and were shot down in cold 
blood. So perished the whole garrison. Not a man was left. 
The Alamo was captured. A thousand dead Mexicans covered 
the ground. " Death and Santa Anna held the Alamo." Mrs. 
Dickinson and her infant child, ever afterwards known as the 
" Child of the Alamo," and a negro servant, were the sole sur- 
vivors. 

485. Texan Independence. — Shortly after this, Gen. Sam. 
Houston defeated the Mexicans at San Jacinto. The Texans 



HA RRISOh'- T YLER A DMINIS TEA TION. 299 

shouted as they went into battle, " Remember the Alamo! " and 
fought for vengeance. Gen. Santa Anna was captured, and 
agreed to acknowledge Texas as an independent State if his life 
should be spared. The United States acknowledged the inde- 
pendence of Texas in 1837, and was followed by England, France, 
and Belgium. A monument to the heroes of the Alamo was erected 
in Austin, which bore these words: "Thermopylae had her mes- 
senger of defeat ; the Alamo had none." Texas remained in- 
dependent until the summer of 1845, when it accepted the offer 
of annexation to the United States, which was made on the ist 
of the preceding March. 

486. The Elections. — The annexation of Texas was the 
chief question in the election of 1844. In 1840 the country 
drained by the Columbia River (sometimes called the Oregon) 
began to be settled. England claimed south to California, and 
we claimed north almost to Alaska. Webster had tried to fix 
the boundary at the 49th parallel, but neither country would 
agree to it. This question also entered into the election. The 
Democrats nominated James K. Polk of Tennessee, and George 
M. Dallas of Pennsylvania. The Whigs nominated Henry Clay 
of Kentucky, and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey. Polk 
stood for the annexation of Texas and the occupation of Ore- 
gon, claiming that we owned Oregon as far north as 54° 40', 
and had acquired Texas in the Louisiana Purchase, The Demo- 
crats had two rallying cries, — "Polk and Texas!" and "Fifty- 
four forty, or fight!" Clay ran upon the American System and 
the United States Bank. The Abolition party voted again for 
James G. Birney. Polk lost his own State, but the vote of New 
York went for him, and elected him. The opposition in the 
North to Polk was based upon the fact that the admission of 
Texas would give one more slave State to the Union. 

487. New State. — Florida was admitted in 1845. • 



CHAPTER XLV. 



POLK'S 1 ADMINISTRATION (1845-49). 



Leading Events. 



Oregon Boundary settled (1846). 
TheWilmot Proviso (1846). 
Tlie War witii Mexico (1846-47). 
New Mexico and California (1847). 



Discovery of Gold (1848). 
New States. 

The Naval Academy (1845). 
The Sewing Machine (1846). 



488. The Oregon- Boundary. — Polk's administration was 
one -of the most brilliant the country had witnessed. Early in 

1846 a treaty was made with Great 
Britain by which the northwest bound- 
ary was determined. The secretary 
of state, James Buchanan, succeeded 
in having both nations agree to Web- 
ster's old line, the 49th parallel. This 
left nothing but the extreme northwest 
corner, or the Pacific inlets, to be de- 
termined. The treaty of Washington 
in 1 87 1 completed this. 

489. Dispute over the Texas 

Boundary The Texans claimed 

west to the Rio Grande, while Mexico claimed east to the Nue- 
ces. This dispute was transferred from Texas to the United 

1 James K. Polk was born in North Carolina in 1795. His family moved 
to Tennessee in 1806. He was graduated from the University of North 
Carolina, and studied law. He was in the Tennessee Legislature, 1823-25 ; 
a representative in Congress, 1825-39; twice elected speaker ; and governor 
of Tennessee, 1839-43. He was always a strong supporter of Jackson. He 
died in 1849. 

2 The reoccupation of Oregon was one of the issues of the elections in 
1844. The Democrats claimed this region for the United States through 

300 




POLK'S ADMIXISTR.rriON. 301 

States by the annexation. The army under Gen. Gaines had 
been sent to the Sabine River long before this, as an " army 
of observation." Gen. Taylor and his army now became an 
" army of occupation " to guard the disputed territory between 
the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Gen. Santa Anna ordered 
Gen. Taylor back to the Nueces under penalty of war. This did 
nothing more than to hasten the work of fortifying which Taylor 
had begun. The Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande, and cap- 
tured a detachment of men. In the skirmish several Americans 
were killed, and Congress declared war on May 13, 1846. 

490. Campaign of 1846. — The South and Southwest began 
to send forward large bodies of troops into Texas. " Old Rough 
and Ready," as the soldiers called Taylor, met the Mexicans at 
Palo Alto, May 8, and after a spirited engagement forced them 
to retire. The Mexicans took stand at Resaca de la Palma, 
where Taylor attacked them the day following, and routed them. 
Taylor transferred his army across the river, and began the inva- 
sion of Mexico. In August he advanced upon Monterey, which, 
though bravely defended by the Mexicans for three days, was 
surrendered on Sept. 24. 

491. The Wilmot Proviso. — The North saw in this war 
nothing more than the acquisition of territory for the slave sys- 
tem. The President asked Congress to appropriate a sum of 
money to liquidate Mexican claims in the event of an early 
peace. While this was under discussion, David Wilmot intro- 
duced an amendment which brought the slave question into dis- 
cussion again. The Wilmot Proviso made it an express and 
fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from 
Mexico, that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude .should 

(i) navigation of the Columbia River in 1792 by Capt. Gray of Boston, (2) 
the exploration of Lewis and Clark in 1805, (3) the settlement of John 
Jacob Astor at Astoria from 1811 to 1813. England captured Astoria in 
1813. In 1818 a treaty was made in which England and the United States 
agreed not to make permanent settlements' in the disputed region; but Eng- 
land failed to observe the treaty. 



302 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



exist therein. The pro^'iso failed, but nearly the whole session 
of Congress was devoted to the discussion of slavery. 

492. Occupation of New Mexico and California. — Gen. 
Kearny was sent west to capture and occupy New Mexico and 
California. He marched from Fort Leavenworth in 1846 with 
eighteen hundred men, and without any opposition tof)k posses- 
sion of Santa Fe and all New Mexico. Leaving Col. Doniphan 
with a body of troops to maintain tlie authority of the United 
States, he pushed on into California with four hundred dragoons. 
Before he reached his destination, he heard that the flag of the 
United States had already been raised in that country by Capt. 
John C. Fremont, Commodore Stockton, and Commodore Sloat. 
Col. Doniphan, having left a small garrison at Santa Fe, marched 
south into Mexico, and united with Gen. AA'ool at Saltillo. 




I ay lor at hittiia I ni i 



493. Battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 23, 1847). — Taylor's 
army, having been weakened in order to strengthen Gen. Scott, 
who was attacking the enemy by way of Vera Cruz, was attacked 



POLK'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



303 



by Santa Anna with a force of twenty thousand men. Santa 
Anna first sent a demand to Taylor for an unconditional surren- 
der. The answer returned was short and decisive : " Gen. Tay- 
lor never surrenders." The whole Mexican Army then massed 
itself against Taylor's left wing, only to be repulsed and routed. 
This victory left no enemy in this region, and all eyes were now 
turned to Vera Cruz and Mexico. 

494. Gen, Scott's Campaign, — Gen. Scott landed his 
army near Vera Cruz, and after a severe bombardment captured 
the place on March 29, 
1847. This victory was 
credited in large measure 
to the skill of Capt. Rob- 
ert E. Lee, who after- 
wards and upon other 
fields won an undying 
renown. Scott defeated 
the Mexicans at Cerro 
Gordo in April, and en- 
tered La Puebla in May, 
where he remained until 
August, awaiting reen- 
forcements. These hav- 
ing arrived, he pushed on 
towards the City of Mex- 
ico. On the 20th of 
August Scott's forces 
fought and won five bat- 
tles : they stormed Con- 
treras ; they captured San 

Antonio; they stormed Map 0/ Eastern Mexico. 

the two fortified heights of Churubusco ; and they routed Santa 
Anna's entire army, which had marched out of the city to oppose 
them. Scott then approached the city, and on Sept. 8 the de- 
fenses to the Castle of Chapultepec, Molino del Rey, were stormed 




304 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



and taken by Gen. Worth. Five days later the battle raged with 
fearful fury at the gate of the city, where the strongest fort in 
Mexico, the Castle of Chapultepec itself, was stormed and cap- 
tured. During the night the Mexican Army left the city, and 
the next morning the flag of the United "States floated in triumph 
from the national palace. This ended the ^var. 

495. Result of the War. — A treaty was made which ceded 
to the United States the country of New Mexico and California, 
and guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California. 
The United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars. 







Map of U tilted States in i 



and an additional sum of three million dollars to such citizens 
of the United States as were creditors of Mexico. This is known 
as the " Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo," from the little Mexican 
village in which it was arranged. 

496. Discovery of Gold^ (1848). — The attention of the 
world was directed to California by an occurrence that had little 
of martial glory connected with it, but from which that State 
gained a lasting position among the States of the Union. Gold 

1 The first gold mines worked by Americans were the " Reed Mines," in 
Cabarrus County, N.C. 



POLK 'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



305 



was discovered in the foothills of the Sierras in the spring of 
1848. AH that year the story traveled through the States, and 
turned the minds of men to California. Thousands went West 
to dig gold. Some went around by Cape Horn : others started 
the emigrant trains across the Contment. No Indian massacre, 
no Mormon murder, no danger on sea or land, could stay the 




Discoziery of Gold. 

migration. The gold " diggings " were expected to give every- 
body a fortune. In 1848 there were about four hundred people 
at San Francisco. Before the end of 1849 it was a thriving city 
of twenty thousand, and the country had a population of over 
eighty thousand. Thus California in four years jumped from a 
wilderness inhabited by a few Spaniards to a powerful American 
State. 

497. California Constitution. — Before the civil arm of the 

American Government had been extended over this region, the 

people, under a call issued by Gen. Riley of the United States 

Arn^y, elected delegates, who, at a convention held at Monterey 

19 



3o6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

in 1849, framed a constitution, and submitted it for adoption. 
The people adopted it at once ; and before tlie year was out, two 
men were on the way to Washington to demand the admission 
of California as a State, and to take their places as senators. 

498. New States. — Texas was admitted Dec. 29, 1845 ; Iowa, 
in 1846; and Wisconsin, in 1848. This made thirty States, of 
which fifteen were slave States, and fifteen free. This made the 
representation in the Senate equal. No slave State was admitted 
after Texas. 

499. Naval Academy at Annapolis. — This institution was 
founded (1845) by George Bancroft, Mr. Polk's secretary of the 
navy, and one of America's greatest historians. 

500. The First Sewing=Machine (1846) Elias Howe of 

Massachusetts, after many experiments, finished and patented a 
machine which changed the nature of sewing throughout the 
world. The slow needle, with its plodding stitches, gave way to 
the smooth and rapid machine. Walter Hunt of New York, 
Isaac Singer of Massachusetts, Allan Wilson of New York, Wil- 
liam Grover of Boston, and James Gibbs, a farmer of Virginia, 
are all noted for prominent inventions connected with sewing- 
machines. 

501. Elections. — Polk refused to be nominated for a second 
term, and the Democrats then nominated Lewis Cass of Michi- 
gan, and Gen. WiUiam O. Butler of Kentucky. The Whigs nom- 
inated Gen. Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, and Millard Fillmore 
of New York. The antislavery men formed a third party, called 
the " Free Soil " party, and nominated Martin Van Buren of New 
York, and Charles Francis Adams of Massachusetts. The Whigs 
had the electoral majority, although the Whigs and the Demo- 
crats each carried fifteen States. The Free Soil party did not 
receive an electoral vote nor carry a State. Seven Southern 
States voted for Taylor, and eight Northern States voted for 
Cass. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 



TAYLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRATION (1849-53.) 



Leading Events. 

Admission of California (1850). 1 Deathof Calhoun, Clay, and Webster. 

Clay's Omnibus Bill (1850). Grinnell Expedition (1850). 

Fugitive=Slave Law (1850). I First World's Fair (1851). 

502. Admission of California. — The question of admitting 
California brought the subject of slavery before Congress again. 
The debates were violent in char- 
acter, and all the old questions 
which threatened to divide the 
Union in 1820 were brought up 
again in discussion. The South 
claimed that the laws made at so 
many previous sessions, and the 
compromises adopted by all par- 
ties, settled these questions ; but 
the ceaseless agitation had only 
imbittered the partisans. President 
Taylor 1 recommended that CaHfor- 
nia be admitted with the constitution she had framed. His 
death in July, 1850, increased the difficulties, for all parties had 




ZclLl I } 1 1} 



1 Zachary Taylor, the twelfth President of the United States, was born in 
Virginia in 1784, and died in 1850, one year and four months after his in- 
auguration. He entered the army in 1808, and was made lieutenant, major, 
and then general. He was commander of the American forces in Louisiana 
and Texas at the breaking-out of the Mexican war, and beat the Mexicans in 
every battle. His honesty, courage, and good judgment endeared him to the 
people. 

307 



3o8 



HTSTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




faith in his judgment and integrity. Fillmore' succeeded to the 
presidency, and advised a compromise. Clay had introduced 

a series of resolutions, which har- 
monized the sections, and have been 
called the crowning glory of his life. 
503. The Omnibus Bill. — These 
resolutions received the name " Om- 
nibus Bill," and contained the follow- 
ing provisions: (i) the admission of 
California as a free State with her 
present boundaries; (2) the organi- 
zation of the rest of the Mexican 
cession into the Territories Utah- 
Muuixi Juuimuc. jjj^fi ]vjg^y Mexico, with nothing said 

as to slavery; (3) the payment to Texas of ten million dollars to 
release her claim on New Mexico ; (4) the abolition of the slave 
trade in the District of Columbia; and (5) the passage by Con- 
gress of a new fugitive-slave law. These measures passed, and 
California was admitted as a State on Sept. 9, 1850. 

504. Fugitive=Slave Law. — Slave-owners along the border 
line were constantly losing slaves by escape into the free States. 
There were many people in these States who sheltered runaway 
negroes, and aided them to escape into Canada. They estab- 
lished the " underground railroad," which w^as a secret system 
by which runaways could find places of concealment as they 
passed North. The Fugitive-Slave Law was passed (Sept. 18, 



1 Millard Fillmore, the thirteenth President of the United States, was 
born in New York in 1800, and died in 1874. He learned the trade of fuller, 
studied law, and taught school. His success at the bar sent him to Congress 
as an anti-Jackson man in 1832. He was reelected as a Whig in 1836, 1838, 
and 1840. His great characteristic was industry, and attention to business. 
As chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, he was the chief author of 
the Tariff of '42. His State selected him as comptroller in 1847, and he 
became Vice-President in 1849. He approved the compromise of 1850, and 
signed the Fugitive-Slave Law. 

2 Utah included Nevada; and New Mexico, Arizona. 



TA YLOR-FILLMORE ADMINISTRA TION. 



309 



1850) to protect property rights of slaveholders, and gave the 
right (i) to pursue any fugitive slave into the free States; (2) to 
punish for concealing a runaway slave or assisting his escape. 




Robert Toombs. 
JVilliam H. Semani. 



Hony S Footc. 

Ale.ratuicr H. Stephens. 

Sal/lion P. Chase. 



Howell Cobb. 
Charles SiDinier. 



505. Death of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster. — Calhoun, 1 
Clay, and Webster, great leaders of great parties, were now well 
advanced in years. They had managed affairs with pecu- 
liar wisdom, and had always reached conclusions which quieted 
agitation. Clay and Webster had never placed themselves upon 

1 Calhoun died in March, 1850; Clay, in June, 1852; and Webster, in 
October, 1852. 



3IO HISTORY OF THE AMFRTCAN PEOPLE. 

either side of the slave controversy, but had always labored to 
sustain the Constitution and laws, and to heal the disturbances 
which afflicted the people. Calhoun favored slavery, but at all 
times fought along constitutional lines, and worked with Clay 
and Webster for peace. But new men now came to the front 
whose methods were not so pacific. The South had an array of 
aggressive leaders in Jefferson Davis, Henry S. Foote, Howell 
Cobb, Alexander H. Stephens, Robert Toombs, and others, who 
claimed the right to extend slavery over any of the Territories. 
The North had an equal array of talent and aggression in Charles 
Sumner, William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and others, who 
opposed the further advance of slavery. It was a question upon 
which the best intellect and the best hearts of America were 
widely separated ; and when the intellect and the heart of a 
nation divide upon a great question of principle, each actuated 
by motives that it considers entirely right, and neither willing 
to compromise, the only solution is war. To this great solver 
of political troubles America was now hastening. Webster's sad 
words, " We appear to be rushing on perils headlong, and with 
our eyes all open," were prophetic. 

506. The Grinnell Expedition. — The government sent out 
a second expedition this year (1850) in search of Sir John Frank- 
lin. The expense was borne by Mr. Henry Grinnell, although 
the government supplied the officers. This expedition accom- 
plished nothing so far as its main object was concerned. An- 
other followed under the .same auspices, with Dr. Kane as com- 
mander, which resulted in a greater geographical knowledge of 
the northern seas, but did not settle the fate of Franklin. 

507. The World's Fair, London. — The Great Exhibition 
of London (1851) brought a greater number of people together 
in that city than had ever gathered there at one time before. 
Many Americans crossed the waters, and the spirit of interna- 
tional union was strengthened. In 1853 the first great exhibition 
in America was opened in New York in the " Crystal Palace." 



TA } -LOR-FILLMORE ADM/ .\ 1ST R A TION. 3 1 1 

This gathering was designed to exhibit the arts and industries of 
all people, especially those of the American Union. Association 
and acquaintance are the handmaids of interstate and interna- 
tional good will, and every "world's fair" aids civilization. 

508. Continental Railroad. — Capt. William Gilpin, after- 
wards governor of Colorado, laid before James Buchanan, secre- 
tary of state in 1846, an account of his travels through the great 
West, and recommended three things: (i) a transcontinental 
mail route from Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia River ; 
(2) steam communication with the Pacific by way of Panama; 
and (3) an overland railway to the Pacific coast. These propo- 
sitions were laughed at in Congress, but they have all become 
realities, and by them the country has grown rich and powerful. 

509. The Elections. — Both parties adopted platforms which 
assured the people that the compromise of 1850 w-as a final set- 
tlement of the slave question. The Democrats said, " The Dem- 
ocratic party will resist all attempts at renewing in Congress, or 
out of it, the agitation of the slavery question." The Whigs ac- 
cepted the compromise as a settlement of the dangerous and 
exciting questions which it embraced. But the Whigs could 
not convince their party that it was right to obey the Fugitive- 
Slave Law. The Democrats nominated Frankhn Pier-ce of New 
Hampshire, and William R. King of Alabama. The Whigs nom- 
inated Gen. Winfield Scott 1 of Virginia, and William A. Graham 
of North Carolina. The Free Soil party voted for John P. 
Hale of New Hampshire, but failed to carry a State. Franklin 
Pierce was elected, carrying every State but four. 

1 Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 1786, and died in 1866. He was 
graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, and entered the army 
as a captain of artillery. He distinguished himself in the war of 1812 and in 
the Mexican war. He refused a seat in the cabinet as secretary of war. His 
wisdom averted trouble at Charleston, S.C., in 1833, during the nullifica- 
tion excitement, and again in the settlement of the boundary line between 
Maine and New Brunswick. He became commander in chief of the army in 
1841. In 1859 he was one of the commissioners to settle the Northwest 
boundary line. 



CHAPTER XLVII. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION (1853-57). 



Leading: Events. 



The Gadsden Purchase (1853). 
Personal Liberty Bills. 
Kansas^Nebraska Bill (1854). 



Kansas War (1854-56). 
Treaty with Japan (1854). 
Tariff of 1857, 



510. The Gadsden Purchase. — One of the first acts of 
Pierce's ^ administration was the purchase from Mexico of a tract 
of land south of the Gila River (De- 
cember, 1853), The price paid was 
ten miUion dollars. It was called the 
" Gadsden Purchase " after James 
Gadsden of South Carolina, who ef- 
fected the agreement. This is now a 
part of Arizona and New Mexico. 

511. Personal Liberty Bills. — Af- 
ter the people had ratified the compro- 
mise measures of 1850 by so large a 
majority, it was expected that the agita- 
tion would cease; but the Legislatures 
of several States now passed laws called "Personal Liberty Bills," 
which nullified the laws of Congress as to fugitive slaves. Every 




y lankiin Pii}i.l\ 



1 Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United States, was Ijorn 
in New Hampshire in 1804, and died in 1869, His father was a Revolu- 
tionary soldier, an intense admirer of Jefferson and Jackson, and led the 
Democratic party in his State, of which he was governor in 1827. As a 
farmer, he trained his children in the simple habits of honesty and industry. 
Franklin was sent to the best academies, and then to Bowdoin College. At 
twenty-nine he went to Congress, and four years later to the Senate, being 
the youngest member in that body. Resigning his seat in the Senate, he 

312 



PIERCE 'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



313 



slave entering one of these States became free, and it was made 
a misdemeanor by State laws to arrest one. The decision of 
Judge Story was denomrced, and an effort made to set aside two 
departments of the Federal Government, — Congress and the 
Supreme Court. 




j\[ap of United Slates in 1853. 

512. The Kansas=Nebraska Bill. — The principle estab- 
lished by the compromise of 1850 was that the Territories of the 
United States should be open to citizens of the United States for 
settlement, carrying with them whatever character of property 
they chose, and that each of these Territories should determine 
for itself what the character of its local government should be. 
A bill was introduced for the creation of Nebraska into a Ter- 
ritory. This was amended so as to provide for two Temtories, 
— Kansas and Nebraska. Stephen A. Douglas ^ reported the 
bill back, with no provision as to slavery, in the exact language 

went to New Hampshire to practice the profession of law. He refused all 
political offices, but maintained his influence in the councils of his party. 
He distinguished himself in the Mexican war, and throughout life his course 
of conduct was above suspicion. 

1 Stephen A. Douglas was born in Vermont in 1813, and died in 1861. 
He began the practice of law in Illinois in 1833, and soon became a popu- 



314 II I STORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

that had been used in forming Utah and New Mexico in 1850. 
This bill passed both Houses of Congress by large majorities 
(March, 1854), and was called the " Squatter Sovereignty Law." 

513. Kansas War. — The passage of the Kansas- Nebraska 
Bill changed the i)olicy of the Northern opposition. If the ques- 
tion was to be settled by the people in the 'I'erritories, a first duty 
of the North was to see that the people there were opposed to 
slavery. To insure this, they formed societies, called " Emigrant 
Aid Societies," to induce emigrants " of the right kind " to go 
to Kansas. Some of the Southerners retaliated by sending emi- 
grants of a contrary belief. It was impossible to prevent col- 
lisions between these v/arring factions. Many lives were lost 
(1854-56), and an era of hate set in, which lasted a number of 
years. 

514. The Know=Nothing Party. — A new party sprang up 
during this administration which assumed the name of the 
" American " party, but everybody called it the " Know-Noth- 
ing " party. Opposition to foreign influence in politics was its 
controlling idea. It advocated the doctrine that all foreigners 
should be required to reside in the country twenty-one years 
before voting. Its meetings were held in secret, and its growth 
was rapid in large cities. The secret pledge was not to vote for 
a Roman Catholic, nor for any man "unless he be an Ameri- 
can-born citizen, in favor of Americans ruling America." The 
majority of the order could direct the vote of all the members. 
At Baltimore, Louisville, and other cities, a series of disgraceful 

lar lawyer and orator. His great powers of debate earned liiin the name 
" Little Giant." He was judge of the Supreme Court in 1841, in Congress 
in 1843, and was twice a senator. He supported the compromise of 1850, 
and was the author of the doctrine that each Territory should be permitted to 
settle the question of slavery for itself. He opposed the admission of Kansas 
under the Lecompton Constitution. At the Charleston Convention in i860 
he had a hundred and forty-five votes, — three times as many as any other 
canilidate for President, but not enough to nominate. At Baltimore, two 
months later, he was nominated by a wing of the party, and was defeated at 
the polls by Lincoln. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 315 

riots was brought on by this society, which in a few years de- 
stroyed it. 

515. Treaty with Japan. — Commodore Perry succeeded 
in breaking down the wall of non-intercourse which had char- 
acterized the history of Japan, and obtained (1854) a treaty by 
which Japanese ports were opened to strangers. By this treaty 
and that made with China, all eastern Asia was opened to the 
" white-winged ships " of American commerce, and the influence 
of Christianity and civilization was carried to those shores. 

516. The Elections. — The Democrats, in their platform, 
adhered to the territorial pohcy of 1850 as carried out in 1854. 
The ^Vhig 1 party made no nomination, and 
passed out of politics. The antislavery men 
formed a new party, wliich took the name 
"Republican." They stood for prohibition 
in the Territories, of " those twin relics of 
barbarism, polygamy and slavery." The Dem- 
ocratic nominees were James Buchanan of 
Pennsylvania, and John C. Breckinridge- of 
Kentucky. The Republicans nominated John 
C. Fremont^ of California, and William L. Dayton of New Jersey. 
The Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, 

1 The Old Line Whigs — those who demanded that the old line 36° 30' be 
made the dividing line between the free and slave States — held a convention, 
but made no nominations save to indorse the Know-Nothing candidates. 

2 John C. Breckinridge was born m Kentucky in 1821, and died in 1875. 
He was twice elected to Congress. In i860 he was nominated for the presi- 
dency by one wing of the Democratic party, and received the electoral vote 
of the Southern States. He was again elected to the Senate, and resigned to 
enter tlie Confederate Army. He gained honor at Stone River and at Cliick- 
amauga. He defeated Sigel at New Market, and, together with Early, de- 
feated Sheridan's forces at Winchester. In courage, courtesy, and ability he 
had few superiors. 

3 John C. Fremont, tlie " Pathfinder " of the Rocky Mountains, was born 
in Georgia in 1813. He was graduated at Charleston College, and with 
Nicollet began the exploration of the Upper Mississippi. In 1842 he began 
the exploration of the Rocky INIountains. He examined South I'ass, and 




3i6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

and Andrew J. Donelson of Tennessee. Buchanan was elected, 
the antislavery majority in Congress was reversed, and the com- 
promise of 1850 and the law of 1854 were emphatically indorsed 
the second time by the jieople. 

517. The Tariff of 1857. — A measure which has been 
widely discussed throughout the country was passed by Con- 
gress March 3, 1857. This was a new tariff measure, which 
combined tariff for revenue with a tariff for incidental protection 
to home industries. 

518. Literature (1800-50). — The great pubhcation societies 
of the churches began to multiply books, papers, and tracts. 
The Bible societies sent agents into every township, and to every 
house in the land. Cities and towns in every State had literary 
and special associations which built schools and colleges. 
Lectures and schools gave information to both young and old. 
The daily and weekly newspapers carried the news to every 
county, x-lmericans began to take place among the authors and 
thinkers of the earth. Marshall, Kent, and Story enriched the 
law ; science boasted of Schoolcraft, Guyot, Agassiz, Audubon, 
Gray, Hitchcock, Maury, Henry, Morse, Haldeman, Hare, 
Harlan, Lewis, John and Joseph LeConte ; poetry presented 
Halleck, Whittier, Poe, Longfellow, Bryant, Harvey, Hayne, 
and Simms ; history had followers such as Bancroft, Hildreth, 
Lossing, Irving, and Prescott ; fiction and essays were repre- 
sented by Simms, Holland, Holmes, Irving, and Lowell. 

ascended the highest peak of the Wind River Mountains, now Fremont 
Peak. The next year he explored the region around Great Salt Lake, and 
pressed on to Fort Vancouver near the mouth of the Columbia River. In 
1861, as major-general in command of the department of Missouri, he issued 
an order emancipating the negroes, but was not supported by the President. 
He died in 1890. 



CHAPTER XLVIIL 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION (1857-61). 

Leading Events. 

The Dred Scott Case (1857). 1 Southern States secede (1860-61), 

John Brown's Raid (1859). Admission of Kansas (1861). 

The Election of Lincoln (i860). The Peace Congress (1861). 

The Effect on the South (i860). I The Confederate Government (1861). 

519. The Dred Scott Case. — Mr. Buchanan ^ entered the 
White House with an earnest desire to harmonize the sectional 
differences ; but it was not destined 
to be that way. Dred Scott, a ne- 
gro slave, had been carried by his 
owner, in 1834, into lUinois and 
into the northern Territories. He 
claimed that this act made him free 
under the Missouri Compromise and 
the State laws. The Supreme Court 
of the United States held (March 6, 
1857) that he was not a citizen, and 
dismissed the action. The antislave- 
ry men and the abolitionists were 
bitter in their denunciation of the 
court and of the slaveholding power. The court was represented 
as affirming that a negro "had no rights which the white man 

1 James Buchanan, the fifteenth President, was born in Pennsylvania in 
1791, and died in 1868. He was called the " Bachelor President." He was 
graduated at Dickinson College in 1809; was twice elected to Congress, and 
twice to the Senate ; was secretary of state under Polk ; and was minister to 
England from 1853 to 1856. He believed that he had no right to coerce a 
State or to prevent its secession. His whole life was noted for a tenacious 
regard for the Constitution and the laws as he understood them. 

317 




James Buchanan. 



3i8 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



was bound to respect." The court did not make this affirmation, 
but it made little difiference. 

520. Mountain Meadows Massacre. — In September, 1857, 
a hundred and twenty emigrants from Arkansas were murdered 
by a body of Mormons and Indians at Mountain Meadows, 
Utah Territory. This was one of the wealthiest emigration 
trains, in horses, mules, cattle, wagons, property, and money, 
that ever attempted to cross the plains, and it met the most hor- 
rible fate. Seventeen children under nine years of age were 
saved by the Mormons, and held in captivity until i860, when 
they were returned to their relatives in Arkansas. 

521. John Brown's Attack on Harper's Ferry. — John 
Brown had gone to Kansas to influence the people against 




slavery, and had become notorious. In October, 1859, he aston- 
ished the country by seizing the United States Arsenal at Har- 
per's Ferry in Virginia. His plan was to overthrow slavery by 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 319 

kindling insurrections among the slaves. Gov. Wise of Virginia 
called out a large force of volunteers and the regular militia. 
Before the State troops reached Harper's Ferry, Brown and his 
men had been captured by Col. Robert E. Lee and a body of 
United States troops. Brown fought with desperation, and 
was only captured after being severely wounded. Thirteen 
of his followers were slain, and the remainder were tried and 
executed. About this time several cargoes of negroes were run 
into the country by some extreme Southern men, thus reviving 
the slave trade. The Dred Scott decision and John Brown's 
raid had more to do with the crystalhzation of sectional hatred 
at this time than all the congressional debates that had ever 
occurred. 

522. Kansas. — Part of the people of this Territory met at 
Topeka, and formed a constitution (1855) which was rejected by 
Congress. Another constitution formed at Lecompton (1857) 
was adopted by the Senate, but rejected by the House, Another 
convention met at Wyandotte, and established a government which 
was finally recognized by Congress. Kansas was admitted as a 
free State on Jan. 29, 1861. 

523. New States. — Minnesota was admitted in 1858, and 
Oregon in 1859. 

524. The Elections. — One issue alone was before the Ameri- 
can people in i860. That issue was slavery. At the beginning 
of the contest the Democratic party separated into two wings. 
The Douglas wing said, " Slavery or no slavery in any Territory 
is entirely the affair of the white inhabitants of that Territory. 
Neither Congress nor the people of the country outside of that 
Territory have any right to meddle in the matter." The Breck- 
inridge wing of the Democracy declared in its platform, " Con- 
gress is bound to protect the rights of all the slaveholders in all 
the Territories." The Republican party declared, " Congress is 
bound to prohibit slavery in, or exclude it from, every Federal 
Territory." The Union party declared for " the Constitution of 



320 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

the country, the Union of the States, and the enforcement of 
the laws." 

The first wing of the Democracy nominated Stephen A. 
Douglas of Illinois, and Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia. The 
second wing nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, and 
Joseph Lane of Oregon. The Republicans nominated Abraham 
Lincoln of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. The Union 
party declared for John Bell of Tennessee, and Edward Everett 
of Massachusetts. Lincoln was elected by the votes of the States 
north of Mason and Dixon's Line, and was the first President 
elected exclusively by a single section of the Union. 

525. The Effect on the South The election of the Re- 
publican candidate thoroughly alarmed the Southern leaders. 
The South loved the Union of States, for it was a Union under 
the Constitution adopted by their fathers. That Constitution, 
with its amendments, and the laws passed under and construed 
by it, was the basis of the Federal Union, and was the supreme 
law of the land. It bound the North and South equally. The 
South held, that (i) the Constitution recognized slavery; (2) it 
could ' not have been adopted without that recognition ; (3) 
Southern influence had excluded slavery from the Northwest 
Territory ; (4) an almost unanimous vote had provided for the 
return of fugitive slaves from the same Territory; (5) Southern 
influence had fixed the parallel 36° 30' as the Northern limit 
of slavery in the Territories. The South claimed that the anti- 
slavery influence had (i) nuUified the Missouri Compromise by 
the admission of California, and thus disturbed relations that had 
given peace for thirty years; (2) refused to stand by the prin- 
ciples they established in the compromise of 1850; (3) nullified 
the Ordinance of 1787 and other laws of Congress, and the de- 
cisions of the Supreme Court as to the return of fugitives ; (4) 
organized societies whose chief object was to arouse insurrections 
among the slaves. Believing that their rights under the Con- 
stitution were in peril, the Southern States began to look about 
for a remedy. 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 321 

526. South Carolina secedes. — Eleven Northern States 
had prohibited their officers or citizens from aiding in the execu- 
tion of the fugitive-slave laws of 1793 and 1850. The tone of 
the Northern press, and the history of the antislavery men, led 
many in the Southern States, and especially in South Carolina, 
to the conclusion that it was better for them, and better for the 
free States, to separate. Two governments in peace were held 
to be better than one in discord. Accordingly South Carolina 
called a State convention, and on Dec. 20, i860, passed an ordi- 
nance of secession. This ordinance dissolved all connection of 
South Carolina with the United States by repealing the ordinance 
of May 23, 1788, which ratified the Constitution. 

527. Thirty=ninth Congress. — In the mean time Congress 
met, and President Buchanan sent in a message in which he 
asserted (i) that no State could withdraw from the Union, and 
(2) that there was no power to coerce, or force, a State. He 
advised concession and conciliation. The sentiment of the North 
now took two courses : one argued for Union and coercion, the 
other demanded no coercion. In the South there were two 
ideas also : one that the action of South Carolina was hasty ; the 
other was " no coercion." Upon this latter the South was al- 
most unanimous. 

528. Other States secede. — Early in the year 1861 the co- 
ercion idea appeared to be gaining ground. As no State ex- 
cept South Carolina had pronounced itself, the danger did not 
seem so great. The country was again startled when Missis- 
sipj)i, on Jan. g, followed South Carolina. This hastened mat- 
ters, and, before Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated in March, Ala- 
bama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had withdrawn 
from the Union. 

529. Offer to Compromise. — John J. Crittenden, an old-line 
Whig of Kentucky, offered as a compromise that a constitutional 
amendment be drawn, making the parallel 360 30' the line be- 
tween the free and slave States. Petitions from all parts of the 




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STATES IIV SECESSION 

during the 

SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY WAR 

scale: 

100 160 200 S60Mile3-|: 



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324 



HISrORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 



Union were sent to Congress, asking that this compromise be 
adopted ; but, as the Repubhcans would not agree to stand by 
this settlement, the last hope failed. Efforts were made in all 
the Southern States, by patriots who loved the Union, to have 
the ordinances of secession deferred until other means should be 
adopted to obtain redress. These men for the most part united 
their destinies with that of their States after they had withdrawn 
from the Union. 

530. The Peace Congress. — The Legislature of Virginia, 
following the rule she had adopted in Revolutionary days, sent 
out a call to all the States of the Union, asking for a Congress 

of delegates from the 
whole Union to devise 
ways by which the Union 
under the Constitution 
might be preserved. Ear- 
ly in February this body 
met in Washington, with 
delegates from twenty- 
one States. It disbanded 
without accomplishing 
anything. 

531. The Confeder- 
ate Govern merit. — The 

delegates from the States 
that had passed ordi- 
nances of secession met 
at Montgomery, Ala., 
February 4, and adopted 
jcjffcsou Davis. ^ constitutiou, for " The 

Confederate States of America." They elected Jefferson Davis' 
of Mississippi president, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia 

1 Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky in 1808, and died in 1889. He 
was educated at Transylvania College and at West Point. He served in the 




BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



325 



Scale of Miles 



vice-president. This government was made permanent in 
March. The first capital was at Montgomery. The Constitu- 
tion was modeled after the constitution of the United States. 

532. The Seizure of the Forts. — On Dec. 26 Major Rob- 
ert Anderson, who had been occupying Fort Moultrie near 
Charleston, evacuated that 
place, and took possession 
of Fort Sumter, a stronger 
fort, on an artificial island 
in the harbor. This cre- 
ated great excitement in 
Charleston, and was looked 
upon by Southerners as a 
breach of faith. Fort 
Moultrie was occupied at 
once by the South Carolin- 
ians. The Confederates 
proceeded to take posses- 
sion of all the forts within ^^'^'-'^ "-f Charleston Harbor. 

their limits, and at the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln all of these 
save Forts Sumter and Pickens were held by the Confederacy. 

Black Hawk war and in the campaigns against the Pawnees. He was sent 
to Congress from Mississippi in 1845. When the Mexican war broke out, 
he resigned, and, as colonel of a Mississippi regiment, joined Gen. Taylor. 
He was in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista, and was commended by 
Gen. Taylor for gallant conduct. After the war he was sent to the Senate, 
where he took a prominent position. During Pierce's administration he was 
secretary of war, and after this was again returned to the Senate. He re- 
signed his seat in 1861, and without his knowledge was elected president of 
the provisional government of the Confederate States, and after this presi- 
dent of the Confederate States. With remarkable ability he conserved all 
the energies of this movement, and gave it a commanding place in the history 
of the world. His life after the war was uneventful. He died at Beauvoii, 
and was buried by the South. 




20 



Early History of Louisiana. 



French Governors. 

1. Sauvolle (1699-1701). 

2. Bienville (i 701-13). 

3. Du Muys. 

4. Cadillac (i 713-16). 

5. De L'Epinay (1716-18). 

6. Bienville, 2d term (1718-24). 

7. Boisbriant (1724-26). 

8. P^rier (1726-32). 

9. Bienville, 3d term, Father of Lou- 

isiana (1732-43). 

10. De Vaudreuil (1743-53)- Sugar 

cane introduced, 1751- 

11. Kerlerec (1753-63). Louisiana 

ceded to Spain in 1 762 ; all east 
of the Mississippi River, except- 
ing the region south of Iberville 
River (Manchac Bayou), ceded 
to England. East Florida, with 
St. Augustine as its capital, al- 
ready belonged to Spain. West 
Florida was occupied by the 
English at once, with Pensacola 
as capital. 

12. D'Abbadie (1763-65). 

13. Capt. Aubry (1765-66). 

[After four years the Spanish take 
possession.] 

Spanish Qovernors. 

1. Ulloa (1766-68). Driven from 

the colony. 

2. Capt. Aubry (1768-69). As- 

sumed control. 

3. Gen. O'Reilly (1 769-70). Forced 

the French to submit. 

4. Ynzaga (1770-77). Arms bought 

at New Orleans and shipped to 
patriots of Pennsylvania in 1 776. 



5. Galvez (1777-85). Captured the 

English posts at Manchac, Baton 
Rouge, and Natchez in 1779; 
Mobile and Pensacola in 1780. 
The Acadians and Creoles were 
foremost in these struggles. 
Louisianians boast of the part 
they took in the American Rev- 
olution. 

6. Miro (1785-92). 

7. Carondelet (1792-97). Free nav- 

igation of the Mississippi, with 
right of storage at New Or- 
leans, granted to Americans 

(1795)- 

8. Gayoso de Lemos (1797-99). 

9. Casacalvo (i 799-1801). Louis- 

iana ceded back to France by 
Treaty of St. Ildefonso, Oct. i, 
1800. 
lo. Salcedo (1801-03). {a) Right of 
storage at New Orleans sus- 
pended; {b) Americans forbid- 
den to trade in Louisiana; {c) 
Americans become indignant 
and appeal to Jefferson, saying, 
"No protection, no allegiance ; " 
(r/) Treaty of Paris (April 30, 
1803) ceded Louisiana to the 
United States. France took 
possession Nov. 30, 1803, and 
on Dec. 20, 1803, the United 
States assumed control. 

American Territorial Governor. 

W. C. C. Claiborne (1804-12). 
Admitted to the Union AprU 
30, 1812. 



326 



BOUNDARIES AND TREATIES. 327 



Boundary of the United States. 

Excluding Alaska, the northern boundary extends up the St. Croix River 
to its head, thence due north to the St. John River ; thence up this river 
and its St. Francis branch to Lake Pohenagamook ; thence southwest by an 
irregular line to the highlands which divide those rivers that empty into the 
St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean ; thence along 
the crest of those highlands to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut 
River; down that river to and westward along the 4Sth parallel to and along 
the middle of the Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, and Long Lakes and 
their water connections to the most northwestern point of the Lake of the 
Woods ; thence along the 49th parallel to the Pacific Ocean, the line at the 
northwest terminus excluding Vancouver's Island, but including the San 
Juan group. The southern boundary is the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio Grande 
up to latitude 31° 47' north, and thence an irregular line running between 
the 31st and 33d parallels of latitude to the Pacific Ocean. The east and 
west boundaries are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans respectively. 

Treaties and Acts iv/iich determined this Boundary. 

The First Boundaries. 

1. Treaty of Paris (Nov. 30, 1782). ( These settled the extent of the Thir- 

2. Treaty of Paris (Sept. 3, 1783). \ teenStatesand their Western lands. 

3. Treaty with Spain at San Lorenzo el Real (Oct. 27, 1795). This settled 

the western and southern boundaries. 

Northern Boundary. 

4. Treaty with England at London (Nov. 19, 1794). This determined the 

source of the Mississippi, and what river was the St. Croix of the treaty 
of Sept. 3, 1783. 

5. Treaty of Ghent with England (Dec. 24, 1814). This fixed the line 

with reference to the islands ofT the coast of Maine, and attempted to 
fix the line from the head of the St. Croix to the St. Lawrence. 

6. Treaty of London (Oct. 19, 18 18). This fixed the 49th parallel as a 

boundary from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 

7. Treaty of Washington with Spain (Feb. 22, 1819). This ceded all 

Spanish claims to Oregon to the United States. 

8. Treaty of St. Petersburg with Russia (April 5-17, 1824). This fixed the 

southern boundary of Russian America at latitude 54° 40 '. 

9. Treaty of London (Sept. 29, 1827). This treaty referred the disputed 

line of, the St. Petersburg treaty to the King of the Netherlands, who 
made an award which was rejected by both nations. 



328 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

10. Treaty of Washington, or the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Aug. 9, 1842). 

This fixed the present line from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky 
Mountains. 

11. Treaty of Washington, or the Oregon Treaty (June 15, 1846). This 

settled the line from the Rocky Mountains to the channel separating 
Vancouver's Island from the Continent. 

12. Treaty of Washington (May 8, 1871). Tliis left the Northwestern 

boundary dispute to the Emperor of Germany, who decided that the 
channel referred to in the preceding treaty was the Canal de Haro, as 
claimed by the United States. 

Eastern Boundary. 

13. Treaty of Paris (Sept. 3, 1783). 

14. Treaty of Washington with Spain (Feb. 22, 1819). 

Western Boundary. 

15. Treaty of Paris (April 30, 1803). This treaty, together with the dis- 

covery of Capt. Gray (1791), purchase from France, and purchase from 
Spain of the Floridas (Feb. 20, 1819), settled the western boundary 
from north latitude 49° going south. 

16. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo with Mexico (Feb. 2, 1848). This, with 

what was captured, fixed the western boundary from 42° north going 

south. 

Southern Boundary. 

17. Treaty of Paris with Great Britain (Sept. 3, 1783). 

18. Treaty of Paris with France (April 30, 1803). 

19. Treaty of Washington with Spain (Feb. 22, 1819). 

20. Resolution of Congress (March i, 1845). By this, Texas was annexed. 

21. Treaty. of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (Feb. 2, 1848). 

22. Gadsden Purchase (Dec. 30, 1853). 

Boundaries of Alaska. 

23. Treaty of Washington (March 30, 1867). 



PART VII. — THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY WAR. 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION (l86l-6s). 



Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 
The Call for Volunteers. 
Federal Success in West Virginia 
Battle of Manassas Junction. 



Leading Events of 1861. 

Blockade of Southern Ports. 
Affair of the " Trent." 
Affairs in Kentucky. 
Campaign in Missouri. 



533' The Inauguration. — Mr. Lincoln^ was sworn in on 
the 4th of March, 1 861, by Chief Justice Taney. In the address 

1 Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President, was born in a log cabin in 
Kentucky in 1809, and died in 1865. Hard work was his boyhood lot. In 
the log schoolhouses of Indiana he learned reading, writing, and arithmetic. 
He read everything the neighborhood afforded. He was a tall, raw-boned 
youth, and uncouth in appearance. Moving to Illinois, he helped to build 
the log house his father owned, and split the rails that surrounded it. Trips 
on a flat boat to New Orleans, service in the Black Hawk war, work as clerk 
in a store or mill, or piloting a steamboat, introduced him to the large world 
without. Storekeeper, deputy surveyor, and postmaster were stations he 
tried to honor, but which denied him a support. With a copy of Blackstone 
he learned grammar and law, and became the jurist of the neighborhood. In 
a suit of Kentucky jeans he ran for the Legislature, and was elected. He 
distinguished himself in the work of giving the State a system of general 
improvements. His upright character, more than his power as an advocate, 
gave him a great practice, and led his neighbors to call him " Honest Abe 
Lincoln." In 1847 he went to Congress, and voted to abolish slavery in the 
District of Columbia, and for the Wilmot Proviso. In the great campaign 
between him and Douglas in 1858, Lincoln won a national reputation as 
a debater. This was the simple, honest man that was confronted on his in- 
duction into office by the greatest revolution in history. Lincoln first won 
the love of the people, then the respect and love of the ruling class in his 
own party, and at last the confidence of his enemies. 

329 



LINCOLN ' S FIRS T A DM INI S TRA 77 ON. 3 3 1 

that followed he said, " I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, 
to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it 
exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so ; and I have 
no inclination to do so." 

534. Bombardment of Fort Sumter. — Before long a squad- 
ron of seven ships left New York under sealed orders to reenforce 
and provision Fort Sumter— " peaceably if permitted, otherwise 
by force." This was considered by the South bad faith, inasmuch 
as a promise had been given by the government that Fort Sumter 
should be evacuated. On the 8th of April, after the fleet had 
started, notice was given to Gov. Pickens of South Carolina that 
the policy of the administration had been changed. This enraged 
the South, and was treated as a decla- 
ration of war against the Confederate 
States. Gov. Pickens notified Gen. Beau- 
regard, who was in command of about 
six thousand volunteers at Charleston ; 
and on April 1 2, at 4.30 a. im., these forces 
opened fire on Fort Sumter, which was 
returned by Major Anderson. The 
bombardment lasted thirty-two hours, 

. . Confederate Flag. 

when Major Anderson capitulated. The 

United States troops were permitted to march out with all the 
honors of war. Not a life was lost. From these two acts — the 
sailing of a fleet from New York, and the firing upon Fort Sumter 
— began a war which in all truth was one of the most tremendous 
conflicts on record. Each side charged the other with striking 
the first blow. 

535. The Call for Volunteers.— Mr. Lincoln issued a call 
for seventy-five tliousand troops to serve for three months, and 
convened Congress in extra session. The Confederate Govern- 
ment answered by a counter call for volunteers to repel invasions. 
No aggressive war was to be instituted by the Confederacy, but 
all attempts to coerce the seceded States by invasion of their soil 




332 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



were to be met with force. The Confederates also adopted a 
flag, which soon came to be known everywhere as the " Stars and 
Bars." Virginia, Arkansas, North Caroh'na, and Tennessee with- 
drew from the United States, and joined the Confederacy. In 
both sections vohmteers were numerous, and in a short time 
whole regiments were moving to the seat of war. The Virginia 
soldiers seized the Norfolk navy-yard with all its stores, and the 
Federal commander at Harper's Ferry burned the arsenal, and 
evacuated the place. 

536. Bloodshed in Baltimore. — Maryland held that she 
had no right to secede, or to join in an effort to subdue the South ; 
and she demanded that her soil should not be touched by any 
hostile force. Troops from the North entered the State on the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and were met in Baltimore by an 
excited populace. Despite all efforts of the mayor and police, 
the troops were attacked with stones and other missiles. Several 
men were killed on both sides. This occurred on the igth of 

April, and created great 
excitement throughout 
the country. News 
reached Baltimore that 
more troops were on 
" the way to destroy the 
-- city. The whole popu- 
lation rose in arms, 
without regard to party, 
to defend the city. The 
government decided to 

avoid the shedding of blood, and moved the troops by another 

route. 

537. Getting Ready. — The Confederates moved their capi- 
tal to Richmond, Va., to be nearer the seat of war. Mr. Davis 
appointed Gen. Beauregard to command the Army of the Poto- 
mac ; Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, that of the Shenandoah; and 




Confederate Capitol, Richmond, Va. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRA TION. 333 

Gen. R. S. Garnett, that in West Virginia. The Federal Army- 
was in charge of Gen. Winfield Scott. The Federal troops had 
been called out for three months, and it was believed in the 
North that the South would be conquered within that time. 
The South believed that after a few battles the North would 
tire of the war, and permit it to go in peace. Both sides 
singularly mistook the power and endurance of the men they 
opposed. The Federal Congress in July agreed to call out 
525,000 men, and appropriated $500,000,000 to equip and pro- 
vision this mighty force. The South 1 could not do things upon 
a scale so grand as this, but she did her best with tremendous 
energy. 

538. Seizure of Alexandria. — Col. Ellsworth entered Alex- 
andria, and took possession of the chief hotel. While taking 
down the "stars and bars" preparatory to running up the "stars 
and stripes," he was shot dead by the proprietor, who was in- 
stantly killed by Ellsworth's zouaves. The Union forces retained 
the town. 

539. Engagements in West Virginia. — On June 3, Gen. 
Morris repulsed the Confederates at Philippi, W. Va. Gen. 
George B. McClellan then took command of the Union forces, 
and gained a victory at Rich Mountain (July 11). At Carrick's 
Ford the Confederates were routed, and lost everything, includ- 
ing Gen. Garnett, who was killed July 14, Gen. Hoyd, with a de- 
tachment of Confederate troops, was attacked at Carnifex Ferry, 
and forced to retreat (Sept. 10). Gen. McClellan now took com- 
mand of the Federal Army of the Potomac, Gen. Rosecrans of 
the Union forces in West Virginia, while Gen. W. W. Loring, under 
Gen. R. E. Lee, succeeded to Garnett's Confederate command 
(Sept. 14). Lee failed in an elaborate attempt to drive Rosecrans 
from Cheat Mountain, and the latter successfully evaded a sub- 
sequent concentration of the Southern forces. 

1 In i860 the population of the Union States was about 23,000,000: the 
Confederate States liad about 9,000,000, of which nearly 4,000,000 were slaves. 



334 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



These actions, so vigorously prosecuted by the Union armies, 
gave the United States complete possession of West Virginia, and 
a provisional government was organized at once. This lost 
ground was never regained by the Confederacy, and resulted at 
last in the separation of this region from Virginia, and its erec- 
tion into an independent State under the name of " West Virginia " 
(June, 1863). 

540. The Virginia Campaign. Big Bethel. — Gen. Ben- 
jamin F. Butler, in command at Fortress Monroe, sent a detach- 
ment of troops to drive the Confederates under Gen.'Magruder 

from Big Bethel. This detach- 




ment was met by Gen. D. H. 
Hill, and repulsed with loss 
(June io).i 

Manassas Junction. — We now 

approach the great battle of the 

year. When Gen. Scott finished 

the organization of the grand 

army, sixty thousand strong, — 

" the largest and best equipped 

ever seen in America perhaps," 

— he placed it in command of 

Major-Gen. Irwin McDowell, 

one of the most skillful tacticians 

of the day, and pushed it across 

the Potomac upon Virginia soil. 

This large army moved slowly. Its left wing was attacked by 

Gen. Beauregard at Bull Run, July 18, and was forced back. 

On the 2 1 St, McDowell confronted the Confederate Army near 

Manassas 2 Junction. The battle was severe, and at noon the 



1 North Carolina entered the struggle after mature deliberation, and was 
the first to repel the invasion of Southern soil, as also the first to suffer. 
One life was lost in this battle on the Southern side, Henry Wyatt of Edge- 
combe County, N.C., — the first Southern soldier slain in the war. 

2 This battle was called by the Confederates the baitle of Manassas ; by 
the Federals, Bull Run. 



First Battle of Manassas. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



335 




stonewall Jackson. 



tide of victory was with McDowell. Part of the Confederates 
were in full retreat, crushed by the superior force of the enemy. 
Gen. Jackson's brigade 
stood its ground, while col- 
umn after column of Con- 
federates rolled back in 
confusion. Gen. Bee gal- 
loped up to Jackson, and 
said, " General, they are 
beating us back." As calm- 
ly as if before his college 
class, Jackson answered, 
" Sir, we will give them the 
bayonet." Galloping back 
to his men, Bee shouted, 
"Look at Jackson! He 
stands like a stone wall! 
Let us determine to die 
here, and we will conquer! " The men raUied under the stirring 
call, and wheeled round into the fight. 

The bayonets of Jackson gleaming in the sun checked the 
victorious Federal Army, and his men hailed him in cheers with 
this battle-tipped name, " Stonewall Jackson," which became at 
once and forever the name of one of the greatest Southern 
generals. 

Meanwhile Kirby Smith and the expected army of Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston arrived, and turned the tide of war. The Union 
Army was turned back and completely routed, not stopping its 
course till safely beyond the Potomac. 

Ball's Bluff. — Two thousand men were thrown across the 
Potomac into Virginia at Ball's Bluff, and were attacked (Oct. 21) 
by the Confederate forces under Gen. Evans, and routed with 
a loss of about half their number. , 

541. The Effect. — "The victory at Manassas was followed 
by a period of inactivity and of fancied security," says Mrs. 



33^ 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




George B. McCleilan. 



Davis. Many in the South thought that this battle ended the 
war. Enhstments decreased, and a false confidence followed. 

But the leaders on both sides 
knew that the end was not 
yet. " More men ! " was the 
cry throughout the North 
and South ; and each side be- 
gan the work of drilling the 
troops, and preparing them 
for the work of the next 
year. Gen. Scott resigned 
the chief command of the 
Federal Army ; and Gen. 
George B. McClellan, the 
successful commander in 
West Virginia, succeeded 
him. All through the win- 
ter the people North and 
South heard the single cry, "All is quiet along the Potomac," 
and wondered what 1862 would bring to pass. 

542. The Blockade. — Never, perhaps, were the resources 
of the American Government shown more conspicuously than 
in effecting the blockade of the Southern ports. The coast line 
of the South was so long and "intricate, that to blockade it 
seemed impossible even to men skilled in war. Men and money 
were put to work, and in a short time the blockade became a 
serious impediment to the South. Armed vessels were stationed 
at the mouth of the Mississippi and before the leading Southern 
ports. The South had neither ships nor sailors. The products 
of the South were thus cooped up at home, and could not be 
used in obtaining money, war stores, or implements. In this 
emergency, hundreds of independent vessels entered the bays, 
rivers, atid creeks to carry on trade with the South, despite the 
obstructions. These were called "blockade runners." If caught, 
both craft and cargo were confiscated ; and the chases after 



LIATOL.V'S FIRST ADMINISTRATIOX. 337 




Blockade Kicinicr. 



them made by the United States steamers form a very romantic 
side to the horrors of the war. 

543. Privateers. — As a retahation for closing Southern ports, 
the Confederate States issued " letters of marque " to privateers, 
which authorized them to seize and confiscate the merchant ships 
of the United States. These privateers were as destructive to 
Northern commerce as the blockade was to the South. 

544. The "Trent" Affair. — An event occurred in Novem- 
ber which brought the United States to the verge of war with 
Great Britain. The Confederate States sent Messrs. Mason and 
Slidell as envoys to England. These men had taken passage 
on the English mail steamer "Trent," and were taken from that 
vessel and made prisoners of war by Capt. Wilkes of the United 
States sloop " San Jacinto." This was claiming a right of search 
for the United States. The action caused great indignation in 
England, and that nation demanded that the prisoners be given 
up. The United States disavowed the act, and set the envoys 



338 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

free. Many persons in the North objected to this ; but Mr. Lin- 
coln was firm, saying, "We fought Great Britain in 1812 for 
doing just what Capt. Wilkes has done. We must give up the 
prisoners to England." 

545. Kentucky had decided " to stand like a wall of fire 
between the contending forces." Neutrality, however, was im- 
possible. Her leading citizens were in sympathy with their 
Southern friends, and soon became active supporters of the Con- 
federate States. This stimulated the Union men, and enlistments 
went on openly for both governments. Families were divided, 
brothers were opposed to each other in deadly combat, and life- 
long friendships were turned into bitter enmity and hatred. Such 
were the terrible ordeals of Kentucky and the other border States. 
Bishop Leonidas Polk of Louisiana marched into western Ken- 
tucky, and took possession of Columbus. Belmont in Missouri 
was occupied, and the passage of the Mississippi placed under the 
control of the Confederates. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, with a 
detachment of Illinois troops, crossed into Missouri, and made 
an unsuccessful attempt to take Belmont. 

546. Missouri was kept in the Union by the united efforts of 
Capt. Lyon and Francis P. Blair. Gov. Jackson, who sided with 
the South, called out fifty thousand men, and named Sterling 
Price as their general. The following events occurred in rapid 
succession: (i) Capt. Lyon broke up Camp Jackson, (2) he de- 
feated Gov. Jackson at Boonville (June 17), (3) Col. Sigel was, 
however, defeated in a severe engagement at Carthage (July 5). 

Placed in chief command, Lyon attacked (Aug. 10) the 
combined forces of Gens. McCullough and Price at Oak Hills or 
Wilson's Creek. The victory seemed to incline towards Lyon 
at first, but at the critical moment a stand was taken by a de- 
tachment of Arkansas and Louisiana troops which saved the day 
to the South. The Federal troops retreated, having lost their 
leader, the brave Gen. Lyon. 



CHAPTER L. 

LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION, Continued. 



Leading Events of 1862 

"Virginia" and " Monitor." 
Peninsular Campaign. 
Stonewall Jackson's Raid. 
Second Battle of Manassas. 
Invasion of Maryland. 



Fredericksburg. 
Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing. 
Fall of New Orleans. 
Invasion of Kentucky. 
Murfreesboro, or Stone River. 



547. Disaster to the Confederacy. — Operations began 
early in 1862, and in nearly every engagement in the West the 
Union forces were successful. At Mill Springs, Ky., Gens. Crit- 
tenden and Zollicoffer were defeated (Jan. 19) with great loss 
by Gen. George H. Thomas. 

In a battle of great severity fought (March 7, 8) at Pea Ridge, 
Ark., the Confederates under Price and McCuUough won a vic- 
tory over Gens. Curtis and Sigel ; but for some unknown reason 
a retreat began just as the Federals were discussing a retreat. 
This fight is therefore called " a drawn battle." The Confederates 
lost Gens. McCullough and Mcintosh, the idols of the army of 
the West. During the year all northern Arkansas fell into Fed- 
eral hands. 

Gen. Burnside, supported by a squadron of war vessels, cap- 
tured Roanoke Island, and gained control of the coast of North 
Carolina (March). 

548. The "Virginia" and the "Monitor." — Amidst these 
reverses the Southerners were electrified by the operations of a 
strange craft which had been constructed by the Confederates 
at Norfolk. The frigate " Merrimac," a sunken ship, had been 
raised, covered over with bars of railroad iron, and sent out to 
attack the Union fleet in Hampton Roads, between Norfolk and 

339 



34° 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Fortress Monroe. In her new dress and new name, the "Vir- 
ginia " achieved an undying fame. She attacked the war ship 
"Cumberland," and sank it. Then turning on the "Congress," 
the " Virginia " forced her to strike her colors, after which she 
was burned. The wooden men-of-war could do nothing with 
the iron vessel, and got out of the way. During the night a 
Union ironclad, called the " Monitor," entered Hampton Roads, 
and on the next day (March 9) the first fight in the world's his- 




" / irgiiiia" and '* JAv/.'/'iv . " 

tory, between ironclad war vessels, took place. For five hours 
the fight went on, and closed at last with victory inclining to 
neither side. The " Monitor " retired to shallow water, and the 
"Virginia" returned to Norfolk. The arrival of the "Monitor" 
saved the Union fleet, and stopped the progress of a vessel that 
would have opened up the blockade in a short time. The 
" Virginia " was blown up when the Confederates evacuated 
Norfolk, and the "Monitor" went down at sea in a storm at 
the end of the year. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



34 i 



549. The Peninsular Campaign. — McClellan had an army 
around Washington of nearly two hundred thousand men, called 
the "Army of the Potomac." Opposed to him was Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston with a force not half so large. McClellan left his 
camps on March 10, and set out to capture Richmond. After 
reaching Manassas Junction, he concluded to take a shorter route, 
and sent about half his army to Fortress Monroe, leaving Mc- 
Dowell in command of the remainder. In twenty-five days the 
landing was completed, and the march begun to Yorktown. 
Here the Confederates held McClellan thirty days before evacu- 
ating the place. Meanwhile Johnston had marched southward 
to protect the capital. Gen. Wool then moved upon Norfolk, 
which was evacuated at once. This left the James River open 
for the passage of boats to Richmond. McClellan defeated a 
detachment of Confederates at Williamsburg, and four days 
afterwards was equally successful at West Point. This left the 
way open to the Chickahom- 
iny, ten miles from Richmond, 
which stream was reached and 
crossed by McClellan and a 
large part of his army. 

550. Battle of Seven 
Pines and Fair Oaks. — 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at- 
tacked McClellan at Seven 
Pines and Fair Oaks (May 31 
and June i) while his army 
was divided by the Chicka- 
hominy, and succeeded in 
driving him back with great 
loss. The timely advance of 
Gen. Sumner saved the Union 
Army from a rout. Gen, Johnston being severely wounded, the 
command devolved upon Gen. Robert E. Lee, who remained at 
the head of the army of northern Virginia till the end of the war. 

21 




Joseph E. Johnston. 



342 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



551. The Valley Campaign (March 23 to June 9). — 

The Southern Army around Richmond needed reenforcements, 
and in obtaining them two other things were effected : ( i ) Mc- 
Dowell's army was prevented from helping McClellan, and (2) 
Washington City was threatened with an attack. To do these 
things, Gen. Stonewall Jackson was sent up the valley of Vir- 
ginia. His movements were successful, and won the admiration 
of friend and foe. The Federal commander had sent a strong 
division southward into the Shenandoah valley. Jackson moved 
rapidly toward the Blue Ridge, routed Fremont and McDowell, 
then entered the Shenandoah and drove Banks down the valley 
and out of Virginia. Turning back, he again hurled Fremont 

out of his way at Cross Keys, 
pushed on to Port Repubhc, 
where he attacked Gen. 
Shields, defeated him, and 
reached Richmond in time 
for the Seven-Days' Battle. 
This brilliant movement kept 
McDowell at Fredericks- 
burg, where he could be of 
no service whatever to Mc- 
^ Clellan.i 

552. Stuart's Ride. — 
Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, with his 
cavalry corps, was detached 
by Gen. Lee to annoy Gen. 
McClellan. He rode clear 
around McClellan's army, 
tearing up railroads, destroying supplies, and alarming the Fed- 
eral forces (June 13). 

1 Stonewall Jackson, with an army of not more than 15,000, had marched 
400 miles in 40 days, capturing 3,500 prisoners, and leaving as many more 
dead or disabled on the field, besides defeating 4 separate armies aggregating 
at least 45,000 men. 




Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADI\riNISTRATION. 



343 



553. The Seven Days' Battles (June 25 to July i). — 

Gen. Lee resolved to begin offensive operations for the relief of 
Richmond. Jackson, fresh from his victories in the Valley, was 
at hand, and McClellan's army was divided by the Chickahom- 
my. McClellan at the same time decided to advance, and on 
June 25 attacked Lee at Oak Grove, but without advantage. 
On June 26 Lee captured 
Mechanicsville and as- 
saulted the strong Union 
forces at Beaver Dam. 
He was repulsed with se- 
vere loss, but succeeded 
in forcing McClellan to 
retire to Gaines Mill 
(sometimes called Cold 
Harbor and the Chicka- 
hominy), where, June 27, 
a victory was gained by 
the Confederates. Mc- 
Clellan then resolved to 
change his base of opera- 
tions to the James, and he 
effected his purpose with masterly skill. Lee pursued with vigor, 
repulsed the Union forces at Savage's Station (June 29), and 
gained a victory at P'razier's Farm (June 30). McClellan reached 
Malvern Hill (July i), where he was unsuccessfully attacked by 
Lee. During the night McClellan withdrew to Harrison's Land- 
ing, thus successfully maintaining his retreat and saving his army. 
Lee had saved Richmond and had driven back the largest army 
that had ever been seen in America.! He had also captured 
10,000 prisoners, 52 pieces of artillery, and 30,000 stand of arms. 

554. The Effect Gen. Halleck succeeded McClellan as 

commander-in-chief of the Union armies. President Lincoln or- 

1 Lee's force was the largest he ever had, — 80,000 men and 150 guns. 
McClellan placed his fighting force at 105,825, with 340 fieldpieces. 




I 'ichiity of Richinond. 



344 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



dered a new levy of six hundred thousand men, and began the 
discussion of purchasing the slaves of such States as should aban- 
don the war. The enormous price required soon occasioned the 
abandonment of this plan. 

555. Second Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run. — Mean- 
while Lee turned northward. A new Union army had been 

formed to fall on Rich- 
mond from the north, and 
placed under the com- 
mand of Gen. Pope. 
Gen. Banks attacked Gen. 
Jackson at Cedar Moun- 
tain (Aug. 9) and was 
defeated. There were 
engagements at Gaines- 
ville, Thoroughfare Gap, 
and Groveton, in the lat- 
ter part of August, which 
were honorable to both 
armies. Lee then got into 
the rear of the Union Ar- 
my, where, after two days 
of hard fighting (Aug. 29, 
_5° 3o)> it was routed on the 

Second Battle 0/ Manassas. q|^J MaUaSSaS batdcfield. 

At Chantilly (Ox Hill, Sept. i), Pope's army suffered another re- 
verse, and retreated to the lines at Centerville, where it was 
merged into McClellan's force, Pope being relieved. 

556. The Invasion of Maryland. — Lee crossed the Po- 
tomac to reheve Virginia by threatening Washington. He 
captured Frederick and Hagerstown. Jackson moved against 
Harper's Ferry, which quickly surrendered (Sept. 15), Lee 
took position at South Mountain, but could not hold it against 
McClellan's forces. Lee then retreated to Sharpsburg, where, 




SCALE OF MrLES 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRA TION 



345 



being joined by Jackson, he was attacked by McClellan. The 
engagement, one of the severest of the war, was fought (Sept. 
i6, 17) on Antietam Creek, with no decisive results. 

557. Battle of Fredericksburg. — Gen. McClellan was su- 
perseded by Gen. Burnside (Nov. 7). The government was 
urgent for a renewal of hostilities. Gen. Burnside moveei on 
Fredericksburg (Dec. 13), and attacked it. A heavy cannonade 
was kept up all day, with little effect. Then a gallant charge 
was made. This was repeated five times by the brave Union 
forces, only to be repulsed with terrible loss.i Burnside iell 
back, and was relieved by Gen. Joseph Hooker, famiharly called 
by his soldiers " Fighting Jo Hooker." This ended the cam- 
paign in the East, which throughout the year had been a series 
of Southern successes. 

558. Forts Henry and Donelson. — These forts were strong 
Confederate positions, and against them the Union forces in the 
west were directed. The Union 
gunboats vmder Commodore 
Foote moved up the Tennessee 
River, and after an hour's fight 
captured Fort Henry (Feb. 6, 
1862). Gen. Grant then moved 
across to the Cumberland, 
and, in conjunction with the 
gunboats, invested Fort Don- 
elson (Feb. 12). The fighting 
on the first day was desperate, 
and after three days Gen. 
Buckner surrendered. 




SCALE OF MILES 



Forts Henry and Donelson. 

Grant now became a conspicuous figure 
in the western field of operations. 



1 Gen. Lee met his young son, Robert, begrimed with smoke and powder, 
and did not recognize him. The young fellow said, "General, are you 
going to put us in again ? " — " Yes," said his father, " but, my boy, who are 
you?" — Why, do you not know me, father? I am Robbie." — "God 
defend you, my son ! " answered the general, "you must go in again." 



346 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



559. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh. — Gen. 

Cirant then moved with his army up the Tennessee River to 
Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, where Gen. Albert Sidney John- 
ston attacked him (April 6), and drove him in confusion to the 
shelter of the gunboats. Johnston received a mortal wound at 
the moment of victory. During the night Gen. Buell arrived 
with additional troops, and united with Grant. Gen. Beauregard 
succeeded to the Confederate command, and on the next day 
was defeated by the combined forces of Grant and Buell. In 
this battle the Union loss was fourteen thousand ; the Confed- 
erate, eleven thousand. The timely appearance of Buell saved 
the Army of Tennessee from utter rout. The most serious loss 
to the Confederates was that of their commander. 

560. Island No. 10. — On the same day the Confederates 
suffered another great loss in the surrender of Island No. 10, the 

strongest fortification in the 
Mississippi River. The gar- 
rison had withstood a severe 
bombardment for twenty- 
four days. Fort Pillow was 
evacuated ; and Memphis, 
being now unprotected, fell 
into the hands of the Federal 
Army. This gave the Union 
forces control of the whole 
course of the Mississippi Riv- 
er from Vicksburg north. 

561. Fall of New Or- 
leans. — Flag officer Farra- 
gut^ bombarded Forts Jack- 
son and St. Philip on the Mississippi River below New Orleans 
until he was satisfied that they could not be reduced. He then cut 




Flag officer Farragut. 



1 David Glascoe Farragut was born near Knoxville, Tenn., in 1801. As a 
naval officer he had no superior. His daring passage of the Confederate forts 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



347 




SCALE OF MILES 



New Orleans and Vicinity. 



the chain which barred his passage up the river, and sailed with 
his fleet to New Orleans. There were no soldiers to defend it, 
as in the days of Gen. Jack- 
son, and it capitulated (April 
25). The loss of New Or- 
leans carried with it the loss to 
the Confederacy of the greater 
part of Louisiana. This loss 
was the more severe because it 
was entirely unexpected. 

562. Invasion of Ken= 
tucky. — The Confederate 
Army at Corinth was placed 
in command of Gen. Bragg, 
supported by Gens. Polk, 
Hardee, Breckinridge, Van Dorn, and Price. The Union Army 
was in command of Gen. Buell, assisted by Gens. Grant, Sherman, 
Thomas, Sheridan, Pope, and Rosecrans. 

At the approach of Buell's army, the Confederate forces with- 
drew (May 29) to Tupelo, and the Union Army occupied Corinth. 
Both armies divided their forces. Buell and Thomas entered 
Tennessee, going to the northeast, while Bragg took a part of 
the forces and followed. Bragg then conceived the idea of 
threatening Kentucky to relieve Tennessee. Buell realized the 
importance of the movement, and opposed it by hastening to 
Louisville with a large force. On his rapid march through Ken- 
on the lower Mississippi was a grand spectacle. The fleet as it pushed up- 
wards was enveloped in the dense smoke of the guns from the forts, from 
the burning rafts which the Confederates had launched into the river, and 
from the ironclad ram "Manassas." His other great enterprise was directed 
against the defenses around Mobile. The Confederate ram "Tennessee" 
and three other gunboats guarded the bay. From an elevated position in 
the rigging, Farragut directed the engagement said by him to have been 
" one of the fiercest naval combats on record." Congress created for him 
the grade of rear-admiral in December, 1864, and he was made admiral in 
1866. He died in 1870. 



348 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




tucky, Bragg defeated a large body of Union soldiers at Mun- 
fordville (Sept. 17). Kirby Smith had defeated a Federal de- 
tachment at Richmond 
(Aug. 30), and now united 
with Bragg; but Buell 
reached Louisville first, 
and Bragg fell back into 
the mountains. At Per- 
ryville (Oct. 8) his re- 
treating army was at- 
tacked ; but after a hard- 
fought battle the Union 
forces fell back, and he 
was permitted to march 
The Campaigns in the West. qu without further inter- 

ference. Excepting a train-load of spoils, Bragg's expedition 
into Kentucky effected nothing. 

563. In Mississippi. — Price at luka, and Van Dorn at 

Holly Springs, now engrossed the attention of Grant, who was 
intrenched at Corinth. Rosecrans and Price had a severe con- 
flict at luka (Sept. 19), but without decisive results. Price then 
joined Van Dorn, and attacked Rosecrans at Corinth in his in- 
trenchments (Oct. 4). Their courage was as great as was ever 
displayed on any battlefield, but they were unsuccessful. 

564. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. — Two bat- 
tles were fought at this place between Rosecrans, who had suc- 
ceeded Buell, and Bragg. On Dec. 31 the right wing of the 
Union Army was shattered, and the whole army almost de- 
stroyed. During the night, however, Rosecrans rallied his men, 
and was ready on New Year's Day to begin again ; but no fight 
occurred that day. On Jan. 2, however, Bragg made an heroic 
charge, which was met with dogged resistance. Bragg withdrew 
in good order. Gen. Breckinridge and Gen. Sheridan were espe- 
cially distinguished. 



CHAPTER LI. 

LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION, Continued. 

Leading Events of 1863 in the East. 

Emancipation Proclamation. I The Draft. 
Chancellorsville. I Battle of Gettysburg. 

565. Emancipation Proclamation. — President Lincoln is- 
sued a proclamation (Sept. 22, 1862) as follows: "On the first 
day of January, 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State 
or part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion 
against the United States, shall be thenceforward and forever 
free." 

On the first day of January, 1863, the President again pro- 
claimed the following States to be in rebellion, and that all slaves 
in these States were free : Arkansas, Louisiana (except thirteen 
parishes), Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South 
Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except fifty-eight coun- 
ties). 

In Maryland, in fifty-eight counties of Virginia, Kentucky, 
Missouri, Tennessee, ^ and thirteen parishes of Louisiana, slavery 
was not interfered with. To have given freedom to the negroes 
of these States would have arrayed many Union men against the 
Northern policy. 

The proclamation of the President was based upon " mihtary 
necessity," and by it more than four million slaves, valued at 
more than three billion dollars, were to be set at liberty.^ 

1 Tennessee called a convention of the people, and liy her own act liber- 
ated lier slaves before the question of a general amendment to the Constitu- 
tion had been discussed. 

2 To recover from a loss so immense required an energy unknown in 
the history of any people. The question was, " Will the South ever re- 

349 



35° HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

566. The Federal Plan of Campaign was to take Rich- 
mond, and to open the Mississippi River. The first object was 
to be achieved by Gen. Hooker with the Army of the Potomac, 
while the second was to be performed by Gen. Grant with the 
Army of the Cumberland. Gen. Hooker reported an army of a 
hundred and thirty-two thousand men before Fredericksburg, 
which he said was " the finest army on the planet." Lee could 
oppose to this well-disciplined army not more than sixty thousand 
men. 

567. Chancellorsville (April 29, 30, May i, 2). — Gen. 
Hooker moved against Lee with his splendid army, only to be 
checked and thwarted at every point bv the Confederate chief. 
Hooker's plans were well conceived, and all of his operations 
faultlessly arranged. He failed to accomplish his ends on ac- 
count of the transcendent skill of his antagonist. The genius of 
Lee in repelling this advance of Hooker's grand army places 
him among the first class of the world's great commanders. But 
the Confederates sustained a loss durmg this four-days' fight that 
filled the South with sorrow. Stonewall Jackson was slain. In 
the midst of a masterly flank movement, wherein he had marched 
with a large part of his army from his extreme right across the 
front of the whole Union Army, and crushed the right wing of 
Hooker's army, he was slain by a shot from his own men. No 
victory could compensate for such a loss. Gen. Lee said, " It 
would have been better for the South that I should have fallen." 

568. The Draft and the New York Riot. — Following the 
defeat there was a call for more recruits to the L^nion Army. 
Difficulties were experienced in many Northern States in securing 
them. Volunteers were scarce, and the ranks had to be filled 
by a draft. By this process the men to be furnished by each 

trievc licr loss?" Twenty-five years of industry and self-denial lia\e an- 
swered the question affirmatively. This loss, and other losses almost as 
great, have been retrieved by the unaided industry and dogged perseverance 
of this people. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



351 




SCALE OF MILES ? '.° V V 1" f 

Lee's JiizHisioii of rctinsylvania. 



State were selected by lot, and the 
unfortunate ones forced to enter 
the ranks. In New York City thtf 
draft was resisted. For three days 
a riot prevailed. A colored asylum 
and armory were burned. Negroes 
were assaulted and killed. 

569. Invasion of Pennsylva= 
nia, — • Hooker was succeeded by 
Gen. Meade. Lee turned north 
through the valley of Virginia, cap- 
tured Winchester, and crossed the 
Potomac. To the tune " Dixie " he 
pursued his course into Pennsylvania", 
where, after taking York and Carlisle, 
he directed his course to the strong 
grounds at Gettysburg. Meade, with a splendid army, was 
moving rapidly to the same point. 

570. Gettysburg. — On July i Gen. Reynolds met the ad- 
vance corps of Lee's army 
under A. P. Hill and Ewell 
near Gettysburg, and was 
forced back. Ewell, with 
Jackson's men, followed up, 
and took possession of the 
town of Gettysburg, captur- 
ing five thousand prisoners. 
Gen. Reynolds being slain. 
Gen. Hancock succeeded, 
and took position on the 
heights called Cemetery 
Ridge. He was reenforced 
at this place by the remainder 

Gen. Meade. of Meade's army. 




352 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



C baiD ber>.l> uKPk 



On another range of hills parallel to Cemetery Ridge,i called 
Seminary Ridge, the Confederate Army took position on the 2d 
of July. The position of Meade was in itself strong, but he made 
it impregnable by intrenchments. This position Gen. Lee re- 
solved to take. Gens. Longstreet, Ewell, and Hill were in com- 
mand of the attacking lines, and did prodigies of valor. Long- 
street " was so far successful as to 
win and hold, after terrible fight- 
ing, the ground held by his enemy. 
This was the famous " Peach Or- 
chard." The Union cry, "We have 
come to stay! " was a glorious one, 
was gloriously fought for, but could 
not be maintained. Howard, Stein- 
wehr, and Buford earned the title 
" heroes." Hood's magnificent 
Texans, and the Third Arkansas, 
won undying fame around Little 
Round Top. Hays and Hoke, headed by the Louisiana Tigers, 
faced batteries which fired four shots a minute. Across Rock 
Creek, Ewell's corps, led by the " Stonewall Brigade," dashed into 
the breastworks of Wadsworth and Green. "The breastworks 
blaze, and there is heard the sharp clear rattlings as of thousands 
of musket-shots." Night came, and the two armies slept. The 
second day, July 2, had cost each of them ten thousand men. 




Gettysbu7-g and Vicinity. 



1 This ridge, in the shape of a fishhook, had several prominent divisions, 
— Gulp's Hill, Little Round Top, Round Top, and Wolf's Hill. Union sol- 
diers who had been under fire at Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Manas- 
sas, Centerville, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, said that the firing of 
the first day at Gettysburg was the most terrific they had ever experienced. 

2 Longstreet was supported by Gen. Hood. Lee desired to go into battle 
early on the 2d, saying, " The enemy is here, and if we do not whip him, he 
will whip us." But he was overruled by his ofificers, and thus lost the 
chance to win. Longstreet said, " The general is a little nervous this 
morning : he wishes me to attack. I do not wish to do so without Pickett. 
I never like to go into battle with one boot off." It was three o'clock be- 
fore the battle began. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



353 



The third day, July 3, was another of courage such as Amer- 
icans have rarely had opportunity to display. Pickett's charge 
down Seminary Ridge and up the opposing ridge was a fitting 




Battle of Gettysburg: 

close of this the most momentous battle of the war. The steady 
march of his column was a sight worthy of admiration, and the 
Union hues did not withhold it. In the face of a blinding 
tempest of shot and shell, they moved with trained step for- 
ward into the very breastworks of the foe. Pickett's Virginians 
planted their battle flags on the breastworks, and fought with 
heroic despair. Alone and unsupported, Pickett's men, in the 
vortex of destruction, were forced to yield, — -Kemper wounded, 
Garnett fallen, and Armistead dead in the very forefront of the 
charge, far inside the enemy's lines. Night closed on the third 
day's fight, and ended the battle. Lee did not attack on the 
next day, and Meade did not follow up what he had gained.^ 

1 The Confederate loss was 31,000; and the Federal, 23,000. 



CHAPTER IJT. 

LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION, ConHnued. 
Leading Events of 1863 in the West. 



Vicksburg. 
Chickatnauga. 
Missionary Ridge. 



Ringgold. 

Trans=Mississippi Campaigns. 

Confederate Privateers. 



571. The Siege of Vicksburg. — Gen. .Grant excelled in 
variety of expedients, dauntlessness of courage, and indomitable 
endurance. He resolved to take Vicksburg, and, after many dis- 
couraging failures, succeeded. He marched into Mississippi, but 

was forced to withdraw 
by the vigorous action of 
Gen. Van Dorn at Holly 
Springs. Gen. Sherman 
was also compelled to with- 
draw after an unsuccessful 
assault upon Stephen D. 
Lee at Chickasaw Bayou. 
Grant then moved down 
the Mississippi, landed at 
Young's Point, and tried 
to change the bed of the 
river by cutting across one 
of its sharp bends. 

The failure of this plan 
led to the opening of other 
ditches to reach the creeks behind the city. Gunboats from 
above (April i6), in splendid procession, moved down the river 
past the city through a shower of shot and shell. This move- 
ment of the gunboats protected the movements of Grant, who, 

354 




Gen. Grant. 



Z/A'COLX'S FIRST ADMIXISTRATION. 



355 



with a large land force, proceeded down the west side of the river 
to a favorable point (Bruinsburg), where he crossed to the east 
side and marched northward. This placed him in a critical posi- 
tion between Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Jackson, and Gen. 
Pemberton at Vicksbm^g. By a strange oversight the union of 
these two armies, and a joint attack upon Grant at Clinton, were 
not made ; and Pemberton 
was defeated at Big Black 
River (May 17). 'J'his 
forced him to retire to 
Vicksburg behind his in- 
trenchments. On May ig 
and 22 assaults were made 
by the Union forces with 
great spirit, but were both 
repulsed by the Confeder- 
ates. Grant then settled 
down to the slow process 
of a siege. He had tele- 
graphed Halleck that he 
could manage Vicksburg, 
and, in addition, an attacking force of thirty thousand men. 
He was never called upon to manage the attacking force, although 
an army of nearly thirty thousand was in the State. For a period 
of forty-seven days the siege went on, until the Confederate 
forces, being reduced to the very verge of starvation, finally sur- 
rendered (July 4). 

572. Port Hudson. — While Grant was investing Vicksburg, 
Gen. Banks, with a large force, attempted to capture Port Hud- 
son. He made two vigorous assaults, but was as vigorously re- 
pulsed. It was impossible to carry the place by storm ; but, when 
Vicksburg surrendered, it was useless to continue the one-sided 
contest. Port Hudson yielded on July g, and the whole Missis- 
sippi River was in the hands of the United States, and the eastern 
part of the Confederacy cut away from the western. 




Vicksburg a7id I'icinity. 



356 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




K/E N 



SCALE OF MILES \ 



Mortran's I\aid. 



573. Morgan's Raid. — In July, Gen. Morgan, with about 
four thousand Confederate cavalry, pushed across the Ohio 

River into Ohio and Indiana. 
From Brandenburg he passed rap- 
idly to the northeastward, creating 
consternation on all sides. He 
passed around Cincinnati, and at- 
tempted to cross into Kentucky 
near Pomeroy. The Federal gun- 
boats at this point interfered, and 
most of his men were captured. 

574. Battle of Chickamauga. — Bragg fell back after the 
battle of Murfreesboro to TuUahoma, and then into Georgia. 
Rosecrans reached Chickamauga, where he was attacked by 
Bragg (Sept. 19). Rosecrans was supported by Gens. Thomas, 
McCook, and Crittenden ; 
Bragg, by Polk, Hood, Breck- 
inridge, D. H. Hill, and Long- 
street. The fight during the 
whole of the first day was 
severe, but not decisive. On 
the next day the battle raged 
with fury, but Bragg could 
not drive Thomas from the 
stand he had taken on the 
left. A gap in the Union 
lines made an opportunity for 
Longstreet to charge, which 
threw Gen. Davis's division 
into confusion. Through this '-''"■ '"''"ss- 

gap the Confederate Army poured, separating the Federal right 
and center, and compelling Sheridan, after a gallant fight, to give 
way. This routed the whole army, excepting Thomas's division, 
and sent it in great confusion back to Chattanooga. Thomas 
still held on with determined resolution, and could not be dis- 




LINCOLN'S FLRST ADMINISTRATION. 



357 




Gen. Thomas. 



lodged from his strong position. That night, however, he aban- 
doned it, and entered Chattanooga, having saved the entire 
Union Army from a rout. 

575. Siege of Chatta= 
nooga. — Rosecrans was 
shut up in Chattanooga ^ by 
the Confederate forces un- 
der Bragg. His supphes 
were cut off, and starva- 
tion threatened his army. 
Bragg's army held the com- 
manding positions on Mis- 
sionary Ridge and Lookout 
Mountain. At this juncture 
Hooker's corps of twenty- 
three thousand was trans- 
ferred by rail from the Army 
of the Potomac, and united with the Union Army at Chattanooga. 
The reduction of Vicksburg enabled Grant to march a large part 
of his victorious army to the relief of Rosecrans. All these addi- 
tions were so cleverly made by Grant and Hooker as to escape 
the observation of the Confederate scouts. Bragg had the su- 
perior position, while Grant had a large superiority in men and 
arms. Bragg still further weakened himself by detaching Long- 
street against Fort Saunders at Knoxville. Grant decided to 
strike Bragg before Longstreet's return. Hooker, with his divi- 
sion, marched up the almost precipitous side of Lookout Moun- 
tain (Nov. 24), almost under the present Lookout House on the 
Point, and without any important opposition occupied the top 
of the mountain. The battle above the clouds, so fancifully re- 
peated by so many writers, was hardly a skirmish, and the occu- 
pancy conferred no advantage other than an imposing appearance, 

1 This little city is almost surrounded by mountains, prominent among 
them being Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 
22 



358 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



576. Battle of Mission- 
ary Ridge. — On Nov. 25 

Sherman attacked Bragg at 
the northern end of Mission- 
ary Ridge, near what is now 
called Sherman Heights ; 
while Hooker, descending 
from the heights, attacked 
the southern end from Ross- 
ville Gap. To resist the se- 
vere attack on his wings, 
Bragg was forced to send for- 
ward all his available force. 
Nearly all day the Confed- 
erates fought stubbornly and well. They held Sherman back 
until after three o'clock, when the turn came. Grant, from his 
position on Orchard Knob, saw that the decisive time had come. 




SCALE OF MILES ^ 



Chattanooga and I 'icinity. 




Battle of Missionary Ridge. 



L/XCOLX\S FIRST ADMIXTSTRATION. 



359 



All Bragg's men were in deadly grapple with Hooker and Sher- 
man ; and it but remained for him to throw Thomas's division 
against the weakened center of the Southern Army, and win a 
splendid victory. Sheridan and Wood moved forward to the 
foot of the ridge, and took the Confederate rifle-pits. This was 
as far as they had been ordered to go ; but a wild enthusiasm 
appeared to seize them at this moment, and they resolved to go 
farther. Without orders, without lines, and defying all control, 
the men started up the hill. They reached the summit, and 
planted their colors upon its top. The Confederates retreated, 
leaving Missionary Ridge in full possession of the Union Army. 
Sherman's army, by its stubborn, persistent lighting all day, thus 
calling for the best of Bragg's men to hold them back, made 
it possible for Thomas to break the center and carry the ridge. 

577. Battle of Ringgold. — The next morning Sherman and 
Hooker started in pursuit of the retreating Confederate Army. 
They reached Chickamauga Station, to find it in flames. Hooker 
pushed on to Ringgold, where he came in contact with the Con- 
federate rearguard under Gen. 
Cleburne. Here a desperate 
encounter took place (Nov. 
26), which earned for Cle- 
burne the glorious title " Stone- 
wall Jackson of the West." 
Cleburne lost one hundred 
and thirty men, while Hooker 
lost four hundred and thirty- 
two, including some of his 
best officers. Cleburne re- 
treated, but he was not pur- ~ "- 

sued. ^^^^z^s^^^^-^'^ 

578. Siege of Knoxville. ^"'- ^""'r^' '' 

Gen. Longstreet was sent by Bragg to capttire Knoxville, then 
in command of Gen. Burnside. He invested the city, and at- 




360 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



tacked Fort Saunders (Nov. 29), but was repulsed. The loss of 
Missionary Ridge caused him to draw off his forces, and to fol- 
low Bragg. The Confederate Army retreated to Dalton, and 
established a fortified camp. Bragg was superseded by Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston. 

579. Campaign in Arl<ansas. — The transfer of Van Dorn's 

command to the Mississippi Department left Arkansas without 
defense. The Confederates created a new department composed 

of Louisiana, Arkansas, and 




Texas, called the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, 
and placed Arkansas in 
command of Gen. Hind- 
man. Hindman, assisted 
by Gen. Roane, organized 
an army of Arkansas troops, 
and checked Curtis in two 
skirmishes at St. Charles 
and Cache River (June 17, 
July 7, 1862). 

Since the drawn battle of 
Elkhorn (Pea Ridge), no 
battle of importance had 
occurred on the soil of this 
State. The Union forces un- 
der Gens. Blunt and Herron had gathered at Prairie Grove, where 
they were attacked by Gen. Hindman (Dec. 7, 1862). The battle 
was severe but not decisive. Hindman retreated to the South. 

The capture of Arkansas Post (January, 1863), the battle of 
Helena (July 4), and the capture of Little Rock (Sept. 10) and 
Pine Bluff, placed Arkansas under the control of the Union sol- 
diery save a small region in the southwest. 

580. Jenkin's Ferry and Price's Raid. — Gen. Steele 
moved southward in April, 1864, and encountered the Confed- 



SCALE OF MILES 



Battlefields ifi A rkansas. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 36 1 

erate Army at Mark's Mill (April 25). Pushing on, he again 
attacked it at Jenkin's Ferry (April 30), only to be repulsed. He 
then retreated to Little Rock. This virfually ended the war in 
Arkansas. In September, 1864, Gen. Price started from his 
camp in southern Arkansas on an invading expedition. He 
pushed his way into M'ssouri, meeting opposition at many places, 
and lighting several batdes. The battle of Pilot Knob, Mo., 
resulted in his defeat. He then entered Kansas, where he was 
again defeated, and turned southward into Arkansas, where he 
remained until the close of the war. 

581. Texas. — Admiral Farragut, with a part of the Gulf 
blockading squadron, captured Corpus Christi, Galveston, and 
Sabine Pass (1862). Gen. Magruder was placed in command 
of this part of the Trans- Mississippi Department of the Confed- 
erates, and by a series of brave actions won considerable renown. 
He attacked at the same time the land forces in possession of 
Galveston and the investing squadron. The garrison surren- 
dered: one vessel was captured, another destroyed, and the 
blockade broken up at that place (Jan. i, 1863). 

582. Louisiana. — Gen. Banks undertook to reduce Louisi- 
ana and Texas. His first plan resulted in complete failure. In 
November he captured Brazos Island, Point Isabel, and Fort 
Esperanza, on Matagorda Bay. Leaving the Gulf, he went up 
the Mississippi River, and began his operations by way of Red 
River. 

Banks's Red River Expedition. — Gen. Richard Taylor, son of 
President Zachary Taylor, was in command of the Confederate 
forces in Louisiana. Banks concentrated his army of thirty-one 
thousand at Sabine Cross Roads, where he was attacked (April 
8, 1864), and driven back to Pleasant Hill. At this place Taylor 
was again successful in overthrowing Banks (April 9) and forcing 
him out of the State. 

583. Confederate Privateers. — These vessels did an im- 
mense amount of injury to the commerce of the United States. 



362 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



The " Sumter," in charge of Capt. Raphael Semmes, did great 
damage in 1861. Semmes sold this vessel while blockaded 

in the port of Gibraltar, 
and proceeded to England, 
where he obtained another, 
the " Alabama," in which 
(1862 and 1863) he gained 
a lasting fame. With the 
"Alabama " he almost de- 
stroyed the commerce of 
the United States on the 
sea, capturing sixty-five mer- 
chant ships, and property 
worth six miUion dollars. 
In June, 1864, the " Kear- 
sarge," commanded by Capt. 
Winslow, encountered the 
"Alabama" off the coast of 
France at Cherbourg, and, after a severe battle, succeeded in 
sinking her.. The " Kearsarge " was protected amidships by 
iron chains skillfully concealed by plank, as a safeguard for the 
machinery. Capt. Semmes and a part of his crew were picked 
up and carried to England. 

Other noted Confederate cruisers which preyed on the com- 
merce of the United States were the " Shenandoah," which in- 
flicted damages almost as heavy as those made by the "Alabama"; 
the "Florida"; the "Georgia"; the "Tallahassee"; and the 
" Nashville." 




Raphael Semmes. 



CHAPTER LIII. 

LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION, Concluded. 
Leading Events of 1864. 



Grant Commander in Chief. 
The Fall of Atlanta. 
Battle of Nashville. 
Grant's Virginia Campaign. 



Early and Sheridan in the Shenan- 
doah Valley. 
Sherman's March through Georgia. 
Lincoln's Reelection. 



584. Invasion of Florida Early in February (1864) Gen. 

Seymour landed at Jacksonville with a Union force to conquer 
Florida. He advanced to Olustee, where he was met by Gens. 
Colquitt and Finegan, and defeated. 

585. Sherman's Expedition to 
Meridian. — In February, Sherman, 
with fifty thousand men, started from 
Vicksburg for the purpose of destroy- 
ing the railroads of Alabama and Mis- 
sissippi. He reached Meridian, Miss., 
on the 14th, having torn up a hundred 
and fifty miles of railroad track, and 
burned bridges, locomotives, cars, cot- 
ton, and corn. 

586. Forrest's Cavalry Expedi- 
tion. — The Cavalry under Gens. Grier- 
son and Smith had set out from Mem- 
phis to join Sherman's army at Meridian, 
but was met at Okolona, Miss., by Gen. 
Forrest, and defeated with great loss 
(Feb. 22). Forrest pushed northward 
into Tennessee, where, on March 24, he captured Union City. 
He pushed on to Paducah, and in a daring attack upon Fort 
Anderson was repulsed, losing three hundred men. Turning back 

363 




Scetie 0/ Opi-yations hi Mississippi 
and ToiJiessee. 



364 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

into Tennessee, he reached Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi River, 
and carried it by storm (April 12). 

587. Grant made Commander in Chief. — The vigor of 
Grant in the West had drawn the eyes of the whole North to 
him as the person worthy of sole command of the Union arms. 
Lee had outgeneraled every Union leader that had opposed him 
in the East, and Grant had done the same with every Con- 
federate general in the West, with the possible exception of Sid- 
ney Johnston. These two greatest of American generals were 
now to be pitted against each other. Grant was to command an 
army of seven hundred thousand men, with the resources of the 
North behind him ; the South mustered less than one half this 
number of men, backed by a country almost exhausted by the 
strife of the three preceding years. 

588. The Plan of Campaign. — Grant was made heutenant- 
general by Act of Congress, and took command at once of the 
Army of the Potomac (March 2). His trusted lieutenant in the 
West was Gen. Sherman. To him, on April 4, he wrote, " You 
I propose to move against Johnston's army to break it up, and 
to get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, 
inilicting all the damage you can against their war resources." 
To his trusted Heutenant in the East, Gen. Meade, he wrote on 
April 9, " Lee's army will be your objective point. Wherever 
Lee goes, there you will go also." Gen. Lee had but one plan : 
" Defend the soil of the South at every point." He kept in front 
of Grant and Meade until they found it impossible to hammer 
him out by superior fighting. Then began that policy of Gen. 
Grant's which added to his fame, and ended the war. It was the 
policy of flanking. To stretch his immense army to the right or 
left of Lee, and to push forward despite his losses and the cost, 
was the inflexible plan of the Union general. With anything less 
than a princely army, failure would have followed. It cost an 
immense number of men, but it succeeded ; and success was the 
object he had in view. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



365 




589. Sherman's Advance on Atlanta. — The Army of the 
Cumberland and the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Sherman 
marched against the Confed- 
erate Army at Dalton, Ga., 
under Gen. Johnston. Be- 
ginning at Dalton, Sherman 
marched to the right, and 
forced Johnston back to Re- 
saca, where a severe en- 
gagement occurred (May 14). 
Marching to the right again, 
he forced Johnston back to 
New Hope Church, near Dal- 
las, where three fights oc- 
curred (May 25, 26, 27). Fail- 
ing in these, Sherman again 
marched to the right, and 
Johnston met him at Kene- '""■ ^^"^''"'""■ 

saw Mountain, where two desperate assaults were made by the 
Union forces, but without success (June 27). Swinging around 
to the left, Sherman pushed on, but found Johnston ahead of him 

again in the fortifications at Atlanta 
(July 9). Gen. Johnston won the 
name "American Fabius," by his skill 
and caution, from Dalton to Atlanta. 
He had preserved his own army, 
and had inflicted great loss upon 
his adversary. His policy was not 
however, thought to be sufficiently 
bold by the Richmond authorities. 
He was superseded by Gen. John B. 

SCALE OF miles ; 7 V 'i" V "." ^ J J 

The Atlanta Cainpaigu. Hood. 

590. Siege of Atlanta. — The policy of Gen. Hood was to 
fight. On three different days (July 20, 22, 28) he marched out 
and assaulted the strong Union hnes around the city. At each 







366 



HISTORY OF THE AM ERICA X P EOT IE. 



assault he was signally repulsed with very great loss. Hood 
evacuated Atlanta, Sept. 2, having lost about eight thousand 
men without doing any great damage to the enemy. 

591. Battle of Franklin. — Hood marched north to destroy 
Thomas's army, and to thus force Sherman back into Tennessee. 
Gen. Schofield, with a large force, took position at Franklin, 
where he was attacked (Nov. 30) Ijy Hood with im})etuous 
vigor, and defeated.^ 

592. Battle of Nashville. — Schofield fell back to Nash- 
ville, where Thomas took command. On Dec. 1 5 he moved 
out, and attacked Hood's army, only to be repulsed. On the 
next day he attacked the whole Confederate lines again and 
again, each time being repulsed with heavy loss. Late in the 
afternoon a grand charge was made, which broke the Southern 
line, and forced it to give way. Gen. Hood said, " I beheld for 

the first and only time a Confed- 
erate army abandon the field 
in confusion." - Under the 
cover of Walthall and Forrest, 
the army retreated to Tupelo. 
Hood was relieved of the com- 
mand, and the army ordered to 
report to Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston in North Carolina. This 
battle really ended the war in 
the West. 

593. The Campaign in 
Virginia. — Grant had under his immediate control during the 
campaign of 1864 nearly' one hundred and sixty tliousand men. 

1 Gen. Pat. Clcljurne was kille<l in tlic enemy's breastworks. Clcns. (list, 
Adams, Strahl, and Cranberry were killed. Six generals were wounded, 
and Gen. Gordon was captured. The loss of Gen. Cleburne " was irrepara- 
ble." His conduct at New Hope in the retreat of Gen. Johnston resulted 
in a Ijrilliant victory, an<l this was surpassed by his heroic action at Franklin. 

2 It was in this battle that Miss Mary Bradford, a young lady of Tennes- 




SCALE OF MILES I 

Grant's I'irginia Caiiipaigu. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 367 

Thirty thousand, under Gen. Butler, were sent to take Petersbiu-g, 
and to move on Richmond from the South : the rest, under Grant, 
set out for the famous Southern capital. Against this most splen- 
did array Lee could oppose only seventy-eight thousand men. 

594. Battle of the Wilderness. — Grant's army entered 
the oak woods and thickets west of Chancellorsville, called -the 
" Wilderness," where he was attacked by Lee. For three days 
(May 5-7) the fighting lasted without cessation. As the Federal 
lines were destroyed, new forces took their places ; arid the 
policy of " attrition " was begun. Lee was always in the front, 
and could not be overrun. 

595. Battle of Spottsylvania Court House (May 9, 13). 
Grant then said that he would go around Lee, and moved off 
towards Spottsylvania Court House, where, on the 12th, in the 
morning twilight, Hancock captured most of Johnson's division. 
Here Gen. Lee put himself at the head of a column to lead it to 
victory, but was forced back by the men, who cried, " Gen. Lee 
to the rear! We'll not fight till Uncle Robert goes to the rear!" 
Lee went to the rear, when the men, with an uncontrollable 
frenzy, gave vent to the loudest yells, and retook the lost ground.^ 
For twenty hours without cessation the men fought like heroes, 
with only the intrenchments between them. A Massachusetts 
regiment fired over four hundred musket-shots to each man. Lee 
lost many men, but Grant's losses were very much greater. 

596. Cold Harbor. — Grant, after being reenforced, moved 
oiT towards Hanover Junction, only to find Lee in front of him 

see, rushed into the retreating army, regardless of the storm of bullets, and 
implored the men to rally and face the enemy ; but in vain, the odds were 
too great. 

^ Gen. Gordon led this charge. " In the Ordnance Museum at Washing- 
ton is the stump of a large tree that had been cut down by bullets, so close 
and deadly was the musketry fire in the captured and recaptured salient " 
(^Memoir of Mrs. Davis). Major Dunlop, of McGowan's South Carolina 
Brigade, measured this stump the next morning, and found it to be eighteen 
inches in diameter. The fight on the angle was possibly the greatest fight 
of this or any other war. 



368 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



again. Without giving battle, he moved to the east, and con- 
fronted him at Atlee's Station. Moving on, he found Lee again 
in front of him at Cold Harbor, and resolved to give battle. He 
assaulted the Confederates (June 1-12) all along the line with 
gigantic blows, only to be repulsed with unparalleled slaughter. 
The Union loss in killed alone was nearly two thousand men. 
Grant was now satisfied that he could not enter Richmond from 
the north. Taking McClellan's plan, he moved to the James, 
and, crossing, attempted to surprise Petersbiu-g. Failing in this, 






Petersburg Mine. 

he gathered his forces 
south of the Appomat- 
tox, and began to be- 
siege the place. 

597. Operations of 
Gen. Butler. — Gen. 
Butler left Fortress Mon- 
roe with his army, and captured 
Bermuda Hundred and City Point 
at the mouth of the Appomattox 
(May 5). In an attempt on Peters- 
burg (May 16) he was driven back by 
Gens. Beauregard and "Wise. June 1 7 
and 18 he again moved against Peters- 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 369 

burg, and made repeated assaults, but could not carry the place. 
Then began the slow processes of a siege that has become fa- 
mous. Mining and countermining was the order of the day ; and 
successes and reverses, brilliant strokes and ugly failures, followed 
in rapid succession the work of either side. Early in May, at 
Spottsylvania, Grant had said, " We'll fight it out on this line if it 
takes all summer." It took all summer, all fall, and all winter. 

598. The Petersburg Mine. — Finding it impossible to carry 
Petersburg by storm, an attempt was made to undermine it, and 
tear it up by explosions. A large tunnel was dug, leading to a 
point immediately imder one of the strongest Confederate works. 
Four tons of gunpowder were placed in the tunnel, and exploded 
(July 30). The "conical mountain rises in the air" bearing tim- 
ber, stone, bodies of men, and heavy guns. The Federal forces 
charge upon the crater, only to receive the shot of the terrible 
guns from Cemetery Ridge. The total Union loss was nearly 
five hundred men. " It was not a valley of the shadow of death. 
It was a valley of death itself." The mine was a failure. 

599. Sigel's Campaign in the Shenandoah. — Grant 

sent Sigel with eight thousand men to march down the Shenan- 
doah valley. He was met at New Market by Gen. Breckin- 
ridge (May 15), and routed. His flying troops were transferred 
to Hunter, who faced about, and gained a victory at Piedmont. 
Finding himself in peril, he crossed the mountains into West Vir- 
ginia, leaving the Shenandoah open to the Confederates. 

600. Early's March. — Lee at once sent Early over the Blue 
Ridge to sweep the valley, enter Maryland, and threaten Wash- 
ington. With twelve thousand men he dashed down the valley, 
took Martinsburg, Leesburg, and Winchester, entered Maryland, 
and captured Hagerstown. He met Gen. Wallace (July 9) at 
the Monocacy, and defeated him with great loss. Sweeping on, 
he passed within gunshot of Washington and Baltimore, wheeled 
back, and entered Virginia with a!i immense load of supplies. 
After the battle of Monocacy, Early had everything his own way. 



370 



HISTOKY OF THE AM ERIC AX PEOPLE. 



Town after town was visited by the ragged soldiers of McClaus- 
land, Johnston, and Breckinridge, and large levies of clothing 
and money laid upon their citizens. The great destruction of 
property in the valley of Virginia by Gen. Hunter' led Early to 
an act of retaliation. This was the burning of the town of 
Chambersburg, Penn., July 29. 

601. Sheridan in the Valley. — Gen. Grant sent Gen. Sher- 
idan with forty-two thousand men to chastise the little army of 
Early, and to devastate the Shenandoah so that "a crow would 

have to carry its own ra- 
tions " in passing over it. 
The work of ruin was well 
done. The torch and the 
ax- took the place of guns 
and swords. Early, with a 
force one fourth the size of 
his opponent's, entered the 
valley once more. He 
marched into the powerful 
Union camp, routed the 
forces that turned against 
him, captured the artillery, 
and sent his enemy flying 
,, ., before him (Oct. 18). Sher- 

idan met his flying hosts, 
re-formed them, and led them back to rout the little band that 
had pushed them so hard in the morning. No more brilliant 
events have ever been recorded than these master strokes of 
Early and Sheridan on this autumn day. 

602. Sherman's March through the South. — With the 
sixty thousand veterans who had been fighting Johnston and 
Hood, Gen. Sherman started from Atlanta (Nov. 14) for Savan- 
nah. He burned Atlanta before starting, and met little opposi- 




i He burned Gov. Letcher's residence and many private iiouses. 



LINCOLN'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 371 

tion until he reached Savannah. He captured this city, and gave 
it as a Christmas gift to President Lincohi. From Atlanta to 
Savannah, and from Savannah to Columbia, he laid waste every- 
thing. In his report of the damage done in Georgia, Sherman 
placed it at one hundred million dollars, of which twenty million 
dollars "inured to our advantage." He entered Columbia on 
Feb. 17, 1865. 

603. The Elections. — In November of 1864 Abraham Lin- 
coln was reelected President of the United States, with Andrew 
Johnson of Tennessee as Vice-President. The Democratic party 
nominated Gen. George B. McClellan of New Jersey, and 
George H. Pendleton of Ohio, on a peace platform, but carried 
only three States, — New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. The 
Southern States did not vote ; but, despite this, the popular \-ote 
stood 2,213,665 for Lincoln, against 1,802,237 for McClellan. 
McClellan received a greater vote than Douglas did in i860, with 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas not voting. 
Besides this, large bodies of voters in Maryland, West Virginia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri were disfranchised by the 
" ironclad oaths " that had been framed as tests of loyalty. 



CHAPTER LIV. 

LINCOLN'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 1865. 
Leading Events. 



Fall of Fort Fisher. 
Evacuation of Richmond. 
Surrender of Lee's Army. 
Sherman=Jolinston Armistice. 



Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 
Surrender of Johnston's Army. 
Arrest of Jefferson Davis. 
The Forces and Losses of the War. 



604. Fall of Fort Fisher. — This stronghold of the Confed- 
erates had proudly resisted all opposition for four years. From 
the sea an attack was made by one of the grandest fleets that 
ever floated on the waters of any ocean. This was supported 
by a land force under Gen. Terry proud of its record as soldiers. 
Before these Fort Fisher fell (Jan. 15). 

605. Fall of Fort Sumter. — Here the first engagement of 
the war occurred, and here for four years the Confederates had 
held full sway. When Sherman reached Columbia, Gen. Hardee 
evacuated the place, and joined Gen. Johnston in North Caro- 
lina. Then Fort Sumter passed quietly into Federal hands. 

606. Hampton Roads Conference. — Alexander H, Ste- 
phens, Vice-President of the Confederate States, J. A. Campbell, 
and R. M. T. Hunter, at the suggestion of Hon. Frank Blair of 
Maryland, were sent by the Confederate States authorities to 
Fortress Monroe to an informal consultation (February) with 
President Lincoln and William H. Seward (secretary of state) 
over the state of the country, and the means by which peace 
might be efifected. The distinguished parties had a conversa- 
tion of four hours' duration, but nothing resulted from the con- 
ference. 

607. The Evacuation of Richmond. — Sheridan, after fin- 
ishing his waste of the beautiful Shenandoah, joined Grant, and 

372 



LINCOLN'S SECOND ADMINLSTRATLON. 



37: 



swelled the Union ranks to two hundred thousand men, nearly 
five times the number of the Confederate Army. The battle of 
Five Forks ^ (April i) made it impossible to hold longer the de- 
fenses that for nearly a year had bid defiance to the best-drilled 
and the best-equipped army that America ever saw. Thin were 
the ranks of the Confeder- 
ates as they marched out 
of Petersburg, and out of 
Richmond (April 2), to the 
West. 

608. The Surrender of 

Gen. Lee. 2 — The victori- 
ous legions of the North 
hastened to surround there- 
treating foe. Lee reached Appomattox Court House on April 9, 
1865, and found his forward march blocked by the conquering 




Battlefields in I kinity of Rick-inotid. 



1 Gen. A. P. Hill was killed while attempting to reach his troops at this 
place. He was one of Lee's most trusted generals. 

2 Robert Edward Lee, the most distinguished Confederate general, was 
born in Virginia in 1806, and died in 1870. He was the son of Gen. Henry- 
Lee, the famous " Light Horse Harry." He was graduated at West Point 
in 1829 at the head of his class. In the Mexican war he served as chief 
engineer to Gen. Scott, by whom he was repeatedly commended, and who 
attributed the capture of Vera Cruz to his able service. These services 
brought promotion, and after the war he became superintendent of West 
Point. At the breaking-out of the war he went with his State, although 
not a believer in secession. He became major-general in the Virginia 
Army, then brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, then commander 
in chief of all the Confederate armies. At the close of the war he became 
president of Washington College, now Washington and Lee, — a position 
which he filled with great fidelity during the remainder of his life. The 
news of his death created a profound sensation everywhere, and great 
honors were paid to his memory. " But what failure could obscure that 
moral perfection which places him as easily by the side of the best men that 
ever lived as his heroic actions make him the peer of the greatest? There 
are men whose influence on mankind neither worldly success nor worldly 
failure can affect. 



" The greatest gift the hero leaves his race 
Is to have been a hero." 



23 



LLVCOL.V'S SECOND ADM/iVISTKA T/OiV. 



375 



army. Lee surrendered his army ;i and Gen. Grant, with a mag- 
nanimity worthy of a conqueror, immediately paroled it. The 
parole recognized them as Confederate soldiers, and guaranteed 
that so long as they obeyed the laws of the United States and the 
laws of their respective States they should not be molested. These 
veterans of the Army of Northern Virginia, the heroes of a 
hundred battles, marched back to their homes, to build again 
their ruined fortunes, their conquered States, and their affection 
for the United States. They fought for what they thought was 
right, and were beaten. As Americans they accepted the fortunes 
of war, and determined to 
hammer out of changed and 
forced conditions a glory 
greater than they had be- 
fore. 

609. The Sherman= 
Johnston Armistice,— 

Sherman had marched north 
from Columbia to join Grant. 
The only opposition he had 
was given by the totally 
inadequate forces of Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston in two 
bloody battles at Averys- 
boro, N. C. (March 16), and 
Bentonville (March 19). Mr. Davis and his cabinet left Rich- 
mond, and proceeded to Danville. After Lee's surrender they 

1 Tlie terms were arranged at the residence of Mr. McLean, who, at the 
battle of Manassas, lived at McLean's Ford over Bull Run, and had moved 
to Appomattox to be more secure. The armies hunted him up, so that he 
might see the end. Gens. Grant and Lee being seated, and the conversation 
having opened easily. Gen. Lee said, " I suppose, Gen. Grant, that the object 
of our present meeting is fully understood. I asked to see you to know upon 
what terms you would receive the surrender of my army." Gen. Grant then 
replied, stating the terms upon which he would receive surrender, and Gen. 
Lee said that he would accept them. 




Shermati s Campaign in North Carolina. 



376 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

went to Greensboro, N. C. Here Mr. Davis and Gens. Johnston 
and Beauregard agreed that Johnston should make such terms 
with Sherman as would end the war. An armistice was signed 
conditionally by Gens. Shermaii and Johnston (April i8) ; but an 
unforeseen calamity occurred in the meantime, which changed 
the whole course of affairs, and plunged the South into woes that 
lasted for years. 

6io. Assassination of President Lincoln. — Just as the 

Southerners were beginning to lose the edge of that agony which 
follows defeat, they, in common with the whole country, were 
horrified to hear that President Lincoln had been wickedly as- 
sassinated (April 14) at Ford's Theater in Washington City. 
This death was a calamity to the whole American people, but a 
most direful one to the people of the South. Despite the blind- 
ing throes of passion, the Southern people had gained glimpses of 
the heart of Lincoln, and had learned to trust him ; but, had they 
hated him, they would have scorned to gain their ends by an as- 
sassin's hand. They fought on open fields, both giving and tak- 
ing the deadliest blows, and despised with all their soul the hand 
that killed the President. From that day onward, with their 
other laments has gone a lament for Lincoln. They were glad 
that the assassin was not a Southern man. Many, however, be- 
lieved that the South had connived at his death, and a policy of 
retribution was demanded by them. The whole course of Fed- 
eral conduct was changed, and the era of good feeling postponed 
for years. 

611. Surrender of all the Armies. — Andrew Johnson of 
Tennessee was sworn m as President, and he disapproved of the 
Sherman-Johnston Armistice. Gen. Johnston then (April 26) 
surrendered upon the same terms as had been agreed upon be- 
tween Lee and Grant. The last surrender was that of F. Kir by 
Smith, in Texas, on the 26th of May. 

612. Arrests. — President Johnson offered a reward of one 
hundred thousand dollars tor the arrest of Mr. Davis, charging 



LINCOLN'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. ^11 

him with complicity in the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. Orders 
were also issued for the arrest of Mr. Stephens, all the Confederate 
war governors, and many prominent Confederate officers. Mr. 
Davis, Mr. Reagan, and Gov. Lubbock of Texas, were arrested 
on May ii. Mr. Davis was taken to Fortress Monroe, and 
confined. When orders for the arrest of Gen. Lee were issued, 
Gen. Grant repaired to Washington, and protested. He said, 
that, if his parole given to Lee and his officers and men were 
violated, he would resign his commission in the army. The ad- 
ministration rescinded its order, and things took on a brighter 
hue throughout the country. Thus ended the war. 

613. The Great Numbers. — The Confederates surrendered 
about 150,000 men. The Union forces mustered out of service 
were about 1,050,000. The Federal records show that the en- 
listments in the Union Army during the entire war were over 
2,800,000 ; in this number reenlistments being counted twice, or 
even more often. The Confederate enlistments, all told, never 
reached 700,000.1 "Wvq loss on both sides, by death from all 
causes, reached the enormous aggregate of fully 450,000 men. 
The full cost to both sides, including the loss of property, was 
nearly $8,000,000,000, or nearly the assessed value of all the 
property in the United States in 1861. These are the great 
figures, the great facts, and the great story, of the greatest war 
known to man. 

614. Results of the War.— This war settled forever the 
question of peaceable secession. The right of a State to dissolve 
the Union went down with the surrender of Lee's army, never to 
be asserted again. The South accepted this conclusion in good 
faith, and transferred its loyalty to the old flag. Another result 
was the abolition of slavery, the bane of the American Republic, 
and the only clog to the full development of the " Old South." 

1 North Carolina claims to liave furnished fully one fifth of the whole 
Confederate Army. 



CHAPTER LV. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION (1865-69). 
Leading Events. 



Thirteenth Amendment (1865). 

Reconstruction. 

Fourteenth Amendment (1868). 

New State Constitutions. 



The Impeachment. 
The Atlantic Cable (1866). 
Purchase of Alaska (1867). 
Release of Jefferson Davis (1867). 



615. The President's Policy. — Mr. Johnson ^ and Mr. 

Seward held, that, before the Southern States could be recog- 
nized as States in the Union, it would 
be necessary for each one to abolish 
slavery, and to ratify the Thirteenth 
Amendment. Accordingly Virginia, 
South Carolina, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- 
sippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas 
( I ) rescinded their ordinances of se- 
cession ; (2) renewed their obhgations 
to the Union ; and (3) adopted the 
Thirteenth Amendment, which abol- 
Andrew Johnson. ished slavery forever in the United 

States (Dec. 18, 1865), and elected representatives and senators 

to the Federal Congress. 

1 Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President, was born in North Caro- 
lina in 1808, and died in 1875. He learned the trade of a tailor, and fol- 
lowed it for many years in Tennessee. He never attended any school, it is 
said, but educated himself. He was sent to Congress in 1843, where he re- 
mained ten years. He was elected governor of Tennessee for two terms, 
and was then sent to the United States Senate. He was a Union man of 
strong proclivities, and after the war was over he used his position to bring 
an era of peace throughout the country. Although liitterly opposed by his 
party, he persevered with unflagging resolution, and accomplished his end. 

378 




JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 379 

6i6. New States. — West Virginia was admitted into the 
Union in 1863; Nevada, in 1864; and Nebraska, in 1867. 

617. Reconstruction. — A new system of principles was 
now proclaimed by the ruling party in Congress. President 
Lincoln had emphasized the point that his war policy was to 
simply maintain the Union under the Constitution, and that 
when the Southern States laid down their arms they would be 
recognized at once as members of the common Union. The 
Republican party in Congress now claimed, that, before these 
States should assume their old relations, they should be recon- 
structed. The men elected by the South under the President's 
policy were denied admittance to Congress, and the State gov- 
ernments estabhshed by them were set aside. Local self-govern- 
ment was rudely pu.shed aside to make way for the " Reconstruc- 
tion Acts " of the dominant party. The basis of these acts was 
that the Southern States had lost their positions as States, and 
were nothing more than conquered provinces. 

618. The Fourteenth Amendment. — The first step in the 
Ime of reconstruction was the passage of the Fourteenth Amend- 
ment to the Constitution. This gave to the negro certain civil 
rights, decreased the congressional representation of the South- 
ern States, made the public debt unquestionable, prohibited the 
payment by any State of any part of the Confederate debt, and 
made certain persons ineligible to official position. The Southern 
States were not permitted to vote upon this change in the funda- 
mental law. The Northern States barely gave it the required 
three-fourths vote, and it was declared ratified by Congress, 
July 21, 1868. Then followed a series 1 of congressional acts 

1 Congress passed the following laws in rapid succession: (i) the Civil 
Rights Bill ; (2) the Freedmen's Bureau Bill ; (3) Bill to enfranchise the 
Negroes of the District of Columbia; (4) Military Government Bill for the 
Southern States; (5) Civil Tenure of Office Bill; (6) Bills to admit the 
Reconstructed States of Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida; (7) Bill to exclude the Electoral Votes o) 
the States not reconstructed. All of these bills were vetoed by the Presi- 
dent, and passed over the veto. 



380 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

and vetoes by the. President which estranged the legislative from 
the executive department. The President, with a great number 
of his party, held that the policy of Congress was too severe, and 
that a milder i)olicy should be adoj)ted. The South manfully 
argued for its constitutional rights, but could not be heard until 
the passions of war had in part subsided. 

619. New State Constitutions. — The war States were di- 
vided up into military districts, and treated as conquered prov- 
inces. Civil law gave place to military rule. The Southern 
States were then required to adopt new governments in accord 
with the demands of the extreme men of the Republican party. 
(i) A new constitution was retjuired, which recognized the results 
of the war, and made loyalty its chief corner stone. (2) In adopt- 
ing these constitutions, only loyal men, and such as were willing 
to take certain oaths, were permitted to vote. In attempting to 
sift the loyal from the disloyal, and those who were willing to 
swear from those who were not, many corrupt practices sprang 
into life, which produced exasperation and trouble. Suffrage 
was taken away from many by registration, expunging, and other 
practices ; but, the consent of the majority voting having been 
thus obtained, the new governments went into effect. They were 
never loved by the people ; and in a few years, as time healed 
the wounds of war, they were no longer upheld by the Federal 
Government, and perished from the earth. 

620. Test Oaths. — Congress passed a law that lawyers 
should not practice in courts unless they took an oath that they 
had not aided or abetted the Confederacy. This practically 
excluded every lawyer* in the South from the practice of law, as 
nearly all of them had supported the Confederate cause. Augus- 
tus H. Garland of Arkansas, afterwards attorney-general of the 
United States, contested this law in every court to the Supreme 
Court of the United States, where it was solemnly declared to be 
unconstitutional. The laws passed by Congress, confiscating the 
property of Confederates, were likewise contested, and declared 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 381 

unconstitutional. Thus the better sentiment of the Repubhcan 
party, as expressed by President Johnson and the United States 
Supreme Court, was adverse to the extreme measures of Con- 
gress. This encouraged the good people of all parties to wait. 

621. The Impeachment. — The liberal policy of the Presi- 
dent caused Congress to set on foot, for the first time in the his- 
tory of the country, the constitutional machinery for removing 
a President from office. The Senate of the United States, pre- 
sided over by Salmon P. Chase, chief justice, resolved itself into 
a court of impeachment. The trial resulted in an acquittal. Thus 
step by step the country went back to conservative ground. 

622. Fenian Excitement. — The "Irish Patriots" in Amer- 
ica gathered in large numbers at several places near the Cana- 
dian boundary, preparatory to an invasion of that country. The 
movement assumed immense proportions, and Gen. Meade was 
sent to the border to preserve the neutrality laws. Some trifling 
skirmishes followed, but the proclamation of the President (June 
6, 1866) promptly put an end to warlike demonstrations. 

623. Gens. Grant and Sherman, — For his distinguished 
services, Gen.- Grant was nominated (July 25, 1866) to the rank 
of general, — the highest military position ever held by an Amer- 
ican. In August following, Gen. Sherman was elevated to the 
rank of lieutenant-general. 

624. The Atlantic Cable (July 28, 1866).— This great 

enterprise, suggested by Cyrus ^V. Field of New York, and suc- 
cessfully operated for a short time in 1858, was put on a sounder 
business basis in 1866 by the same diligent worker. The steam- 
ship " Great Eastern " laid the cable from Valentia Bay, Ireland, 
to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. By the 12th of August the 
communication between New York and London was complete, 
and has never been interrupted since. Whatever is known at 
the telegraph centers in Great Britain, and printed in the news- 
papers of that country, is on the same day known throughout 
the United States. 



382 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPIE. 




Laying the Atlantic Cable. 



625. Purchase of Alaska. — By a treaty with Russia, the 
territory of Alaska, containing 580,000 square miles, was added 
to the United States (March 30, 1867). The price paid was 
$7,200,000. This great region is particularly valuable for its 
fisheries and immense forests of white pine and yellow cedar. 

626. Release of Jefferson Davis. — Mr. Davis had been in 
close confinement at Fortress Monroe since the day of his arrest. 
Now he was taken before the United States Court at Richmond. 
He was admitted (May 13) to bail in a bond of $100,000, with 
Horace Greeley, and several prominent business men of the coun- 
try, as bondsmen ; and he became a free man. This ended the case. 

627. The Elections. — The Repubhcans nominated Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant of Illinois for President, and Schuyler Colfax of 
Indiana for Vice-President. The Democratic party nominated 
Horatio Seymour of New York, and Frank P. Blair of Missouri. 
Grant received 214 electoral votes, and Seymour 80. The ne- 
groes voted for the first time for President. 



Synopsis of the Leading Battles and Affairs of the War. 



1861. 

War in Virginia. 
Arlington Heights. 
Big Bethel. 

McClellan's Campaign. 
Rosecrans' Campaign. 
Manassas. 
Ball's Bluff. 

In Missouri. 
Lyon and Price. 
Oak Hills. 
Carthage. 

Privateers. 
The Blockade. 
Mason and Slidell. 

1862. 

War in the West. 
Pea Ridge. 
Shiloh. 

Island No. 10. 
Bragg's Expedition. 

Perryville. 

Munfordville. 

Richmond, 
luka and Corinth. 
Murfreesboro. 

Coast. 

Forts Jackson and Fisher. 
Evacuation of New Orleans. 
" Virginia" and " Monitor. 

In the East. 

Siege of Yorktown. 

Williamsburg. 

Seven Pines. 

Fair Oaks. 

Stonewall Jackson's Raid. 

Stuart's Ride. 

Seven-Days' Battle. 

Manassas. 

Invasion of Maryland. 

South Mountain. 

Harper's Ferry. 

Antietam. 

Fredericksburg. 



1863. 

Emancipation. 

Vicksburg. 

Port Hudson. 

Morgan's Raid. 

Chickamauga. 

Chattanooga. 

Missionary Ridge. 

Ringgold's Gap. 

Prairie Grove. 

Banks's Red River Expedition. 

The " Alabama." 

War in the East. 

Chancellorsville. 

Invasion of Maryland. 

Gettysburg. 

1864. 
Invasion of Florida. 
Forrest's Expedition. 
Johnston's Campaign around Atlanta. 
Siege of Atlanta. 

Battles of Franklin and Nashville. 
Sherman's March. 

War in Virginia. 

Battle of the Wilderness. 
Battle of Spottsylvania Court 

House. 
Battle of Cold Harbor. 
Operations of Gen. Butler. 
Early's Expedition. 
Sigel's Campaign. 
Sheridan in the Valley. 

Expedition against Mobile, 

1865. 

Fall of Fort Fisher. 
Evacuation of Richmond. 
Surrender of Lee. 
Sherman in North Carolina. 

Bentonville. 

Averysboro. 
Surrender of Johnston. 
Assassination of Lincoln. 
The end of the war. 
Its cost and results. 



383 



384 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



Leading Generals and Admirals of the War.' 
[For Biographical Study.] 



Union. 



Grant. 


Burnside. 


Sumner. 


Sherman. 


Meade. 


Sedgwick. 


Sheridan. 


Hancock. 


Reno. 


Hooker. 


Garfield. 


Birney. 


Scott. 


Logan. 


Reynolds. 


McClellan. 


Slocum. 


Stoneman. 


McDowell. 


Robert McCook. 


Wilson. 


Halleck. 


Howard. 


Kilpatrick. 


Buell. 


McClernand. 


Custer. 


Thomas. 


Scofield. 


Farragut. 


Lyon. 


Lew Wallace. 


Porter. 


Butler. 


McPherson. 


Anderson. 


Rosecrans. 


Kearny. 

Confederate. 


Fremont. 


Robert E. Lee. 


Hood. 


Forrest. 


Jackson. 


Polk. 


Breckinridge. 


A. S. Johnston. 


Price. 


Stewart. 


J. E. Johnston. 


Kirby Smith. 


Cheatham. 


Cooper. 


Morgan. 


Hindnian. 


Longstreet. 


Hardee. 


G. W. Smith. 


Bragg. 


Hampton. 


Finegan. 


Ewell. 


Pemberton. 


S. D. Lee. 


Stuart. 


Magruder. 


Van Dorn. 


Cleburne. 


McCuIlough. 


Dick Taylor. 


A. P. Hill. 


Pickett. 


Semmes. 


D. H. Hill. ■ 


Early. 


Beauregard, 




Define the followi?ig 


Terms. 


West Pointer. 


Mortar. 


Foraging. 


Blue and gray. 


Grape and canister. 


Drafting. 


Contraband of war. 


Base of operations. 


Flanking. 


Ironclad. 


Line of defense. 


Rifle-pits. 


Musket. 


Interior lines. 


Brigade. 


Springfield rifle. 


Exterior lines. 


Division. 



PART VIII.-THE RECONSTRUCTED UNION. 



CHAPTER LVI. 



GRANT'S I FIRST ADMINISTRATION (1869-73). 



Leading Events. 



Pacific Railroad (1869). 
Black Friday (1869). 
Fifteenth Amendment (1870). 



Alabama Claims (1871). 

Chicago Fire (1871). 

The Northwest Boundary (1872). 



628. The Pacific Railroad. — Peace spread her wings over the 
whole country except in the States distracted by reconstruction. 
In May, 1869, the Pacific Raih^oad, from Omaha to the Pacific 




Pacific Railroad. 

coast, was finished, and the last spike driven at Ogden, Utah. 
Since 1869 several roads have been finished from the valley of 
the Mississippi to the Pacific. These have been joined by lines 
passing north and south, through all the Western States and 

1 Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President and the most distinguislicd of 
the Union generals, was born in Ohio in 1822, and died in 1885. He was 

3:^5 



I'll' 



flWh 



I M "M " '' IfllU'M "'''["[»ii|li|!]Wl!'['!f[!i!!jil|?l'iJ| 




GRANT'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 387 

Territories ; and the West is rapidly becoming the center of weaUh, 
enterprise, education, and power. The " Iron Horse " has been 
one of its greatest developers. Our ancestors first planted a 
church, then a school : the West demands a railroad at the very 
start, and gives its private and public wealth to obtain it, knowing 
that an abundance of churches and schoolhouses will follow. 
On each side of the new railroad were large grants of land which 
Congress had given the company. These were called "railroad 
land grants " or " railroad subsidies." 

629. Black Friday (Sept. 24, 1869).— A panic in the gold 
market was effected by Jay Gould, James Fisk, and others, which 
created great excitement throughout the world. These men at- 
tempted to buy up all the gold in circulation, and force its price 
up. They had nearly succeeded, when Secretary Boutwell ordered 
a sale of four millions of gold from the sub-treasury. The price 
went down twenty per cent in twenty minutes. The gold brokers 
were stranded, but not before they had injured the commercial 
interests of the country. 

630. The Fifteenth Amendment, giving the negro the right 
to vote, had been proposed during the last year of Johnson's 
administration. It w'as declared duly ratified March 30, 1870. 

631. The Reconstructed States.— Four elements existed in 
each of the Southern States: (i) the ex-Confederates, (2) the 
Union men, (3) the negroes, (4) the carpetbaggers. The ex- 
Confederates and a great number of the Union men were of 
Southern birth. Many other Union men had moved into the 

graduated at West Point in 1843. He served with great distinction in the 
Mexican War, and then, returning to Illinois, he followed the peaceful pursuit 
of a dealer in leather till the breaking out of the Civil War. He was made a 
brigadier in 1861, major-general in 1862, lieutenant-general in 1864, and 
general in 1866. The two latter positions were revived by Congress as a 
special reward for his eminent services. He was secretary of war in 1867. 
After his death the soldiers of both armies, the Unionists and ex-Confederates, 
joined in the last sad honors,— a beautiful blending of the blue and the gray. 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

South to make it their home, honestly trying to build it up. 
The carpetbaggers were men who entered the South for political 
motives. These men labored to keep alive the old sectional 
feelings, and, in conjunction with the negroes, seized the State 
governments, and pushed them to bankruptcy and anarchy. i 

In 1870, the last of the Southern States were readmitted to the 
Union, and Congress once more represented the whole country. 

632. The Alabama Claims.— During the war, Confederate 
privateers were fitted out in English ports to injure American 
commerce. The most noted of these was the " Alabama." After 
the war, the United States demanded of Great Britain payment 
for the damages done by these vessels, and the treaty of Wash- 
ington (May 8, 1S71) provided that all matters of difference 
between the countries should be submitted to a board of arbitra- 
tion. This board met at Geneva, Switzerland, during the summer 
of 1872, and awarded the United States the sum of $15,500,000 
for the damages so inflicted during the war. 

633. The Burning of Chicago. — On the 8th of October, 
187 1, a great fire broke out in Chicago. It burned nearly all the 
business portion of the city, destroying everything in an area of 
twenty-one hundred acres of ground. The loss amounted to 
about two hundred million dollars, besides about two hundred 
lives. Seventeen thousand houses were burned down, and about 
one hundred thousand persons were rendered homeless. This 
was one of the greatest fires of the world. ^ 

634. The Northwest Boundary. — In 1846 the boundary 
line between British territory and tiie United States was fixed in 
the middle of the channel which separates Vancouver's Island 

1 The debt of the ten Southern States — Louisiana, Georgia, Tennessee, 
North and South Carolina, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and 
Florida— at the close of the war was $60,768,451. After the reconstruc- 
tionists had been in power six or eight years, the indebtedness of these States 
reached the enormous sum of $270,572,779. 

- The Boston fire (Nov. 9 and 10, 1872) destroyed property to the amount 
of eighty million dollars, besides l)urning up fifteen persons. 



GRANT'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 389 

from the Continent. It turned out that there were several chan- 
nels. Great Britain claimed .the Straits of Rosario to be the 
channel intended, while America named the Canal de Haro. 
The matter was left to Emperor William I. of Germany for arbi- 
tration, who decided in favor of the Canal de Haro (1872). 
This ended all boundary disputes in the United States. 

635. The Elections. — The Republican party divided. One 
wing, called the Liberal-Repubhcan, met at Cincinnati, and nom- 
inated Horace Greeley 1 of New York, and B. Gratz Brown 
of Missouri. The Democratic party met at Baltimore, and made 
no nominations, but indorsed the Liberal- Republican ticket. The 
Repubhcans met at Philadelphia, and nominated Ulysses S. 
Grant, and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. Grant was elected 
by a majority of 221 electoral votes. Mr. Greeley died soon 
after the election, and his votes were given to other candidates. 
The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were not counted. 

636. The Returning Boards of Louisiana. — Elections were 
held in Louisiana, and certificates given to men who had never 
been elected. The elected men took possession of the State House, 
but were ejected by United States troops. This created an up- 
roar, and serious trouble was expected. Congress sent a com- 
mittee, headed by W. A. Wheeler, afterwards Vice-President, to 
investigate. The committee condemned the fraud, and recom- 
mended a reorganization of the Louisiana Legislature, giving the 
elected Democrats their seats. Congress adopted the report, 
and the matter was settled. The same thing was done with the 
report of the committee sent into Arkansas. 

1 Horace Greeley was born in New Hampshire in 181 1, and died in 1872. 
As a printer, he settled in New York with ten dollars in his pocket. In 
1833 he and Francis Story started the first penny paper ever published, 
called the Morning Post. In 1841 he founded the daily Tribune, which still 
lives. " Emancipation of labor" was the great theme of Greeley, and he 
soon became a leading antislavery advocate. At the close of the war he 
favored " amnesty and oblivion for the past." In the presidential election 
he received the votes of men who had opposed him all thc'ir lives. His vote 
reached nearly three million. 
24 



CHAPTER LVII, 

GRANT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION (1873-77). 



The Modoc War (1872-73). 
Peabody and Slater Bequests 

(1867-82). 
Credit Mobilier (1873). 



Leading Events. 

The Panic of 1873. 
The Centennials (1875-76). 
The Sioux War (1876). 
The Electoral Commission. 



637. The Modoc War. — The government attempted to 
remove the Modoc Indians from the region of Lake Klamath, 
Oregon, to a new reservation. The Indians retired into the lava 
beds, where they remained during the winter. Here the troops 
smTounded them, and a parley was arranged. The Indians and 
the six white commissioners sat down to discuss the question of 
peace. While thus engaged, the treacherous Modocs assaulted 
and killed Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas (April ii, 1873). The 
troops then began the work of bombardment and destruction. 
On June i Capt. Jack and his followers surrendered to Gen. 
Davis. The chiefs, including Capt. Jack, were tried by court- 
martial, and executed. 

638. Peabody Trust Fund. — George Peabody, an Amer- 
ican philanthropist, who resided for many years at Baltimore, 
created a trust fund (1867) of several million dollars to aid the 
schools of the South. The interest of this fund has been faith- 
fully applied by the trustees to help normal colleges and normal 
institutes in this section. The Peabody College at Nashville, 
Tenn., stands as a monument to the generous wisdom of George 
Peabody, and sends each year into the Southern schools scores 
of well-trained teachers.^ 

1 He gave $1,400,000 to found a Peabody Institute in Baltimore; 
$1,500,000 to the city of London, to erect lodging houses for the working 
classes ; $150,000 to Harvard College for a museum. 

390 



GJ^AXT'S SECO\D ADMIXISTKATIOX. 391 

639. Other Bequests. — John F. Slater of Connecticut gave 
(1882) a million dollars for the education of the colored people 
of the South. The trustees of the Peabody Fund divide the in- 
come between the races in proportion to their numbers. The 
Southern people, during the thirteen years from 1879 ^'^ 1892, 
paid two hundred and sixteen million dollars in taxes for {)ublic 
schools, nearly one half of which has been expended u{)on 
schools for colored children. 

640. The Credit Mobilier. — This was a corporation organ- 
ized (1873) by the stockholders of the Union Pacihc Railroad 

.for taking contracts in building their railway. This company 
desired favorable legislation, and gave stock to congressmen to 
influence their votes. Congress investigated the question, and 
censured two of its members. Many others were imphcated, 
and these scandals disgraced the country. 

641. Panic of 1873. — Another money panic occurred in 
September of this year, which affected the financial interests of 
the country ruinously. Some attributed it to the over-issue of 
currency ; others held that the cause was the demonetization of 
silver by Congress. 

642. The Grangers. — This was an association of farmers 
under the name " Patrons of Husbandry," or " (Grangers. " The 
object of the association was to protect farmers against the unjust 
transportation charges of railroads, and to oppose monopolies. 

643. New State. — Colorado was admitted into the Union in 
1876 as the thirty-eighth State. 

644. The Centennials. — Great and appropriate celebrations 
were held (1875) in Massachusetts and North Carolina over the 
centennial anniversaries of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, and 
the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. These were but 
preludes, however, to the great International Centennial of the 
Declaration of Independence held at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia 
(1876). People were there from every civilized nation, and it was 
the grandest exposition ever witnessed. The Fourth of July was 



392 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



celebrated in every State by the most imposing ceremonies. In- 
dependence Hall in Philadelphia was the chief scene of the 
demonstrations at that place. The " Centennial Legion," com- 
posed of detachments of troops from each of the Thirteen Origi- 




Fairjiionnt Park, PhiUxcit-l(>liiii. 

nal States, was an imposing feature. The command of these 
picked men w-as given to Gen. Burnside of Rhode Island, and 
Gen. Heth of Virginia. Thus the first reunion of Northern and 
Southern troops occurred at the first Centennial. 

645, War with the Sioux Indians. — By treaty the Sioux 
Indians had accepted a large reservation of land in Dakota in 
lieu of other lands formerly occupied. Their depredations in 
Montana and \A'yoming caused the go\'ernment to send an army 
to subdue them. Gen. Custer met them in battle on the Little 
Big Horn, and was defeated (June, 1876). He and his whole com- 
mand were slain. The Indians were later driven into Canada. 

646. The Elections. — The Republicans met at Cincinnati, 
and nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, and William A. 



GRANT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 393 

Wheeler of New York. The Democratic Convention met at 
St. Louis, and nominated Samuel J. Tilden^ of New York, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana. The vote was closer than at 
any previous election. Both sides claimed the election of their 
ticket. There were 369 electoral votes, and 185 were necessary 
to a choice. The States of South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, 
and Oregon were in dispute, the first three having a set of 
electors for each party. The Republicans found it necessary to 
control every disputed vote. The Republicans contended that 
it was the duty of the President of the Senate to decide the dis- 
pute between the returning boards, and the Democrats contended 
that the dispute should be settled under the joint rule controlling 
both Houses. The House was Democratic, and the Senate Re- 
publican, and neither would trust the other. Affairs began to 
look serious, when the matter was settled by a novel expedient. 

647. The Electoral Commission. — It was agreed that a 
commission, composed of five members from the House, five 
from the Senate, and five from the Supreme Court, should de- 
cide the dispute. This commission was composed of eight Re- 
pubUcans and seven Democrats, and its vote upon all the disputed 
points was eight to seven, — a strict party vote, — and was cast 
in favor of the Republican ticket. The fairness of the decision 
has been questioned, and the " eight by seven commission " has 
become a matter of derision. 

1 Samuel Jones Tilden was born in New York in 1814, and was graduated 
at Yale College and New York University. He became a prominent lawyer, 
and was governor of New York in 1875. He died at his country house, 
Graystone, Westchester County, N.Y., in 1886. ' 



CHAPTER LVIII. 

HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION (1877-81). 



Leading Events. 



Withdrawal of Troops. 
Labor Stril<es (1877). 
Tlie Mississippi Jetties. 
The Nez Perces War (1877). 



The Fishery Dispute (1877). 
Remonetization of Silver (1878). 
Resumption of Specie Payment (1879), 
Refunding National Debt. 



648. Withdrawal of Troops from the South. — The de- 
mand of the South that it be permitted to manage its own affairs 
without interference on the part of the 
National Government was granted by 
President Hayes.^_ He beHeved that the 
proper way to estabhsh peace and break 
down the bitter feehngs of the war was 
to treat the States as such, and not as 
conquered provinces. He withdrew the 
soldiers from the Southern States. This 
brought peace and prosperity. Many 
of the men who supported Hayes op- 
posed this policy, but the great mass of 
the people approved it. 

649. Labor Strikes. — In many 
Northern States the railroad men were dissatisfied. This dissat- 
isfaction resulted in a general "tie-up," or "strike" (1877). The 

1 Rutherford B. Hayes, the nineteenth President, was born in Ohio in 1822. 
He was graduated at Kenyon College, and studied law at Harvard. He be- 
came a brigadier-general in the Union Army, a congressman in 1865, and 
was three times elected governor of Ohio. As governor, he made a reputation 
for conservative action and prudence, and was classed among the statesmen of 
his party. After his term of office expired, he returned to Ohio to follow his 
profession. As a trustee of the Peabody Fund, he used his influence for 
several years in promoting the work of popular education. He died in 1893. 

394 




Rutherford B. Hayes. 



HA YES 'S ADMINTSTRA TION. 39 5 

miners of Pennsylvania joined the strikers, and in a short time a 
hmidred and fifty thousand men were out of work. Riots oc- 
curred in several cities. At Pittsburg about ten miUion dollars' 
worth of property was destroyed. The President sent troops to 
Pittsburg, which restored order at once. 

650. The Mississippi Jetties. — To prevent the filling of 
the mouth of the Mississippi by sand-bars, Congress authorized 
Capt. Eads of St. Louis, the builder of the steel bridge over the 
Mississippi at that place, to construct a system of jetties which 
should deepen the channel by increasing the force of the current. 
The plan was a success, and ocean steamers now pass up to New 
Orleans without expense. It is said that the saving to shipping 
has been two miUions of dollars. The benefit redounded to the 
whole Mississippi Valley, but especially to New Orleans, the 
largest city of the South. 

651. The Nez Perces War. — Lewis and Clarke made a treaty 
with this tribe in 1806, which was maintained until after the 
war with Mexico. In 1850 part of their territory (Idaho) was 
purchased, and a reservation made for them in northeastern 
Oregon and northwestern Idaho. Some of the chiefs refused to 
agree, and trouble followed. Gen. Howard marched into their 
country (1877) ; but the Nez Perces, led by their chief, Joseph, 
fled into the mountains. In northern Montana they were checked 
by Col. Miles. They then crossed the Missouri, only to be sur- 
rounded near Bear Paw Mountains. In a batde here, Col. Miles 
routed them, and killed or captured the whole tribe except a few 
who escaped under White Bird. 

652. Yellow Fever. — In the summer of 1878 the yellow- 
fever scourge appeared in the Gulf States. New Orleans was 
the first place afflicted ; but in rapid succession the epidemic 
appeared in Grenada, Vicksburg, Memphis, and many other 
towns. Memphis and Grenada presented scenes of despair. 
The people died by thousands. The whole country sent con- 
tributions to the suffering South. More than twenty thousand 



396 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



deaths occurred before the frosts of October put an end to the 
plague.i 

653. The Fishery Dispute. — From 1782 to 181 8 the right 
of Americans to fish along the shore of the British Possessions 
was admitted by Great Britain. In 18 18 the United States 
agreed to keep three miles from the inhabited 
shores of Canada. Disputes arose over the 
apphcation of the rule, — as to whether the 
distance should be measured from every point 
of the shore, or from the headlands only. The 




Fishing OH Canadian S/io?'cs. 

trouble was left to arbitrators, who decided (1877) that we should 
pay Great Britain $5,500,000 for the use we had made of the 
waters along the shores of Canada. 

654. Remonetization of Silver. — The gold and silver coins 
were established by law in 1792. The silver dollar weighed 416 
grains Troy. In 1837 the weight was reduced to 4121^ grains. 
In 1834 double eagles and three-dollar pieces were authorized. 

1 Examples of heroism were numerous. Every community presented in- 
stances of unselfish Christian courage. One of the most noted philanthro- 
pists was Dr. Luke P. Blackburn of Frankfort, Ky., who devoted his whole 
time to the fever-stricken districts. The most conspicuous instance of hero- 
ism was that of Miss Mollie Stephens, who traveled on foot from her Indiana 
home to nurse the sufferers at Memphis. After weeks of unselfish attention 
to the plague-stricken citizens, she herself was stricken, and died. The 
citizens of Memphis have placed a monument over her grave in Memphis 
with the words, " Our Christian martyr: she gave her life for us." 



HAYES'S administration: 397 

In 1853 the weight of half dollars and the smaller coins was re- 
duced. In 1873 the coinage of silver dollars was stopped. This 
was called " demonetization of silver," and gold became the stand- 
ard.i A new silver dollar, "the trade dollar," containing 420 
grains, was established, only to be abolished in 1876 as a legal 
tender. For export business its coinage was continued. The cry 
for silver money became too loud to be ignored, and in 1878 the 
silver dollar of 1837 (412^ grains) was reestablished, and made 
a legal tender for all payments except contracts requiring gold. 
This was called the " dollar of our daddies." The measure, called 
the " remonetization of silver," was passed over the President's 
veto. The difficulty in maintaining both gold and silver money 
is in keeping equivalent coins of the two metals at the same in- 
trinsic value. If a gold dollar is intrinsically worth more than a 
silver dollar, people hoard the gold until only silver circulates. 

655. Resumption of Specie Payment. — The government's 
promise, printed on paper, to pay coin at some futm^e time, 
formed the money of the war. Promises of this kind were called 
" greenbacks " because green ink was used in printing the back 
of the paper. Greenbacks were worth at times about thirty- 
three cents and a third on the dollar ; that is, the government's 
promise to pay three dollars was worth one dollar in gold. As 
the national debt was reduced, the value of the promise increased, 
and to-day a " paper dollar " is as good as the gold dollar. In 
1875 Congress determined to resume specie payments on Jan. i, 
1879; and accordingly on this date the United States began to 
pay coin for greenbacks. 

656. Refunding the National Debt. — During the war the 
government could borrow money only by paying high rates of 
interest. The government bonds sold during that period bore 
from six to seven and three tenths per cent. As the government 

1 Men who favor a single standard are called " mono-metallists ;" those 
who favor gold and silver, " bi-metallists :" also called " single and double 
standard men." 



39^ HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

was paying its indebtedness at maturity, it was found that money 
could be had at a lower rate. The government, therefore, 
" refunded " its debt. New bonds, bearing from three to four 
and a half per cent interest, were sold, and the proceeds used 
to pay the old bonds. 

657. The Elections. — The Republican party nominated 
James A. Garfield of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur of New York. 
The Democratic i)arty nominated Gen. Winfield S. Hancock ^ of 
Pennsylvania, and William H. English of Indiana. The chief 
issue was the tariff ; the Democratic platform calling for a " tariff 
for revenue only," and the Republican platform for protection. 
In the Republican Convention an attempt was made to nomi- 
nate Grant for a third term. James G. Blaine was pitted against 
Gen. Grant, and thirty-five ballots were taken before Garfield 
was nominated as a compromise. The Greenback party was op- 
posed to specie resumption, and put out a ticket which gained 
no electoral votes. Garfield and Arthur were elected. (Nov., 1880.) 

1 Winfield S. Hancock was born in Pennsylvania in 1824, and died in 
1886. He was graduated at West Point, and served in the Mexican war; 
was made brigadier-general in the Union Army in 1861, and took part in the 
battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and Spottsylvania. He was 
made major-general in 1866. He was called the " hero of Gettysburg." 



CHAPTER LIX. 

GARFIELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION (1881-85). 



Leading Events. 



Assassination of Garfield (1881). 
Chinese Immigration (1882). 
Tariff Commission (1882). 
CiviUService Reform {1883). 



Arctic Explorations (1879-84). 
Scientific Invention. 
Brooklyn Bridge (1883). 
Washington Monument (1885). 



658. Assassination of the President. — Much was ex- 
pected from President Garfield.^ He began by selecting an 
able cabinet, and followed this by an 
honest effort to select suitable persons 
for all the offices. This created much 
ill feeling among office holders and 
seekers. In the midst of this work a 
half-crazy office seeker resolved to 
have revenge upon the President for 
denying him an office. On July 2, 
1 88 1, at a railroad depot in Washing- 
ton, he shot the President. For eighty 
days the President fought for life, but 
was forced to surrender at last. He 
died at Elberon, near Long Branch, 
N.J., on Sept. 19. His patience won him the love of the whole 
nation. He was succeeded by Chester A. Arthur. 

1 James Abram Garfield, the twentieth President, was born in Ohio in 
1831. He was graduated at Williams College, and became a professor at 
Hiram College. He afterwards studied law. He entered the Union Army, 
and rose to the rank of major-general. He served in Congress eighteen 
years, and was elected to the Senate, but, before taking his seat, was elected 
President of the United States. He started from a low station in life, and 
his success was due to diligence, study, and good habits. 

399 




Citr/icui. 



400 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 




659. Yorktown Centennial. — The centennial anniversary 
( 1 881) of the surrender of Cornwallis was celebrated at York- 
town with great enthusiasm. The 
chief officers of the United States 
were present, besides representatives 
from Great Britain, France, and Ger- 
many. At its close. President Arthur ^ 
had the flag of Great Britain raised, 
and a salute fired in its honor. 

660. Chinese Immigration. — 

Contractors imported shiploads of 
Chinese, or " Coolies," as they were 
called, to hire them out upon the 
Pacific coast. Their low wages forced 
Americans out of employment, and riots ensued. The treaty 
with China permitted them to come and go, however, as they 
pleased. Envoys were sent to China to make a new treaty re- 
stricting immigration. This was ratified in 188 1. In 1882 a law 
was passed suspending the immigration of Chinese labor for ten 
years. 

661. Tariff Commission and Reform. — A commission to 

examine into the tariff, and report a plan for its revision, was 
authorized by Congress in 1882. This committee recommended 
changes ; but the country was still left under a strong protective 
system.^ 



Chester A . A rtliui 



1 Chester A. Arthur, the twenty-first President, was born in Vermont in 
1830, and died in 1886. He was graduated from Union College, and studied 
law. He helped to organize the Republican party in 1856, and was quarter- 
master-general for the State in 1861. 

2 Synopsis of the Tariffs. — i. The compromise tariff of 1833, which 
provided uniform ad-valorem rates on the revenue basis. 2. The tariff of 
1842, which was based on protection. 3. The tariff of 1846, based upon 
revenue, although " incidental protection " was retained for some articles. 
4. The tariff of 1857, ^ a tariff for revenue. 5. The Morrill tariff of 1861, 
strongly protective. During the war the tariffs became purely protective, 
with the highest rates known to our history. The average rate was forty-seven 



G A KFI ELD-ARTHUR ADMINISTRATION. 401 

662. Civil=Service Reform. — To regulate the appointment 
of ofificers in the civil service ^ of the United States, a law was 
passed in 1883 which provided for a system of competitive ex- 
aminations to determine fitness. These examinations were to be 
held in each of the States, and appointments to be made in pro- 
portion to population. A commission of three persons was pro- 
vided to aid the President in making rules, and to superintend 
the examinations. 

663. Arctic Explorations (1879).— James Gordon Bennett, 
publisher of the " New York Herald," fitted out the steam-sailing 
vessel "Jeannette," and placed her under the command of 
George W. DeLong to prosecute exploration in the Arctic Ocean. 
The vessel was crushed in the ice, and one third of the company 
reached Siberia. The Signal Service Bureau, in 1881, sent Lieut. 
Greely, with twenty-four men, to maintain a station for scientific 
observation in the extreme north. He reached Fort Conger, and 
remained there till June, 1884, when he and six of his party were 
brought back. 

664. Great Scientific Inventions. — (i) 77/^ 7>/^///.5';/<?. This 
wonderful invention is credited to Prof. Bell of Massachusetts, 
and Elisha Gray of Chicago. Profs. Dolbear and Edison are also 
great inventors of telephonic instruments. (2) The Phonograph . 
This was invented by Thomas Edison in 1877. This instrument 
receives sounds, and produces them again as they were originally 
uttered. (3) The Electric Light. Thomas Edison made the in- 
vention of electric lighting a practical one. 

665. A Great Bridge. — One of the greatest works of the 
nineteenth century is the East River Bridge, joining Manhattan to 

per cent of the value of the goods. 6. The tariff of 1883, lessening the rates, 
but still maintaining the protective feature. Rates on wool and woolen 
goods, and on steel rails, were raised even above war rates. 7. The McKinley 
tariff (protective). 8. The Wilson tariff of 1894, with lower duties (p. 414). 
g. The Dingley tariff of 1897, with higher duties (p. 416). 

1 Persons employed by the government, except the soldiers and the 
marines, are in the civil service. 



402 SHINN'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



-^^•>^'mMmMm 



^ 

'W 



Brooklyn, which was first opened to traffic in 1883. This is the 

largest suspension bridge in the world. Its total length is 5,989 

feet. 

666. The Washington Monument. — On Feb. 22, 1885, 

the great monument erected at Washington in honor of George 

Washington was completed. Its cost 
was about $1,500,000. The shaft 
above the foundation is 555 feet high, 
being the highest stone monument in 
the world. 

667. Elections. — The Republi- 
can party nominated James G. Blaine^ 
of Maine, and John A. Logan of Illi- 
nois. The Democratic party nomi- 
nated Grover Cleveland of New 
York, and Thomas A. Hendricks of 
Indiana. The Prohibition party 
nominated John P. St. John 
of Kansas. The Green- 
back party nominated Ben- 
jamin F. Butler. Neither 
of the last two received an 
electoral vote. Many Re- 
publicans were dissatisfied 
with the administration of 
the civil service, and voted 
with the Democratic party. 
These were called " Mugwumps." Cleveland and Hendricks 
were elected by a majority of thirty-seven electoral votes. 

1 James Gillespie Blaine was born in Pennsylvania in 1830, and died in 
1893. He moved to Maine, and became an editor ; was in Congress from 
1862 to 1876; and was speaker of the House from 1869 to 1874. He was 
elected to the Senate in 1877, and was twice a candidate for nomination for 
the presidency without winning it. He was secretary of state under Gar- 
field, and again under Harrisoa. 



■^ 




Washington Monument. 



CHAPTER LX. 



CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION (1885-89). 



Leading Events. 

CiviUService Reform. 
Cotton Exposition (1884-85). 
Labor Troubles (1886). 
Charleston Earthquake (1886). 



Presidential Succession Bill (1S86). 
Interstate Commerce Law (1887). 
Dependent Pension Bill (1887). 
Department of Agriculture (1889). 



668. Civil=Service Reform. — Grover ClevelaiKU was the 
first Democratic President that had l^een inaugurated since 
James Buchanan. Recognizing the 
legislation as to civil-service reform 
as obligatory upon him as President, 
Mr. Cleveland faithfully endeavored 
to carry out the law. So well did 
he "hew to the line," that at least 
half of those who held government 
offices continued to hold them de- 
spite the fact that they belonged 
to the Republican party. The Demo- 
cratic demand, " Turn the rascals 

out," was ignored by the Presi- Grover Cleveland. 

dent, and this caused him to lose many friends in his own party. 

669. The International Cotton Exposition. — From De- 
cember, 1884, to June, 1885, the International Cotton Exposition 

1 Grover Cleveland, the twenty-second President, was born in New Jersey 
in 1837. His father moved to New York, and the son began the study of law 
in Buffalo at the age of eighteen. In 1881 he was elected mayor of that city, 
and the next year was elected governor of New York. Mr. Cleveland pre- 
sents a most remarkable case of rapid advancement in political life. He left 
the presidency with a character greater than he had at his election. His 
announcement at the beginning of his term, that " a pulilic office is a public 
trust," was strictly adhered to throughout his administration. 

403 




404 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



was open at New Orleans. It was intended to exhibit (i) the 
resources of the South, and (2) the resources of the whole coun- 
try. The exposition was attended by thousands who were as- 




International Cotton Exposiiioti Buildings, Neio OrU\ins. 

tonished at the wonderful display of Southern products. The 
friendliness of the two sections was greatly increased. Next to 
the Centennial Exposition of 1876, this was the greatest e'xhibit 
ever made in the United States up to that date. 

670. Knights of Labor. — The laboring classes formed a 
union to protect their interests by acting together. The organi- 
zation was named " Knights of Labor," and comprehended 
about all the occupations of the country except the professions. 
If the hat manufacturers were inequitable towards their em- 
ployees, the whole organization of knights were empowered to 
take the matter up, and effect its settlement by requiring all 
knights to quit dealing with the hatting employers or with any 
one that favored them. This was called " black hsting " and 
"boycotting." 

671. Strikes. — The year 1886 was noted for strikes. The 
horse-car drivers and conductors of New York City quit work. 
The strike then traveled West, until nearly every city was involved 
in the controversy. The strikers demanded an " eight-hour " 
contract in some cases, and greater pay in others. Forty thou- 
sand men quit work in Chicago, and nearly all of the factories 



CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



405 



and workshops were closed. Processions of strikers paraded 
the streets ten thousand strong. 

672. The Chicago Anarchists. — On May 4, 1886, a meet- 
ing of anarchists was held near Haymarket Square, Chicago, 
which was addressed by some lawless characters. The police 
attempted to disperse the crowd, and were attacked with dyna- 
mite bombs. Sixty police- 
men were wounded, and 
seven killed. The officers 
stood to their posts, how- 
ever, and dispersed the mob. 
The ringleaders were arrested 
and executed. All but one 
were foreigners. The anar- 
chists believe that all forms 
of government are wrong, 
and that it is right to over- 
throw them by any means. 

673. The Statue of Lib= 
erty. — Many citizens of 
France who desired to erect 
a memorial to the United 
States Government raised a 
fund for this purpose, pre- 
pared a huge statue, " Lib- 
erty enhghtening the World," 
and presented it to the United 
States. Congress set apart 
Bedloe's Island, in New York 
Harbor, for its location. This 
statue was unveiled and light- 
ed in the autumn of 1 886. It 
was prepared by the French sculptor Bartholdi, is made of 
bronze, and is a hundred and fifty feet high. The top of the 

25 




4o6 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

torch is more than three hundred feet above the water. The 
whole statue represents the Goddess of Liberty holding a torch 
high in air, illuminating the aj^proach to the American shore. 
The torch serves as a guide to incoming vessels, and the statue 
is one of the most beautiful creations of the sculptor. 

674. The Charleston Earthquake. — On the night of the 
31st of August, 1 886, a great earthquake occurred at Charles- 
ton, S.C. The shock was felt in nearly the whole region east of 
the Mississippi, and north to the Great Lakes. \\\ Charleston 
hardly a building escaped injury, and many structures were com- 
pletely wrecked. 

675. Presidential Succession Bill. — Within a year after 
the inauguration, the Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, died. 
This brought up the old question of succession in case the Vice- 
President should die after becoming President. To provide for 
this, Congress passed the Presidential Succession Bill (1886), by 
which, if the President dies and there is no Vice-President, the 
office of President devolves upon certain members of the cabinet 
in a fixed order: viz., secretary of state, secretary of the treasury, 
secretary of war, the attorney-general, the postmaster-general, the 
secretary of the navy, and the secretary of the interior. 

676. Interstate Commerce. — Congress passed a law (1887), 

requiring that railroads crossing State lines should charge the 
same proportionate freight rates for all distances and between all 
places, and that passenger rates should be uniform. ^ The exe- 
cution of the law was placed in the hands of a committee called 
" The Interstate Railroad Commission." 

677. War Literature. — It is a matter of pride to Ameri- 
cans that the men who fought on each side during the late war 

1 Railroads have competition at their termini, and very little at interme- 
diate points. These points are called the "competing" and " non-competing" 
points. The " long haul " is generally the whole distance between " compet- 
ingpoints ;" the " short haul," the distance between "non-competing points." 
The roads charged less for the " long haul " than for the " short." 



CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINLSTRATLON. 4^7 

were able to write what they saw and did during that struggle. 
Among these books are, "Memoirs," by Gen. W. T. Sherman; 
" War between the States," by Alexander H. Stephens, Vice- 
President of the Confederacy ; " Memoirs," by Gen. U. S. 
Grant ; others of like character also by Gens. George B. McClel- 
lan, John A. Logan, and Philip Sheridan ; " Rise and Fall of the 
Confederacy," by Jefiferson Davis ; others by Gens. Joseph E. 
Johnston, John B. Hood, and Richard Taylor. 

678. The Dependent Pension Bill. — Congress passed a bill 
(1887) extending the pension list so as to include all enlisted and 
honorably discharged soldiers who had become, in whole or in 
part, dependent upon the aid of others for their support. The 
President vetoed this as giving the bounty of the government to 
the undeserving as well as to the deserving. 

679. The Elections. — The Republican party nominated Ben- 
jamin Harrison of Indiana, and Levi P. Morton of New York 
(1888). The Democratic party nominated Grover Cleveland of 
New York, and Allen G. Thurman of Ohio. The Prohibition 
party nominated Clinton B. Fisk of New Jersey, and John A. 
Brooks of Missouri, but carried no electoral vote. Harrison was 
elected by an electoral vote of 233 to 168, although Mr. Cleve- 
land received a majority in the popular vote. 

680. Centennial Anniversary of the Formation of the 
Constitution. — The one hundredth anniversary of the year in 
which the Constitution of the United States was formed was 
celebrated on the part of the original States, and by others, by 
a grand civic and military parade in Philadelphia (September, 
1887). President Cleveland, and other Federal and State of- 
ficials, reviewed the parade. 

681. Department of Agriculture. — Congress passed a law 
(1889) making the Department of Agriculture an executive de- 
partment, to be in charge of the secretary of agriculture. This 
raised the number of cabinet officers from seven to eight. 



CHAPTER LXI. 



HARRISON'S 1 ADMINISTRATION (1889-93). 



Oklahoma Territory (1889) 
Johnstown Disaster (1889). 
New States (1889-90). 
The New Navy. 
Ballot Reform. 



Leading Events. 

Farmers' Alliance., 

New Orleans Riot (1890-91). 

The"ltata" Affair (1891). 

The McKinley Bill (1891). 

The Columbian Exposition (1892-93). 



682. Oklahoma. — In Indian Territory there was a piece of 
land which attracted the attention of settlers and speculators. 
Many efforts were made to obtain possession unlawfully, but the 

United States always interfered to pro- 
tect the Indian title. At length it was 
purchased by the government, and 
early in 1889 thrown open to settle- 
ment. The Indians called it " Okla- 
homa " (the " Beautiful Land "), and 
the whites retained the name. On 
April 22, iSSg, more than fifty thou- 
sand persons were gathered in crowds 
along the boundaries of Oklahoma, 
waiting for the time to expire which 
prohibited their entrance. At twelve 
o'clock the wliole body crossed the line under the mad impulse 
of gain, and with hurried step sought the richest lands. Stakes 
were driven down_with lightning speed, and a title made at once. 

1 Benjamin Harrison, the twenty-third President, Mas born in Ohio in 
1833. His grandfather was a President of the United States, and his great- 
grandfather a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He attended 
college at Miami University, and studied law at Cincinnati. He moved to 
Indianapolis, and entered the army as a second lieutenant. He left the 
army with the rank of brigadier-general. He was sent to the Senate in 1880. 

408 




Benjanihi /Inrrismi. 



HARRISON'S ADMIXISTRATION. 409 

Towns sprang up in a day. Oklahoma City and Guthrie grew 
with wonderful speed. In four montlis Guthrie had five thou- 
sand people, four daily papers, and several banks. 

683. The Johnstown Disaster. — On May 31, 1889, a ter- 
ril)le disaster occurred in western Pennsylvania. A dam which 
held back the waters of the South Fork of the Conemaugh gave 
way, and the waters rushed down the valley, carrying with them 
bridges, houses, churches, factories, mills, and everything else they 
met on their way. They reached Johnstown, and swept it to ruin. 
Six other towns were deluged and destroyed. More than two 
thousand people — men, women, and children — were drowned in 
less than thirty minutes, along a tract eighteen miles in length. 
The property loss was more than ten millions of dollars. 

684. The New States. — Four new States were admitted in 
November, 1889, — North and South Dakota, Montana, Wash- 
ington. The following July (1890) the States of Idaho and 
Wyoming were admitted. This made the Union include forty- 
four States. 

685. Immigration. — The great effort of Americans for many 
years has been to separate the good from the bad among those 
who come to our shores. In one year (1882) over seven hun- 
dred and thirty thousand persons arrived at our seaports to make 
the United States a home. The Federal laws now prohibit the 
landing in the United States of Chinese laborers, persons under 
contract to labor, polygamists, idiots, lunatics, paupers, persons 
affected with contagious diseases, and persons who have been 
convicted of crimes. 

686. The American Navy. — In 1882 Congress authorized 
the building of three modern war ships, — the "Chicago," 
"Boston," and "Atlanta," — and almost every year since then 
it has added to the strength of our new navy. The " Maine," 
our first armored cruiser, and the " Texas," our first battle ship, 
both authorized in 1886, were launched during Harrison's term. 
The battle ships " Massachusetts," " Indiana," and " Oregon," 



4IO 



HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 



launched in 1893, are of ten thousand tons' displacement, and 
are among the most powerfully armed and most formidable battle 
ships ever made. 




•/-■-^ 



The " Texas." 

687. Australian Ballot Law. — The great frauds practiced 
upon the ballot in nearly every State led the Legislatures to pass 
laws to correct "corrupt practices." Since the presidential elec- 
tion of 1888, most of the States have adopted the Australian Bal- 
lot System, or some other reform ballot law designed to furnish 
the ballots at public expense, and to secure secrecy in voting. 

688. The Farmers' Alliance. — The "Grange" movement 
collapsed, because its membership was open to those who were 
not agriculturists. The mutual protection of farmers against the 
encroachments of capital was still a question of moment among 
agriculturists, and a new organization was formed. In the great 
agricultural State of Texas the first " Farmers' Alliance " was 
organized in 1877, to oppose the wholesale buying of public 
lands by individuals. For ten years the "Alliance" was strictly 
a Southern organization, when, by uniting with the Farmers' 
Union of Louisiana, another Southern society, it became the 
" Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union of America," and 
extended its work into many States. This, in turn, absorbed 
another association, The Agricultural Wheel of Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and took the name " The Farm- 
ers' and Laborers' Union of America." Finallv this movement 



//.•/ KR7S0X ' S A DMIXIS TRA TION. 4 1 1 

was combined with the National Farmers' AUiance of Ilhnois, 
under the name "Farmers' Alhance and Industrial Union." This 
organization soon became powerful, and at Ocala, Fla., proposed, 
in conjunction with the Knights of Labor, to form a third politi- 
cal party to be called "The People's Party." This was ratilied 
at Cincinnati afterwards, and the new party formed. 

689. The New Orleans Tragedy. — The Mafia, a secret 
Sicilian organization, murdered the chief of police of the city of 
New Orleans on the night of Oct. 15, i8go. This roused the 
people of New Orleans ; and it was resolved that the Italians 
should be prosecuted, and the Mafia destroyed. Nineteen sus- 
pected persons were arrested and indicted. Nine of these were 
tried. The jury cleared six of them, and a mistrial was entered 
as to the other three. The same night thousands of citizens 
marched to the Parish prison, and killed eleven of the Italians 
(March 14, 1891). There was no effort at disguise. The excuse 
was, that the law had failed, and that it was the duty of good 
citizens to protect their homes from assassins. The failure of jus- 
tice was lamentable, but the mob violence was inexcusable. 

690. The " Itata." — Civil war was going on in Chile. One 
of the combatants sent the steamer "Itata" to San Diego, Cal., 
to obtain a cargo of arms and ammunition. We were at peace 
with Chile, and were bound by international law to forbid the 
use of our soil as a base of operations against Chile. The 
" Itata " was seized, and placed in charge of a United States 
marshal. On May 6 the "Itata" steamed out of port, carrying 
the marshal with her. Fearing that Chile would have a case of 
indemnity against the United States, orders were issued to the 
man-of-war " Charleston " to pursue and capture the " Itata" at 
all hazards. The chase southward lasted twenty-five days. The 
" Itata " was accompanied by the " Esmeralda," a powerful iron- 
clad, and a fight was expected. None came, however. The 
"Itata" surrendered to the "Charleston" at Iquique, and was 
taken back to CaHfornia. 



412 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPIE, 

691. The Fifty=first Congress. — The Fifty- first Congress 
expired on Marcli 4, 1891, and was one of the most memorable 
in our history. A protective tarilT bill was passed, which was 
known as the " McKinley Bill." Another bill, the " Force Bill," 
which provided for federal supervision of Congressional elections, 
was discussed to a great extent, but failed to pass. The enor- 
mous sum appropriated, nearly one billif)n dollars, gave it the 
name " The 15illion-Dollar " Congress. 

692. Reciprocity. — For years the trade of the South Ameri- 
can countries, of Mexico, the West Indian Islands, and of Can- 
ada, had been absorbed by European powers to the detriment 
of American commerce. Our system of tariffs was at the bot- 
tom of all the trouble. An ingenious scheme was devised by the 
government by which this trade was to be secured without giving 
up the entire doctrine of protection. Treaties w-ere to be made 
with these governments by which certain articles raised by them 
in abundance were to be admitted into our ports free of all duty, 
in return for the abolition by them of all duty upon other articles 
abundant here. This gave a large freedom of trade under the 
forceful title " Reciprocity." 

693. The World's Fair. — The four hundredth anniversary of 
the discovery of America was celebrated in America by a Colum- 
bian Exposition or World's Fair (1893). Congress appropriated 
ten million dollars to complete the work in a manner fitting to the 
dignity of the United States. Chicago secured the location, and 
the Legislatures of nearly all of the States made appropriations 
to specially exhibit their resources. The dedication of the splen- 
did buildings occurred on the 21st of October, 1892. The im- 
mense Manufacturers' Hall was crowded with more than thirty 
thousand people. On the platform were seated hundreds of Fed- 
eral and State oflficers and representatives from almost every 
nation on earth. This gathering was the largest in history, not 
excepting the famous Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Parades and 
civic di.splay were made in all the States. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



413 




World's Fair Buildings, Chicago. 

694. The Elections. — The Republican party nominated Ben- 
jamin Harrison for a second term, and Whitelaw Reid of New 
York for Vice-President. The Democrats again nominated 
Grover Cleveland of New York, and Adiai E. Stevenson of Illi- 
nois. The People's party nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa, 
and James G. Field of Virginia. The Prohibitionists nominated 
John Bidwell of California, and James B. Cranfill of Texas. The 
election resulted in the defeat of the Republican party, and the 
election of Grover Cleveland. This is the first instance of the 
reelection of a President after retirement to private life. 



CHAPTER LXII. 



CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION (1893-97). 



Crisis of 1893 and Repeal of 
the Silver Purchasing Clause. 
The Wilson Bill. 
Admission of Utah. 



Leading Events. 

4. The Debs Strike. 

5. The Venezuelan Bounds 
ary and the Cuban War, 

6. The Silver Agitation. 



695. The Crisis of 1893. — Early in this year, the country 
suffered great financial depression. Real and personal prop- 
erty depreciated, and money was hard to obtain. Banks closed, 
factories shut down, and every business interest was injured. 

696. The Repeal of the Silver Purchasing Clause 

These disasters were charged by many persons to the laws. By 
the Sherman Act, passed July 14, 1890, the government was re- 
quired to purchase silver bullion to an amount not exceeding 
4,500,000 ounces monthly, and to pay for it by issuing legal- 
tender treasury notes. Under this law, bullion was piled up in 
the treasury at the rate of more than 154 tons each month. The 
bullion value of silver was less than its coinage value, and the 
law was intended to stop its further dechne. It failed to do so, 
however, and in 1893 the bullion in the silver dollar was worth 
less than 53 cents. The President convened Congress in extra 
session, and after a long discussion the silver purchasing clause 
of the Sherman law was repealed. 

697. The Wilson Bill. — The election of Cleveland upon a 
platform of tariff reform led Congress at its regular session to re- 
peal the McKinley Bill, and to pass the Wilson Bill. By this law, 
the duties upon many articles were lowered, and upon others re- 
moved. A tax was also levied upon all persons whose wealth gave 

414 



CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMLNLSTRATLON. 415 

them an income of $4000 per annum or more. This income tax was 
soon afterwards declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, 
and was never collected. The treasury receipts thus lessened 
were not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the government. 
The gold reserve ran down, and the President was forced to make 
several sales of bonds tp meet the emergencies. 

698. Admission of Utah. — In January, 1896, by an act of 
Congress, Utah was admitted to the Union as the 45th State. 

699. The Debs Strike. — In a dispute between the managers 
of the Pullman shops at Pullman, III, and their employees, the 
American Railway Union, through its president, Eugene Debs, 
espoused the cause of the employees. Debs asked the railroads not 
to carry Pullman sleeping cars. The railroads refused to comply. 
A strike was then declared, and attempts were made to stop all trains 
carrying Pullman sleepers. Rioting ensued, trains were wrecked, 
and many lives lost. The President issued a proclamation ordering 
the strikers to obey the laws, and not delay the mails. He also sent 
troops to Chicago and other points, and the strikers were dispersed. 

700. The Venezuelan Boundary and the Cuban War. — 
These questions threatened to bring on wars with Great Britain 
and Spain. A commission appointed to investigate the Vene- 
zuelan boundary averted the trouble with England. Notwith- 
standing the popular demand for the recognition of Cuba as a 
belhgerent, the President adhered firmly to a strict neutrality. 

701. The Silver Agitation. — The hard times continued. 
The act of 1873, omitting the silver dollar from coinage, was now 
considered by many the cause of the financial trouble, and an 
agitation was begun for the free and unlimited coinage of silver at 
the old ratio of 16 to i, independent of the action of other nations. 
This resulted in the nomination, by the Democrats, of W. J. Bryan 
for President, and Arthur Sewall for Vice-President, and of Wm. 
McKinley and G. A. Hobart by the Republicans. The Populists 
indorsed Bryan, and nominated T. E. Watson for Vice-President. 
The Silver party indorsed Bryan and Sewall. The Sound- Money 
Democrats, in separate convention, nominated J. M. Palmer and 
S. B. Buckner. The Republican candidates were elected. 



CHAPTER LXIII. 



McKINLEVS ADMINISTRATION (1897- 



Leading: Events. 



1. Tariff Act (1897). 

2. The Greater New York. 



3. The Spanish War (1898). 

4. Hawaiian Annexation (1898). 



702. The Tariff Act of 1897 Two days after McKinleyi 

was inaugurated, he called a special session of Congress to meet 

March 15. The Republicans then 
promptly introduced a new tariff 
bill, providing for greater protec- 
tion to American industries, and 
similar in some respects to the 
McKinley Bill of 1890. It was also 
intended to increase the revenue; 
for the expenditures of the govern- 
ment had become much greater 
than its income. After amendment 
the bill passed both houses, and 
was put in force by the President's 
signature on July 24, 1897. 

703. The Greater New York. — Brooklyn, Long Island City, 
Staten Island, and a few outlying districts were united with New 




IVilk i>n McKinley 



1 William McKinley was born in 1843 at Niles, Trumbull Co., Ohio. After 
a course of study in the academy at Poland, O., he entered Allegheny Col- 
lege, but the next year (1861) enlisted in the Federal army. After the war 
he became a lawyer. He was a Republican Representative in Congress 
1877-84, 1885-91, and Governor of Oiiio 1892-96. 

416 



■MCKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 417 

York as a single city, January i, 1898. This makes New York 
the greatest city in the world, except London. 

704. Spanish War.— For several years Spain had been 
trying to suppress a rebellion in Cuba by force of arms, without 
success. Our friendly efforts to induce Spain to grant peace to 
Cuba produced little result, and in February, 1898, our battleship 
Mai?ie, while on a friendly visit to the Spanish authorities, was 
utterly destroyed, with many of its crew, by a mysterious explo- 
sion in the harbor of Havana. We then prepared for war, which 
was formally declared in April, 1898. On the ist of May, our 
fleet in the Pacific, under Commodore George Dewey, attacked 
and annihilated the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila, Philip- 
pine Islands, and an army was sent to take possession of these 
Spanish islands. Another fleet blockaded the principal ports of 
.Cuba, and early in July sank all the vessels of the Spanish squad- 
ron as they attempted to escape from the harbor of Santiago. 
A few days later the eastern end of Cuba was surrendered to 
our army, under General Shafter, after a short campaign before 
Santiago. Another army landed in Puerto Rico, and soon after a 
peace protocol was signed (August 1 2, 1898). This provided for 
the relinquishment by Spain of her sovereignty over Cuba, the 
cession of Puerto Rico and one of the Ladrones, and the tem- 
porary occupation of Manila by the United States. On December 
10 a treaty was signed, providing, in a.ddition to the terms of 
the protocol, for the cession of the Philippines to the United 
States, and for the payment of $20,000,000 to Spain. 

705. The Annexation of Hawaii. — In January, 1893, the 
Queen of the Hawaiian Islands was dethroned and a provisional 
government established, which was controlled by persons of 
American descent. Application was made for union with the 
United States, but this was prevented by President Cleveland. 
The islands were then made a repubhc. In 1897, the application 
for annexation being renewed, the matter was brought before 
Congress and the islands were formally annexed July 7, 1898. 



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420 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY 



THE UNITED STATES. 



(Numerals refer to Map, p. 422.) 



i and 2. — Part of original State of Massachusetts erected into State of Maine, 1820. 
3. — Part of public land of the United States. 
4. — One of original thirteen States. 

5. — Formed into Slate of Vermont in 17QI out of the State of New York. 
6. — One of original thirteen States ; included i and 2, and extended west to the Miss 
•ssippi River. 

7. — One of original thirteen States. 

8. — One of original thirteen States ; originally extended west to the Mississippi Rive"-. 
g.^One of original thirteen States ; originally including 5 ; a claim of Massachusetts to 
portion of territory of southern New York was settled in 1786 by a convention at Hart- 
ford. 

10. — One of original thirteen States. 

II. — One of original thirteen States; in 1792, 89 added. 
12, — One of original thirteen States. 

13 — One of on,ginal thirteen States; originally embraced 13 and 14. 
14. — Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Maryland in 1790. 
15. — Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Virginia in 1790; retroceded 
to Virginia by United States in 1846. 

16. — One of original thirteen States; originally embraced 15, 16, 17, 18, 54, and 55. 
17. — Formed into State of West Virginia out of Virginia in 1863. 
18. — Formed into State of Kentucky, 1792, out of Virginia. 
19. — One of original thirteen States; originally embraced 19 and 20. 
20. — Ceded to United States by North Carolina in 1790, and with 23, 24, and 28 erected 
into the Territory south of the Ohio River; admitted as State, 1796. 

21. — One of original thirteen States; originally comprised 21, 23, 24, and r'S. 
22. — One of original thirteen States ; originally comprised 22, 25, 26, 27, and 29. 
23. — Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 17S7; in 1790 transferred to Terri- 
tory south of Ohio River (23, 24, 28, and 20) ; in 1802 ceded to Georgia. 

24. — Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787 ; in 1790 transferred to Terri- 
tory south of Ohio River ; in 1804 to Mississippi Territory ; in 1817 to Alabama Territory, 
and in 1819 to State of Alabama. 

25.— Ceded by Oeorgia to United States, 1802; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1804; to Alabama Territory, 1817; and to State of Alabama, 1819. 

26. — Erected, with 27, into Mississippi Territory, 1798, subject to Georgia's claims, 
which were ceded to the United States, 1802; to Alabama Territory 1817; to State of 
Alabama, 1819. 
27. — Same as 26 until 1817, when erected into State of Mississippi. 

28. — Ceded to United States by South Carolina, 1787; joined to Territory south of 
Ohio River, 1790; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 1804 ; and to State of Mississippi, 
1817. 

421 



Irom Greenwich ho' 




[lUlSlTION AND DISTRIBUTION 

OF 

TERRITORY. 



424 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

29.— >Ceded to United States by Georgia, 1802; transferred to Mississippi Territoryi 
1804 ; and to State of Mississippi, 1817. 

3°- — Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1812 ; and to State of Mississippi, 1S17. 

31— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi Territory, 
1812; to Alabama Territory, 1817; State of Alabama, i8ig. 

32.— Ceded to United States by Spain, 1819; erected into Florida Territory, 1822; 
into State of Florida, 1845. 

33-— Ceded to United States by France, 1803 ; transferred to State of Louisiana, 1812. 

34.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803 ; erected into Territory of Orleans, 1804 ; 
admitted as State of I,ouisiana, 1812. 

35"'^Ceded to United States by France, 1803; included in district Louisiana in 1804; 
in Territory Louisiana, 1805; in Territory Missouri, 1S12 ; erected into Arkansas Terri- 
tory, 1819; admitted as State of Arkansas, 1S36. 

36. — Admitted as State of Missouri, 1821. 

37. — Added to State of Missouri, 1836. 

38.— Annexed to Territory of Michigan, 1834; to Territory Wisconsin, 1836; to Terri- 
tory Iowa, 1838 ; admitted as part of State of Iowa, 1846. 

39. — Same as above to and including admission to Territory Iowa; transferred to State 
of Iowa, 1846. 

40.— Same as 39; transferred from State to Territory Iowa, 1846; to Territory Minne- 
sota, 1849; to State Minnesota, 1858. 

41- — Annexed to Territory Michigan, 1834; Territory Wisconsin, 1836; Territory 
Iowa, 1838; Territory Minnesota, 1849; State Minnesota, 1858. 

42. — As above, to and including Territory Minnesota, 1849; included in Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; to State South Dakota, 1889. 

43- — Transferred from Territory Missouri to Territory Nebraska, 1854; to Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; to State South Dakota, 1889. 

44 —Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; included in Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; 
to Territory Indiana, 1800; to Territory Illinois, 1809; to Territory Michigan, 1818; to 
Territory Wisconsin, 1836; to Territory Minnesota, 1849; 'o State Minnesota, 1858. 

45- — As above, to and including Territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; admitted as State Wiscon- 
sin, 1848. 

46- — As 44, to and including Territory Michigan, 1818; to State Michigan, 1837. 

47- — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; Territory 
Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1818 ; Territory Wisconsin, 1836; StateWisconsin, 1848. 

48. — Ceded by Great Britain, 17S3; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio Rivtr, 
1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1818; State Michigan, 1837. 

49- — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River. 
1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1805; State Michigan, 1837. 

5o-7-Ceded by Great Britain; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787: 
Territory Indiana, 1802; Territory Michigan, 1805; State Michigan, 1837. 

5i- — Ceded by Great Britain, 17S3; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; to Territory Michigan, 1805; to State Ohio, 1836. 

52 — Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory northwest Ohio River, 
1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Michigan, 1805; to State Indiana, 1816. 

53- — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; admitted as State Ohio, 1803. 

54- — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; Territory Indiana, i8oo; State Indiana, 
1816. 

55- — North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by Virginia, 
1784; Territory northwest Ohio River, 1787; Territory Indiana, 1800; Territory Illinois, 
1S09; State Illinois, 1818. 

56. — Territory Nebraska, 1854 ; State Nebraska, 1867. 

57- — Territory Kansas, 1854; State Kansas, i86i. 

58. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; translerreJ to Territory Kansas, 1854; State Kansas, 18C1. 

59. — Ceded by Texas, 1850; first organized with Oklahoma TerrUory, 1890. 

60. — Ceded by France, 1803; declared " Indian country," 1834. 



• All nf the French cession west of the Mississippi River (except 34) was coded to the 
rnitcd Sintes as the " I'rnviiice of Louisiana" in 18(B; erected into district of I-onisiana, 
1.S(I4 ; mil) Territory nf Louisiana, 1805; into Territory of Missouri, 1SI2. The subsequent 
desci ij*ioiis of territory within the Frencli cession will be carried on from this point, — 
and a repetition of theae changes commou to all, avoided. 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY. 425 

61.— The independent republic of Texas, admitted as State of Texas, 1845. 

62 —Ceded by Texas, 1850 ; transferred to Territory Kansas, 1854 : Territory Colorado. 
1861 ; State Colorado, 1876. 

63— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; Territory 
Colorado, 1861 ; State Colorado, 1876. 

64.— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850. 

65- — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850. 

66. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; Territory 
Arizona, 1863. 

67— Ceded by Mexico, 1853; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1854; to Territory 
Arizona, 1863. 

68. — Ceded by Mexico, 1853; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1854. 

6c).— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory New Mexico, 1850; to Territory 
Arizona, 1863; to State Nevada, 1866. 

70.— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory Utah, 1850; Territory Nevada, 
i86i; erected into State Nevada, 1864. 

71— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to Territory Utah, 1850; State Nevada, 1866. 

72— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; admitted as State of California, 1850. 

73-"— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; Territory Utah, 1850, State Utah, 1896. 

74-— Ceded by Mexico, 1848; Territory Utah, 1850; Territory Colorado, 1861; State 
Colorado, 1876. 

7S-— Ceded by France, 1803; Territory Missouri to Territory Nebraska, 1854; Terri- 
tory Colorado, 1861 ; State Colorado, 1876. 

76. — Ceded by France, 1803", Territory Missouri to Territory Kansas, 1854; to Terri- 
tory Colorado, 1861 ; to State Colorado, 1876. 

77.— Ceded by Mexico, 1848, to Territory of Utah, 1850; Territory Nebraska, 1861 ; 
Territory Idaho, 1863; Ter. Dakota, 1864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

78. — Ceded by Mexico, 1848; Territory Utah, 1850; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State, i8yo. 

79. — (The claim of the United States to 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, and 87 is based upon first dis- 
covery of Columbia River in 1792; first exploration, by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; first 
settlement at Astoria, in 1811. Claims allowed by Spain in treaty of 1819, and by Great 
Britain in treaty of 1846) to Territory Oregon, 1848; Ter. Washington, 1853 ; Ter. Idaho, 
1863; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1890. 

80. — See 79 ; to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Ter. Washington, 1853 > Ter. Nebraska, 1861 ; 
Ter. Idaho, 1863: Ter. Dakota, '.864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, 1800. 

81. — Ceded by France in 1803 (except southwest corner, which was ceded by Mexico 
in 1848); transferred to Territory Nebraska, 1854: Territory Idaho, 1861 ; Territory 
Dakota, 1864 ; Territory Wyoming, 1868 ; State Wyoming, 1890. 

82. — Ceded by France, 1803 ; transferred to Ter. Nebraska, 1854; Ter. Dakota, 1861 ; 
Ter. Idaho, 1863; Ter. Dakota, 1864; Ter. Wyoming, 1868; State Wyoming, i8go. 

83. — Ceded by France, 1803; transferred to Territory Nebraska, 1854; Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; Territory Idaho, 1863; Territory Montana, 1864; State Montana, 1889. 

84. — See 79 ; to Territory Oregon, 1848 ; Territory Washington, 1853 ; Territory Idaho, 
1863; Territory Montana, 1864; State lilontana, 1889. 

85. — See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1648 ; Territory Washington, 1853 ; Territory Idaho, 
1863 ; State Idaho, 1890. 

86. — See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1848; Territory Washington, 1853; State Washing- 
ton, 1889^ 

87. — See 79; to Territory Oregon, 1848: State Oregon, 1859. 

88. — Ceded by France, 1803; transferred to Territory Nebraska, 1854 ; Territory 
Dakota, 1861 ; Territory Idaho," 1863 ; Territory Dakota, 1864 ; Territory Montana, 1873; 
State Montana, 18S9. 

89. — Ceded by State of New York, 1781, and Massachusetts, 1785, to United States; 
transferred to Pennsylvania, 1792. 

90. — Ceded by Russia, 1867 ; Territory of Alaska in 1884. 

91. — As 42 to i88g when it was transferred to State North Dakota. 

92. — As 43 to i88g when it was transfeired to State North Dakota. 

93.— Ceded by France, 1803; declared " Indian country," 1834; 'ierritory Oklahoma, 
1890. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. 

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of 

America. 



When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; that 
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed. That, whenever any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organ- 
izing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long 
established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursu- 
ing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute 
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suf- 
ferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in 

436 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 427 

direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To 
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- 
portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; 
and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of 
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that pur- 
pose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others 
to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, 
and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers 
to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the con- 
sent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our con- 
stitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of 
pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, es- 



428 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN' PEOPLE. 

tablishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, 
fundamentally, the forms of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances 
of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most 
humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define 
a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- 
stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their 
native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice 
of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore; acquiesce in the necessity 
which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind — enemies in war ; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these 
united colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full power 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 429 

to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do 

all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the 

support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine 

Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 

sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Wliipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, Etc. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York.— William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John 
Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George 
Ross. 

Delaware. — Cassar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland.— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTICLE I. Section i. — i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be 
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section 2. — i. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States ; and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most nu- 
merous branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age 
of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be 
chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free per- 
sons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three fifths of all othep persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- 
titled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Penn- 
sylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, 
five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

430 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 ^ 

S. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other offi- 
cers and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

SECTION 3 —I. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and 
each Senator shall have one vote. , ^ ^ 

2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first elec- 
tion they shall be divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of 
the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second 
year of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every 
second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, dunng the 
recess of the legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 

Vtic3.riciGS 

3 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office 
of President of the United States. 

6 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- 
ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President 
of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall 
be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 

7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor trust, or 
nrofit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION 4 -I The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law. make or alter such regula- 
tions except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 

different day. , , . . . a 

SECTION 5 -I. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner 
and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

2 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish Us members 
for disorderly behavior, and. with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 



432 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

3. Each Uouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, 
at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. — i. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensa- 
tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of 
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their 
respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United 
States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. — i. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on 
other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United 
States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objec- 
tions to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such 
reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise 
be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which 
case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of ad- 
journment) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before 
the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by 
him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. — The Congress shall have power — 

I. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 433 

provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but 
all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures ; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries ; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offenses against the law of nations ; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
cerning captures on land and water ; 

12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces ; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers and 
the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by 
Congress ; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district 
(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. — i. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or 



434 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No pref- 
erence shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of 
one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State 
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

6. No money .shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person 
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind what- 
ever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. — i. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; 
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any 
bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, 
or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for exe- 
cuting its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by 
any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United 
States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or 
compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. Section i. — i. The executive power shall be vested in a Pres- 
ident of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, 
be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or 
Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

Clause J has been superseded by the 12th Article of Amendments. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same through- 
out the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 435 

5. No person, except a natural-bom citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- 
nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same 
shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the Congress may by law provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and 
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such offi- 
cer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be 
elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, 
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, pro- 
tect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Section 2. — i. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called 
into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power 
to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in 
cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, 
in the President alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at 
the end of their next session. 

Section 3. — He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of 
the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between 
them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 



43^ HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public 
Ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
mission all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4. — The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. Section i. — The judicial power of the United States shall 
be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme 
and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. — i. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity 
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting Ambassadors, 
other public Ministers, and Consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
diction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another 
State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, or the cit- 
izens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; 
and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3. — i. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except dur- 
ing the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. Section i.— Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. — i. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 437 

shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the 
executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re- 
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, es- 
caping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. — i. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; 
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
State ; nor any State bs- formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts 
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well 
as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice 
any claims of the United States or of any particular State. 

Section 4. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a 
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; 
and, on application of the legislature, or of the Executive (when the legislature 
can not be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. — The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitutioji, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a 
convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to 
all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legis- 
latures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress : provided, that no Amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without 
its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. — I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States 
under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of 
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 
support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a quali- 
fication to any office or public trust under the United States. 



43^ HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

ARTICLE VII. — The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- 
ing the same. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 
free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- 
sons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the 
same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused .shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- 
viously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 
for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. — In suits at common law where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain right.- shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 439 

ARTICLE X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- 
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL — The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots 
the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pres- 
ident, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes 
for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; 
the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the Presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the represen- 
tation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives 
shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- 
bility of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then 
from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-Pres- 
ident ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number 
of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. — I. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall 
exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. — I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of 
the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 



440 HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 

shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- 
tion of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according 
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each 
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election 
for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, 
Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the leg'slature thereof, is- denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or 
in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis 
of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
years of age in such State. 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a 
member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of 
any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup- 
port the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof But 
Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, in- 
cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV.— I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 



INDEX. 



Numbers refer to sections tmless othenvise stated. 



Abercrombie, 230. 

Abingdon, Va. , settled, 325. 

Abolition societies, 476. 

Acadia. See Nova Scotia. 

Act of Uniformity, p. 126. 

Adams, John, 25^, 278, 348 ; Vice-President, 
358, 372 : President, 390-395 ; biography, 
390; death of, 448. 

Adams, John Quincy, secretary of state, 435; 
President, 444 ; biography, 445 ; adminis- 
tration, 445-450. 

Adams, Samuel, 244, 248, 259. 

.(Eolus, the, 449. 

Africa, exploration of, 18. 

Agriculture, secretary of, created, 372 ; De- 
partment of, 68i. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 217. 

Alabama, settled, 204, 403, p. 418 ; admitted, 
442, p. 418 ; secedes, 528. 

Alabama Claims, the, 632. 

Alamance, N.C., 181; battle of, 255. 

Alamo, fall of, 484. 

Alaska, size and purchase of, 625 ; admitted, 
p. 419. 

Albemarle Sound, settled, 172, p. 127. 

Alexandria, Va., seized, 538. 

Algiers, treaty with, 384, 432. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 392, 395. 

Allen, Kthan, 264. 

Amendments to the Constitution, ten, 374; 
I2th, 395 ; 13th, 615; 14th, 618 ; 15th, 630; 
text of, p. 438. 

America, early occupants of, i, 4, 17; discov- 
ered by Northmen, 13; discovered by Co- 
lumbus, 27, 28, 29; discovered by English, 
3i> 32, 33; naming of, 34; discovered by 
Spaniards, 36, 43 ; discovered by Portu- 
guese, 38; first Spanish settlement, 49 ; first 
permanent French settlement, 69; first Eng- 
lish settlement, 80; first Dutch settlement. 
129: first Swedish settlement, 138; Scotch 
migration to, 180; first Methodist Church 
in, 198; foreign powers in, 201. 

American System, the, 446, 486. 

Amherst, Gen., 227, 229, 230, 231, 234. 

Amidas, Philip, 56, p. 62. 

Anarchists, Chicago, 672. 

Anderson, Major, 457, 532, 534. 

Andr^, Major, 324. 

Andros, Edmund, 122, 123, p. 128. 



Andrustown massacre, 306. 

Annapolis. See Port Royal, N.S. 

Annapolis, Md., meeting, 353. 

Antietam, battle of, 556. 

Antislavery Convention, 471. 

Appomattox Court House, Lee surrenders at, 
608. 

Arbitration, of Alabama Claims, 632 ; of North- 
west boundary, 634. 

Arctic exploration, 663. 

Arizona, 503, 510, p. 419. 

Arkansas, first settlement in, 76, 77; included 
in Louisiana Purchase, 403, 433 ; admitted, 
462, p. 418 ; secedes, 535 ; campaign in, 
579. 580. 

Armistead, Col. George, 428. 

Arnold, Benedict, 264, 272, 296, 323, 324. 

Arthur, C. A., elected Vice-President, 657; 
succeeds to presidency, 658 ; biography, 659. 

Ashburton treaty, 478. 

Ashe, Col. John, 247, 310. 

Asia, trade of, in fifteenth century, 18; posi- 
tion of, on early map, 19. 

Astoria, 488. 

Atlanta, Sherman's march on, 589; siege of, 
590; burned, 602. 

Atlantic Cable laid, 624. 

Augusta, Ga. , evacuated by British, 309. 

Australian ballot, the, 687. 

Austrian Succession, war of. See King 
George's war. 

Averysboro, N.C., battle at, 609. 

Ayllon, Lucas de, 42, p. 61. 

Azores, discovery of, 18. 



Bacon's Rebellion, 100. 

Bad Axe, battle of, 457. 

Balboa, Vasco Nufiez de, 39. 

Ball's Bluff, battle at, 540. 

Baltimore, Lord, 158, 162, 163, 168, 169. 

Baltimore, Md., attacked by British, 4:7. 

bloodshed in, 536. 
Baltimore & Ohio R.R. begun, 449. 
Bancroft, George, 181, 499. 
Bank, the U. S., 376, 447, 452, 465, p. 293. 
Banks, Gen., Red River Expedition, 582. 
Barlow, Arthur, 56, p. 62. 
Bartholdi Statue, 673. 
Bastidas, p. 61. 
Baton Rouge captured by Galvez, 336. 



27 



441 



442 



INDEX. 



Bear Paw Mt. , Nez Perces defeated at, 651. 

Beauregard, Gen., 53^, 537, 540, 559, 597. 

Beaver Dam, 553. 

Bee, Gen., 540. 

Bemis Heights, battle of, 296. 

Bennington, battle of, 294, p. 231. 

Benton, T. H., on land laws, 460. 

Bentonville, N.C., battle at, 609. 

Bergen, N.J., settled, 147, p. 127. 

Berkeley, Gov., 99, 100, 147, 173. 

Bermuda Hundred, 87, 88. 

Bible translated by Eliot into Indian language, 
126. 

Bidvvell, John, nominated for President, 694. 

Bienville, 204, 207. 

Big Bethel, battle at, 540. 

Bill of Rights, p. 126, p. 128. 

Biloxi settled, 204. 

Bimini, island of, 40. 

Birney, James G., 471, 486. 

Blackburn, Dr. L. P., 652. 

Black Friday in Wall Street, 629. 

Black Hawk war, 457. 

Bladensburg, battle of, 426. 

Blaine, J. G., nominated for President, 667. 

Blaine and Grant in convention 1880, 657. 

Blair, Francis P., 546, 627. 

Blair, John, in Supreme Court, 372. 

Blennerhassett, Harnian, 400. 

Blockade, foreign, 401 ; of Southern ports, 542. 

Blount College, Kno.wille, 371. 

Blue Licks, battle of, 337. 

Bohemians, revolt of, p. 126. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 391, 397, 402. 

Bonds, United States, 656. 

Boone, Daniel, 326, 330. 

Boonesboro settled, 330, 386. 

Boston, Mass., settled, 108; under Andros, 
122, 123; massacre, 254; tea party, 256; 
Port Bill, 257, 259 ; siege of, 263 ; evacua- 
tion of, by British, 276. 

Boundary, between English and Indians, 238 ; 
southwestern, 354, 383; between U. S. and 
Canada, 478 ; Oregon, 488 ; Texas, 481, 486, 
489; of U. S., p. 327; Northwest, 634. 

Boycotting, 670. 

Boyne, battle of the, p. 126. 

Braddock, Gen., sent by England to aid col- 
onists, 223 ; defeat of, 224 ; plan to defeat 
French at Lake George, 228. 

Bragg, Gen., in Ky., 562; at battle of Mur- 
freesboro, 564 ; at Chickamauga, 574 ; at 
Chattanooga, 575; at Missionary Ridge, 
576; superseded by Johnston, 578. 

Brandywine, battle of, 298, p. 231. 

Breckinridge, Gen., 516, 564, 574, 599. 

Breed's Hill, 269. 

Bridgewater, battle of, 422. 

Brier Creek, battle of, 310, p. 231. 

Brock, Gen., 413, 414. 

Brooklyn, N.Y., settled, 133. 

Brooklyn Bridge, 665. 

Brown, B. Gratz, 635. 

Brown, John, raid of, 521. 

Brown University established, 125. 

BruM, Etienne, 71. 

Bryan, W. J., 701. 

Buchanan, James, secretary of state, 488; 
President, 516; biography, 519. 



Biickner, S. B., 701. 

Buckskins, 170. 

Buell, Gen., 559, 562, 564. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 493. 

Bull Run. See Manassas. 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 269, 270, p. 231. 

Bunker Hill Monument, 443. 

Burgoync, arrives in Boston, 269; invasion Oi, 

293, 294, 295 ; surrenders, 296. 
Burial customs of mound builders, 3, 4. 
Burnsidc, Gen., 547, 557. 
Burr, Aaron, Vice-President, 395; biography, 

400; Wirt at trial of, 464. 
Butler, Gen. B. F., in command at Fortress 

Monroe, 540, 597 ; at Petersburg, 593, 597, 

598 ; nominated for President, 667. 



Cabots, voyages of, 31, 32, 33, 40, p. 61. 

Cabral, p. 61. 

Cabrillo, 52. 

Cahokia captured from British, 332. 

Calhoun, John C.,410; .secretary of war, 435 ; 
biography, 455 ; death of, 505. 

California, explored, 54 ; occupied, 492 ; ceded 
to U. S., 495; emigration to, 496; consti- 
tution, 497; admitted, 502, 503, p. 419. 

Calvert, Cecil, 163, 168. 

Calvert, Charles, 168. 

Calvert, George, 162, 163. 

Calvert, Leonard, 163. 

Cam, Diego, 37. 

Cambridge, Mass., settled, 108. 

Camden, battle of, 320, p. 231. 

Campbell, Gov., 273. 

Canada, territory annexed to, 257 ; annexation 
of, 467. 

Canary Islands discovered, 18. 

Canby, Gen., killed by Modocs, 637. 

Canonicus, no, 120. 

Cantino map, 40. 

Cape Blanco discovered, 37. 

Cape of Good Hope doubled, 36, 37, 54. 

Capitol,Washington, corner stone of, laid, 377; 
first session at, 394 ; burned, 426. 

Captain Jack (Modoc), 637. 

Captain Joseph (Nez Perces), 651. 

Carnifex Ferry, W. Va., battle at, 539. 

Carolinas, first attempt to settle, 42; divided 
into two provinces, 179. 

Caroline, Fort, 48-52. 

Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 259. 

Carpetbaggers in the South, 631. 

Carrick's Ford, battle at, 539. 

Carroll, Charles, 449. 

Carteret, George, p. 117. 

Carthage, Mo., battle at, 546. 

Carthagena pillaged, 48. 

Cartier, Jacques, 66, p. 62. 

Carver, John, 105. 

Caswell, Richard, 259. 

Catholics, 78, p. 62, p. 126, p. 127, 164, 167, 183. 

Cavaliers, Land of the, 98. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 555. 

Cemetery Ridge, 570, 598. 

Census, the first, 375. 

Centennial celebrations, 644, 659, 680. 

Central America, explorations in, 39, 43. 



INDEX. 



443 



Cerro Gordo, battle of, 494. 

Chambersburg, Penn., burned, 600. 

Chambly, Fort, 272. 

Champlain, Samuel de, 64, 68, 70, 71, p. 62. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 567. 

Chapultepec captured, 494. 

Charlesborg, 66. 

Charles Fort founded, 48. 

Charleston, S.C., settled, 182, p. 127, p. 128; 
attacked by Spanish, 187; attacked by Brit- 
ish, 277; second attack, 318; evacuated by 
British, 348, p. 231 : seizure of forts near, 
532 ; earthquake at, 674. 

Charleston & Savannah R.R., 449. 

Charlestown, Mass., settled, 108; fortified, 
269 ; attacked by British, 270. 

Charter Oak, 123. 

Charters, colonial, 79, 84, 8g, 95, iii, 122, 162. 

Chartres, Fort, 208. 

Chase, S. P., 505; in impeachment trial, 621. 

Chattanooga, siege ot, 575. 

Cheat Mountain, W.Va., battle at, 539. 

Cherokees, 4, 5, 7, 12, iSo, 363 ; war, 236, 331 ; 
removed to Indian Territory, 458. 

Cherry Valley massacre, 306, p. 231. 

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 449. 

Chesapeake Bay, Hudson in, 64; explored 
and mapped by John Smith, 83 ; maraud- 
ing parties in, 311. 

Chester, Penn., settled, p. 127. 

Chicago, portage, 73, 75 ; French in, 203 ; 
burned, 633 ; anarchists, 672 ; Columbiai 
Exposition, 693. 

Chickamauga, expedition, 333; battle of, -74. 

China, diplomatic relations established be- 
tween U. S. and, 479; treaty with, 660; 
immigration from, 660, 685. 

Christiaensen, 130. 

Christiana, Fort, 138. 

Church, first, in Virginia, 80; first Baptist, in 
America, 112. 

Cincinnati, O., first named, 380. 

Civilization, table showing progress of, p. 23. 

Civil-service reform, 451, 662, 668. 

Clark, George Rogers, 330, 332, 333, 336, 337. 

Clay, Henry, 410 ; biography, 455 ; introduces 
Omnibus Bill, 502, 503; death of, 5^5. 

Clayborne, William, 165, 168, p. 128. 

Cleburne, Gen., 577, 591. 

Cleveland, G., nominated for President, 667, 
679, 694 ; biography, 668. 

Clinton, De Witt, biography, 416, 442. 

Clinton, Gen., arrives in Boston, 269; attacks 
Charleston, S.C., 277; succeeds Howe, 303; 
at Stony Point, 311; captures Charleston, 
318; at Yorktown, 345. 

Clinton, George, Vice-President, 400; re- 
elected, 406 ; biography, 406. 

Cobb, Howell, 505. 

Cod fisheries, 67. 

Coelho, p. 61. 

Cold Harbor, battle of, 596. 

Colfax, Schuyler, elected Vice-President, 627. 

Colonial Acts, the four, 257. 

Colonies, union of, 117, p. 128, 223; popula- 
tion of, in 1760, p. 153 ; resistance to Stamp 
Act in, 246-251. 

Colorado admitted, 643, p. 419, 

Columbia College, 365, 



Columbia River explored, 398, 488. 

Columbia, B.C., entered by Sherman, 602. 

Columbian Exposition, 693. 

Columbus, Christopher, 19-30, 35, 36, 40, p. 6r. 

Commerce, of Colonies, 279; English, suffers, 
279; restrictions on, 402 ; Asia opened to 
American, 515; injury to U. S., 583; inter- 
state, 676. 

Compass, early use of, 18. 

Compostela, 42. 

Compromise, Missouri, 440; of 1850, 502, 503, 
504, 509, 516; proposed by Crittenden, 529. 

Concepcion, battle of, 482. 

Concord, skirmish at, 262, 265. 

Confederacy war, numbers, losses, and cost, 
613 ; results of, 614. 

Confederate flag, 535; capital, 537; Govern- 
ment, 531; privateers, 543, 583, 632. 

Confederation, Articles of, framed, 298 ; States 
urged to adopt, 350; adopted, 351; weak- 
ness of, 352. 

Congo coast discovered, 37. 

Congress, First, 157; Stamp Act, 249; First 
Continental, 259, 260; Provincial, in North 
Carolina, 260; Second Continental, 267; 
Southern States again represented in, 631. 

Connecticut, settled, 113, 127, 136, p. 127, p. 
128, p. 418; Pequods in, 114; charter, 123; 
western boundary of, 140; coast ravaged by 
Gov. Tryon, 311; claims Western lands, 
351 ; ratifies Constitution, 418. 

Constitution of the United States, 157 ; sub- 
mitted for adoption, 355 ; ratified 356, 374 ; 
principles of, 357; ten amendments to, 374; 
i2th Amendment to, 395 ; 13th Amendment 
to, 615; 14th Amendment to, 6x8; 15th 
Amendment to, 630; Centennial anniver- 
sary of, 680 ; text of, p. 430 ; text of amend- 
ments to, p. 438. 

Constitutions, State, 349, 6ig. 

Continental Railroad, 508. 

Convention, Constitutional, 355 ; antislavery, 
471 ; slaveholders', 476. 

Conventions, history of, 463. 

Conway Cabal, the, 297, 304. 

Cooper, Peter, 449. 

Corbin, Francis, 242. 

Corinth, occupied by Union forces, 562, 563. 

Cornbury, Lord, 148, 149. 

Cornstalk, chief of Shawnees, 328, 329. 

Corn wallis. Gen. , lays waste New Jersey, 286 ; 
outgeneraled by Washington, 288 : at Phila- 
delphia, 298 ; at Camden, 320; at Charlotte, 
N.C., 321; at King's Moinitain, 322; at 
Cowpens, 338, 339, 340 ; at Guilford Court 
House, 341 ; surrender of, 345. 

Coronado, 52. 

Correspondence, committees of, 258, 

Corte-Real, Caspar, 38, 40, p. 61, 

Cortes, p. 61. 

Cotton, culture of, 184. 

Cotton Exposition, 66g. 

Cotton-gin, the, 388. 

Cowpens, battle of, 339, p. 231. 

Crawford, William H., 416; secretary of treas- 

i"?. 435- , . 
Credit Mobilier, 640. 

Creeks in Georgia and Alabama, 424, 458. 
Creole, definition of, 208. 



444 



INDEX. 



Crevecoeur, Fort, 73, 74. 

Crittenden, John J., 529. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 98, 165, 174, p. 126, p. 128. 

Cromwell, Richard, p. 128. 

Crowninshield, Benjamin W., secretary of 

navy, 435. 
Crown Point, 228, 230, 264. 
Cuba, discovered, 28 ; war with Spain, 700. 
CuUoden, battle of, 180, p. 126. 
Cumberland Road, 442. 
Cumberland Settlements, 334. 
Cummings, Alexander, 186. 
Cushing, William, in Supreme Court, 372. 
Custer's defeat by Sioux, 645. 

D 

Da Gama, Vasco, 37, p. 61. 

Dare, Virginia, 59. 

Dartmouth College, 365. 

Davidson Academy, Nashville, 371. 

Davis, Gen., defeats Modocs, 637. 

Davis, Jeff. , in Black Hawk war, 457 ; on slave- 
ry, 505 ; biography, 531 : at Danville and 
Greensboro, 609; arrested, 612 ; released on 
bail, 626 ; on Rise and Fall of the Confed- 
eracy, 677. 

Debs, Eugene, 699. 

Debt, refunding the national, 656. 

Declaration of Independence, 157, 278, 291, 
396, 449 ; text of, p. 426. 

Deerfield, Mass., burned, 119, 214. 

De Kalb, Baron, 291, 320. 

De la Roche, 48. 

Delaware, settled, 138, p. 127, p. 128, p. 418 ; 
annexed to Pennsylvania, 153, 154; Perm's 
claims in, 159; included under New Albion, 
161 ; ratifies Constitution, p. 418. 

Delaware Bay explored by English, 64. 

Delaware, Lord, 85, 86. 

Democratic party, 389, 396, 445, 450, 465, 516, 

524- 

De Monts, 69, p. 62. 

Demosthenes, Forest-born, 246. 

De Soto, Hernando, 46, 47, p. 62, 190. 

D'Estaing, Count, 305, 316. 

De Tonti, 74-77, p. 62. 

Detroit, French in, 203; attacked by Fox In- 
dians, 214; Clarke takes, 332; settled, 403; 
Hull surrenders, 413; Harrison takes, 421. 

De Vaca, 45, 47, p. 62. 

Dickinson, John, 253, 359. 

Dieskau, Gen., 223, 228. 

Dinwiddie, Gov., 221, 222, 223. 

Dissenters, the, T04, p. 127. 

District of Columbia, abolition of slavery in, 
503; admitted, p. 419. 

Doak, Samuel, 371. 

Donelson, Fort, 558. 

Dorchester, Mass., settled, 108; fortification 
of, 269, 276. 

Dorr Rebellion, 475. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 512. 

Dover, N.H., settled, p. 127. 

Draft for Union Army, 568. 

Drake, Sir Francis, 54, p. 62. 

Dred Scott decision, 519, 521. 

Dunmore, G»v., 273, 328, 329. 

Duquesue, Fort, built, 222 ; seized by French, 



224 ; taken by Washington, and name 
changed, 226. 

Durant, George, 172. 

Dustin, Hannah, 210. 

Dutch, early explorations of, 128-137 ; con- 
quered by English, p. 128. 

Dutch F^ast India Company, 128. 

Dutch West India Company, 131, 135, 137. 



Eads, Capt., 650. 

Early's raid into Maryland, 600. 

Earth, ideas as to shape of, in fifteenth century, 
17, 19. 

Earthquake, Charleston, 674; New Madrid, 
417. 

East Indies, route to, 18; maps of, 20. 

East Jersey settled, 147. 

Edict of Nantes, revocation of, p. 126. 

Education, earliest, in America, 52; in the 
Colonies, 91, 92, loi, 109, 125, 135, 146, 173, 
189, 365, 396; in the Northwest. 360; in 
hands of Church, 366 ; State, 367-371 ; prog- 
ress of, 1800-50, 518; in the South, funds 
for, 638, 639. 

Electoral Commission, 647. 

Electrical inventions, 664. 

Eliot. John, 126. 

Elizabeth, N.J., settled, 147, p. 127, p. 128. 

Ellsworth, Col., 538. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 565. 

Embargo Act, 402, 407, 445. 

Emigrant Aid Societies, 513. 

Emigration, 470. 

Endicott, John, 108. 

England, France at war with, 401. 

English, early explorations of, 31-33, 37, S3- 
64 ; settlement of, 79-92 ; claims in America, 
202. 

English. W. H., nominated for Vice-President, 

657- 
Epidemic, yellow-fever, 1878, 652. 
Eratosthenes, geographical ideas of, 17. 
Eric the Red, 13. 
Erie Canal, 442, 449. 
Espejo, 52. 

Espiritu Santo, the, 41, 47, 72. 
Etchoe,, Indian attack at, 237. 
Eutaw Springs, 344, p. 231. 



Fairfield, Conn., burned, 311. 

Fair Oaks, battle of, 550. 

Famine in Virginia, 86. 

Farmers' Alliance, 688. 

Farragut, Admiral, 561, 581. 

Federal party, 389, 395, 445. 

Federalist, the, 407. 

Federalists, definition of, 356, 445; of New 
England, 429. 

Fenian excitement of 1866, 622. 

Ferdinand of Spain, 22, 30. 

Ferelo, 52. 

Field, C. W., lays Atlantic Cable, 624. 

Fifty-four forty, etc., 486. 

Fillmore, Millard, Vice-President, 501; biog- 
raphy, 502; President, 502. 



INDEX. 



445 



Financial panic of 1873, ^^'^^ 

Financial depression of 1893, 695. 

First Continental Congress, 259, 260. 

Fisher, Fort, fall of, 604. 

Fisheries, cod, 67. 

Fishery dispute, 653. 

Fishing Creek, battle at, 321, p. 231. 

Five Forks, battle of, 607. 

Five Nations, the, 134, 219. See Iroquois. 

Flag, the naval, 275; first American, 292; 

Confederate, 535. 
Flax, culture of, 87. 

Florida, discovered, 40, 41, 43; Gomez in, 43; 
De Narvaez in, 44; De Soto in, 46; settled 
by Spaniards, 49, p. 419 ; first English de- 
scription of, 53 ; ceded to England, 234 ; 
Seminole war in, 437; purchased by U. S., 
439; admitted, 487, p. 419; secedes, 528; 
invasion of, 584. 
Floyd, Gen., 539. 
Foote, Henry S., 505. 
Force Bill, the, 691. 
Forrest's Cavalry Expedition, 586. 
France, asked to aid America, 291 ; agrees to 
aid America, 302 ; acknowledges independ- 
ence of America, 332 ; troubles with, 391 ; 
at war with England, 4or. 
FrankHn, battle of, 591. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 216, 250, 262, 278; pro- 
poses union, 223 ; sent to France, 291. 
Franklin, Sir John, 506. 
Franklin, State of, 363, 364, 371. 
Fraziers Farm, 553. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 557; army at, 566. 
Free Soil party, 501. 
Free trade, 410. 
Fremont, John C, 516. 

French, settle Port Royal, 48 ; butchery of, at 
Fort Caroline, 50; recapture Fort Caroline, 
51; explorations, 65-78; possessions in 
America, 203 ; massacre of, by Natchez In- 
dians, 207 ; first settlers of Gulf region, 208. 
French and Indian war, p. 126, p. 128, 218-238; 

revolution, 378; Directory, 391. 
Frontenac among the Iroquois, 212. 
Frontenac, Fort, 73, 74, 212, 230. See King- 
ston. 
Fuca, Juan de, 52. 
Fugitive-Slave Law, 503, 504, 511. , 
Fulton, Robert, 404. 
Fulton's Folly. See Steamboat, first. 



Gadsden, Christopher, 249, 259, 349. 

Gadsden Purchase, 510. 

Gage, Gen., 261, 262, 263, 269, 270, 271. 

Gaines Mill, battle at, 553. 

Garfield, James A., elected President, 657; 

assassinated, 658; biography, 658. 
Garland, A. H., contests test oath, 620. 
Garnett Gen., 537, 539. 
Gates, Gen., 296, 304, 320. 
Gates, Sir Thomas, 85, 86, 87. 
Genet affair, the, 378. 
George III. of England, p. 128, 241. 
George, Fort, 419. 
Georgia, settlement and growth of, 190-200, 

p. 127, p. 128, p. 418 ; m possession of Brit- 



ish, 316, 317; education in, 370; slavery in, 
405 ; secedes, 528 ; ratifies Constitution, p. 
418. 

German Flats massacre, 306. 

Germantown, 156, 299, p. 231. 

Gerry, Elbridge, Vice-President, 416. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 570. 

Ghent, treaty of, 431, 445, 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 55, p. 62. 

Gold, quest for, in Georgia, 190; discovery of, 
in California, 496; market, panic in the, 629. 

Gomez, Stephen, map drawn by, 43. 

Gorges, Ferdinand de, 115. 

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 61, p. 62. 

Government, first democratic, in America, 89; 
State and Federal, 349-359; seat of U.S., 
359. 377: 

Grand Canon of Colorado, 52. 

Grand Model, the, 174, 176. 

Grangers, 642. 

Grant, U. S., in Missouri, 545; obtains first 
distinction, 558; in Mississippi, 563, 566, 
571; made commander m chief, 587, 588, 
593 ; at Chancellorsville, 594 ; at Spottsyl- 
vania, 595 ; at Cold Harbor, 596 ; receives 
Lee's surrender, 608 ; made general, 623 ; 
elected President, 627; biography, 628; re- 
elected, 635 ; and Blaine in convention, 1880, 
657 ; Memoirs of, 677. 

Gray, Capt., in Columbia River, 488. 

Great Bridge, battle at, 273. 

Great Britain, Bill to transport Offenders to, 
for Trial, 257; war with, 412. 

Great Meadows, French routed at, 222. 

Great Wolf of North Carolina, 255. 

Greeley, Horace, on Jeff. Davis's bail bond, 
626; nominated for President, 635; biog- 
raphy, 635. 

Greely, Lieut., expedition, 663. 

Green, Roger, 172. 

Greenback party, 657, 667. 

Greenbacks, 655. 

Greenbrier Company, 220. 

Greene, Nathanael, 282, 297 ; succeeds Gates, 
320, 322 : against Cornwallis, 338 ; at Cow- 
pens, 339 ; retreat across North Carolina, 
340; at Guilford Court House, 341; at Hob- 
kirk's Hill, 342 ; at Ninety-Six, 343 ; at Eu- 
taw Springs, 344. 

Greenland, settlement of, 13 ; extinction of 
Northmen in, i6; Corte-Real in, 38. 

Green Mountain Boys, 264. 

Grenville, Lord, 241, 245. 

Grinnell Expedition, 506. 
Guadaloupe-Hidalgn, treaty of, 495. 

Guilford Court House, battle of, 341, p. 231. 
Gunnbjorn sights Greenland, 13. 
Gustavus Adolphus, 138, p. 126. 

H 

Hadley, Mass , burned, 119. 

Hagerstown captured by Early, 6oo.- 

Haiti discovered, 28, 29. 

Halleck, Gen., 554. 

Hamilton, Alexander, secretary of treasury, 
372; attacks Jefferson, 389: fights duel with 
Burr, 400; Jefferson attacks, 445. 

Hampton Roads Conference, 606. 



446 



INDEX. 



Hancock, W. S., 570; nominated for Presi- 
dent, 657 ; biography, 657. 

Hardin, Col., 380. 

Harlem Heights, battle of, 283. 

Harmar, Gen., 380. 

Harper's Ferry, seized, 521 ; arsenal at, burned, 
535; surrendered to Jackson, 556. 

Harrison, Benj., nominated for President, 679, 
694 ; biography, 682. 

Harrison, Robert H., 372. 

Harrison, William Henry, 411 ; President, 472; 
death of, 473; biography, p. 292. 

Harrodsburg, Ky., settled, 328, 330, 386. 

Hartford, Conn., settled, 113, 136. 

Hartford Convention, the, 429. 

Harvard College, 109, 125, 365. 

Harvey, John, 260. 

Havana, massacre at, 48. 

Haverhill, Mass., burned, 210. 

Hawkins, William, 53, p. 62. 

Hayes, R. B., elected President, 646 ; biog- 
raphy, 648 ; withdraws troops from South, 
648. 

Hayne, Senator, 453. 

Hebrew Colony in Georgia, 199. 

Helluland named, 14. 

Hendricks, T. A., nominated for Vice-Presi- 
dent, 646; elected Vice-President, 667; death 
of, 675. 

Hennepin, Father, 74. 

Henrico City, 87. 

Henry, Fort, 558. 

Henry of Portugal, explorations of, 18, 19. 

Henry, Patrick, 243, 246, 259, 332. 

Herjulfsson in Greenland, 13, 14. 

Hessians, 268, 287, 303. 

Highlanders, Scotch, 200, 274. 

Hill, A. P., Gen., in battle of Gettysburg-, 
570; killed, 607. 

Hindman, Gen., 579. 

Hobart, G. A., 701. 

Hobkirk's Hill, 342, p. 231. 

Hochelaga, 06. 

Holland, English war with, p. 126, 315. 

Holy Alliance, the, 441. 

Honduras discovered, 29. 

Hood, Gen., 590, 591, 592. 

Hooker, Gen., 557, 566, 567, 575, 576, 577. 

Hope, Fort, 136. 

Hornet's Nest, the, 321. 

Horseshoe Bend, battle of, 425. 

House of Burgesses, 91, loi. 

Houston, Sam., 482, 485. 

Howard, Gen., 651. 

Howe, Elias, 500. 

Howe, Gen., at Boston, 269; evacuates Bos- 
ton, 276; at Long Island, 281; at White 
Plains, 284 ; in Philadelphia, 298, 299. 

Hudson, Henry, 64, p. 62. 

Hud-son, Port, captured, 572. 

Hudson River, discovery of, 64, p. 128. 

Huguenots, the, 181, 183, p. 126. 

Hull, Gen., 413. 

I 

Iberville, Le Moyne de, 204. 

Iceland, settlement of, 13. 

Idaho admitted, 684, p. 419. 

Illinois, formed from Northwest Tenitory, 361; 



admitted, 442, p. 418 ; settled, p. 418 ; Coun- 
try, 74, 76, 77, 205, 208, 329, 332 ; county of, 
established, 332 ; River explored by Joliet, 

Immigration, 660, 685. 

Impeachment trial of President Johnson, 621. 

Importation Act, 239. 

Impressment of seamen by England, 408, 412, 
431- 

Independence Hall, 278. 

Indian Territory, removal of Indians to, 458 ; 
admitted, p. 419 . 

Indiana, settled, 208, p. 418 ; formed from 
Northwest Territory, 361, 403, 433 ; admit- 
ted, 433, p. 418 . 

Indians, American, 6-12 ; civilization of, 52, 
126, 146, 164, 458; massacres in Virginia, 
92, 94, 97; in Massachusetts, 119, 121, 210, 
214; buying land of, 133; Iroquois, 134, 178, 
219; treaties with, 155, 186, 192, 207, 238, 
325, 381; in North Carolina, 178; at Nat- 
chez, Miss., 207; in New York, 210, 307 ; in 
Ohio, 225, 327, 380, 411 ; Cherokee war, 236, 
237, 331 ; at Wyoming and Cherry Valley, 
306 ; in Indiana, 411 ; at River Raism, 418 ; 
Creek war, 424 ; Seminole war, 437 ; Black 
Hawk war, 457 ; Modoc war, 637 ; war with 
the Sioux, 1876, 645; war with the Nez 
Perces, 651. 

Iowa, admitted, 498, p. 419 ; settled, p. 419. 

Irish settlement in Iceland, 13. 

Iron, manufacture of, 87. 

Ironclad oaths, 603. 

Iroquois, the, 5, 70, 71, 134, 178, 219; treaty 
of, with Dutch, 131 ; Frontenac among, 212; 
villages of, 212 ; different names of, 219, 

Isabella nf Spain, 22, 23. 

Island No. 10, 560. 

Italians in Georgia, 194. 

Itata affair, the, 690. 



Jackson, Fort, 561. 

Jackson, A., in Creek war, 424, 430, 451; in 
Seminole war, 437; elected President, 450; 
biography, 451 : on tariff, 454; vetoes, 456; 
recommends Benton's land laws, 460; re- 
sult of administration, 461 ; reelected, 464 ; 

Jackson, T. J., at Manassas, 540; receives 
name Stonewall, 540; raid into Virginia, 
551: in Seven-Days' battle, 553; in second 
battle of Manassas, 555 ; at Harper's Ferry, 
556 ; death of, 567. 

Jacobite Rebellion, p. 126. 

Jamaica'discovered, 29. 

James River, discovery of, 80. 

Jamestown, settled, 80, 81, 85, 86, p. 127, p. 
128; burned, 100. 

Japan, treaty with, 515. 

Jaques, p. 61. 

Jasper, Sergeant, 277, 316. 

Jay, John, 259, 348, 372, 382. 

Jefferson, Fort, 336. 

Jefferson, Thomas, on taxation of colonies, 
241 ; prepares Declaration of Independence, 
278; on education, 368: secretary of state, 
372 ; leader of Republican (Democratic) 
party, 389 ; Vice-President, 390 ; elected 
President, 395; administration, 396-406; 



INDEX. 



447 



biography, 395 ; reelected, 400 ; Embargo 

Act, 402, 445 ; death of, 448. 
Jenkin's Ferry, 580. 
John II. of Portugal, 21. 
Johnson, Andrew, elected Vice-President, 603; 

becomes President, 611; biography, 615; 

policy of, 615; impeachment trial of, 621. 
Johnson, Gen., 228. 
Johnson, Richard M., elected Vice-President, 

464. 
Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, in Black Hawk 

■war, 457; at Pittsburg Landing, 559. 
Johnston, Joseph E., 537, 540, 549, 550, 578, 

589, 592, 611. 
Johnstown disaster, 683. 
Joliet, 72, 73, p. 62. 
Jones, Paul, 314, 315. 
Jumonville, 222. 

K 

Kanawha, battle of, 329. 

Kane, Dr. , 506. 

Kansas admitted, 522, p. 419. 

Kansas-Nebra.ska Bill, 512, 513. 

Kaskaskia, 208, 332. 

Kearny, Gen., 492. 

Kentucky, settled, 328, 329, 361, 362, p. 418; 
part of Virginia, 332; Bird's expedition into, 
335 ; Indians attack, 337 ; Indian claims to, 
released, 381; admitted, 386, p. 418; sup- 
ports Confederate States, 545; invasion of, 
562. 

Kettle Creek, battle of, 309, p. 231. 

Key, Francis Scott, 428. 

Kieft, William, 132. 

King George, Fort, 187. 

King George's war, p. 126, p. 128, 209, 216. 

King Philip's war, 119, p. 128. 

King William's war, p. 128, 209, 210. 

King's Mountain, battle of 322, p. 231. 

Kingston, Can., French in, 203, 212. 

Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, 103. 

Know-Nothing party, 514. 

Knox, Henry, secretary of war, 372. 

Knoxville, siege of, 578. 

Kosciusko, 291, 338. 



Labor, troubles, 649, 671 ; knights of, 670. 

Labrador, named, 38 ; Gomez in, 43. 

Laconia, 115. 

La Cosa, Juan de, 40, p. 61. 

Lafayette, Fort, 311. 

Lafayette, Gen., 291, 378, 443. 

Lake Champlain, 64, 70. 

Lake Erie, battle of, 420. 

Lake George, battle of, 228, 230. 

Lake Huron discovered, 70. 

Lake Maurepas, 204. 

Lake Pontchartrain, 204. 

Lake Region, discoveries in, 70, 71. 

La Navidad, Fort, 28. 

Land, purchase of, from Indians, 133; survey, 

government system of, 362 ; grants, 369 ; 

laws, 460. 
Lane, Ralph, 57, p. 62. 
La Salle, Cavelier, 73-77, p. 62. 



Laudonnifere, 48, 50, p. 62, 190. 

Laurens, Henry, 183, 348. 

Law, John, p. 126, p. 128, 205. 

Leavenworth, Fort, 492. 

Le Boeuf, Fort, 220, 221. 

Lee, Fort, 285, 286. 

Lee, Gen. Charles, 277, 285, 304. 

Lee, Major Henry, captures Paulus Hook, 
313; at Camden and Sumter, 338, 342; at 
whisky insurrection, 379. 

Lee, Richard Henry, 259, 278. 

Lee, Robert E., at Vera Cruz, 494; captures 
John Brown, 521 ; in command of army in 
W.Va., 539, 550; defeated at Cheat Mt., 
539; in Seven-Days' battle, 553; in second 
battle at Manassas, 555 ; invades Maryland, 
556; at Chancellorsville, 567, 594; invades 
Pennsylvania, 569; at Gettysburg, 570; in 
command at South, 587 ; his plan, 588 ; at 
Spottsylvania Court House, 595 ; at Cold 
Harbor, 596; surrenders, 608; biography, 
608. 

Legislature, first, in America, pi, p. 128 ; first, 
in New York, 144; first, in New Jersey, 
149; first, in South Carolina, 188. 

Lemoyne, Francis J., 471. 

Leopold, persecutions of, p. 126. 

Lepe, p. 61. 

Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, 253. 

Lewis and Clark's expedition, 398, 488. 

Lexington, battle of, 261, 265, p. 231. 

Leyden colonists, 104. 

Liberal-Republican party, 635. 

Libraries, early, in South Carolina, 189. 

Lief in Markland and Vinland, 14. 

Light Horse Harry. See Lee, Henry. 

Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk war, 457; 
President, 524, 533 : effect of election of, 
on the South, 525 ; biography, 533 ; issues 
Emancipation Proclamation, 565; reelected, 
603; meets Alex. H. Stephens, 606; assas- 
sinated, 610. 

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, at Savannah, 316; 
surrenders Charleston, 318. 

Literature (1800-50), 518; war, 677. 

Little Horn, battle of, 645. 

Little Turtle, 380. 

Livingston, Robert R., 278. 

Livingston, William, 259. 

Locke, John, 174. 

Locomotive, first, in America, 449. 

Log chapel on the Rappahannock, 78. 

Logan, J. A., for Vice-President, 667. 

London or Virginia Cdmpany, p. 62, 79, 80, 
84, 89, 93. 

Long Hunters, 326. 

Long Island, settlement of, 136 ; ceded to Eng- 
lish, 140; included undername "New Al- 
bion," 161 ; battle of, 281, 282, p. 231. 

Long Parliament, 147, p. 126. 

Longstreet, Gen., 570, 574, 578. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 575. 

Loring, Gen. W. W., 539. 

Loudon, Fort, 236, 237, p. 418. 

Louisburg, French in, 203; siege of, 216, 217 ; 
captured by English, 227. 

Louisiana, named, 75 ; first sugar cane in, 78 ; 
French in, 201-208; settled, 204, p. 418; 
slavery introduced into, 205; districts of, 



448 



INDEX. 



208; Acadians in, 227; ceded to Spaniards, 
234; admitted, 433, p. 418; western bound- 
ary of, 481; secedes, 528; governors of, 
p. 326 ; campaign against, 582 ; political 
troubles in, 636. 

Louisiana Purchase, 397, 403, 433, 440, 486. 

Lubbock, Gov., arrested, 612. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 422. 

Lyon, Capt., 546. 

M 

McClellan, Gen. G. B., takes command of 
Union Army, 539; succeeds Scott, 541; at 
head of Army of Potomac, 549, 550, 551, 
553, 555; succeeded by Burnside, 557; de- 
feated for presidency, 603. 

McCormick's reaper, 461. 

McCulloiigh, (Jen., 546, 547. 

McDonald, Gen. Donald, 274, 277. 

McDowell, Gen., 540, 549, 551. 

McHenry, Fort, 428. 

McKinley Bill, the, 6gi. 

McKinley, William, 701, 702. 

McLeod, Allan, 274. 

Madeira Islands discovered, 18, 37. 

Madison, James, President, 406, 433. 

Magaw, Col., 285. 

Magellan, 36, 37, 39, 43, p. 61. 

Magruder, Gen., 540, 581. 

Maine, explored by English, 61-63; Jesuit 
mission in, 78; settled, 115, 127, p. 418; 
admitted, 442, p. 418. 

Malvern Hill, 553. 

Manassas Junction, first battle at, 540; second 
battle at, 555. 

Manchac, Fort, 336. 

Manhattan Island, settled, 129, p. 127, p. 128; 
purchased from Indians, 133. 

Manuel Nuno, p. 61. 

Maps, showing distribution of Indian tribes, 1 2; 
Iceland and Greenland, 13; improvement in 
early, 18 ; of 15th and i6th centuries, 19, 38, 
40, 43; showing voyages of Columbus, 26; 
showing voyages of Cabots, 32 ; showing De 
Soto's route, 46; Vancouver's, 52; Cham- 
plain's, 68; Joliet and Marquette's, 72; of first 
English settlements. 80; of early New Eng- 
land settlements, 106; of East and West Jer- 
sey, 147; Quebec in 1759, 233; of Boston, 269; 
ofNew York City, 280; of New Jersey in 1778, 
285; Burgoyne's invasion, 294; of Philadel- 
phia, 299; of Carolinas, 318; of Yorktown, 
345; oftJ. S. in 1783, 348; showing center of 
population in U. S.,375; Indian warsin Ohio, 
380; of U.S. in 1803,397; Western battlefields, 
417 ; Niagara frontier, 422 ; Creek war, 424 ; 
Washington, 426; of U. S. in 1819, 439; 
the National Road, 442 ; Black Hawk war, 
457; of Texas, 482; eastern Mexico, 494 ; 
of U. S. in 1848, 495; of U. S. in 1853, 511 ; 
of Charleston harbor, 532 ; first battle of 
Manassas, 540; Richmond, 553,607; second 
battle of Manassas, 555; Forts Henry and 
Donelson, 558; New Orleans, 561; cam- 
paigns in West, 562 ; Lee's invasion of 
Penn., 569; Gettysburg, 570; Vicksburg, 
571; Morgan's raid, 573; Chattanooga, 
576; battlefields in Arkansas, 579; Missis- 
sippi and Tennessee, 585; Atlanta cam- 



paign, 589; Grant's Va. campaign, 592; 
Sherman's campaign in N.C., 609. 

Marietta, O., founded, 361. 

Marion, Francis, 183, 319, 321, 342. 

Markland, discovery of, 14. 

Marque, letters of, 543. 

Marquette, Father, 72, p. 62. 

Marshall, John, biography, 458. 

Martin Academy, 371. 

Martin, Gov., 260, 274. 

Marlyr, Peter, map drawn by, 40. 

Maryland, boundary between Pennsylvania 
and, 159, 168; included under New Albion, 
161 ; settled, 163, p. 127, p. 128, p. 418 ; a 
royal province, 169; sigiis Articles of Con- 
federation, 351 ; education in, 370; ratifies 
the Constitution, p. 418 ; invaded, 556. 

Maryland Liberty Lottery, 253. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 159. 

Mason and Slidell, 544. 

Massachusetts, settled, 106, 127, p. 127, p. 128, 
p. 418; colony, 108, in; royal province, 
122; charter, 123; Bill to regulate Govern- 
ment of, 257; claims Western lands, 351 ; 
slavery introduced in, 405 ; ratifies Consti- 
tution, p. 418 . 

Massacre by Indians in Virginia, 92, 94, 9^; 
in Massachusetts, 119, 121, 210, 214; in 
North Carolina, 178; in Mississippi, 207 ; 
in New York, 210; Boston, 254; Wyoming 
and Cherrj' Valley, 306 ; of River Raisin, 
418 ; Mountain Meadows, 520. 

Massasoit, 106, 119. 

Maumee Rapids, battle at, 380, 381. 

May, Cornelius, 132. 

Mayflower, the, 105, 194. 

Maysville Road Bill, 456. 

Meade, Gen., 569, 588. 

Mechanicsville, battle of, 553. 

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 
181, 265, 266. 

Megander, 48. 

Meigs, Fort, besieged, 419. 

Memphis, French in, 203. 

Menendez, 49-52, p. 62. 

Mennonites, 156. 

Mercer, Fort, 299, p. 231. 

Mercer, Gen., 289. 

Meridian, Miss., Sherman's expedition to, 585. 

Methodism, rise of, 198. 

Mexico, early voyages to, 44, 45, 47, 52 ; 
struggle of, for independence, 441, 482, 485; 
war with, 489-495; treaty ot, with U. S., 

495- 
Miami, Fort, 73, 75, 220, 380. 
Michigan, formed from Northwest Territory, 

361, 403; settled, 403, p. 419; admitted, 

462, p. 419. 
Middleton, Arthur, 185. 
Mifflin, Fort, 299. 
Milan Decree, 402. 
Miles, Col., defeats Nez Perces, 651. 
Mill-boy of the Slashes. See Clay, Heniy. 
Mims, Fort, 42.^. 
Minnesota admitted, 523, p. 419. 
Mint, the United States, 376. 
Minuit, Peter, 132, 133. 
Minute-men, 261. 
Missionary Ridge, battle of, 575, 576. 



INDEX. 



449 



Missions, Catholic, 78, p. 62, 164 ; Moravian, 
146 ; Spanish, in Texas, 482. 

Mississippi Company, 205. 

Mississippi River, discovered, 41, 47; De Vaca 
in, 45 ; Joliet and Marquette in, 72 ; La 
Salle in, 73-76 ; De Tonti explores, 74-77 ; 
French occupy valley of, 203 ; American 
boundary of, 336, 354 ; opened to American 
navigation, 383 ; controlled by Union forces, 
560, 571, 572 ; jetties, 650. 

Mississippi, State of, settled, 204, p. 418; 
Territory formed, 403 ; admitted, 442, p. 
418 ; secedes, 528 ; battles in, 563. 

Missouri Compromise, 440. 

Missouri River, Joliet's report of, 72 ; explored, 

398- 
Missouri, State of, settled, 208, 397, p. 418; 

included in Louisiana Purchase, 403, 433 ; 

admitted, 440, 442, p. 418. 
Mobile, French in, 203 ; settled, 204, 403, 

p. 418 ; Gov. Galvez captures, 336. 
Modoc war, the, 637. 

Money, paper, 290, 317, 323, 352, 354, 655. 
Monmouth, battle of, 304, p. 231. 
Monocacy, battle of, 600. 
Monroe Doctrine, 441. 
Monroe, Fortress, conference at, 606. 
Monroe, James, President, 434 ; biography, 

434 ; administration, 434-444 ; cabinet of, 

435 ; message, 436. 
Montana admitted, 684, p. 419 . 
Montcalm, Gen., 230, 231, 232, 233. 
Monterey surrendered, 490. 
Montgomery, Gen., 272. 
Montmorenci, chapel, 211 ; city, 232. 
Montreal, 66, 234, 272. 
Moore's Creek, battle of, 274. 
Moravians, in New York, 146 ; in North Caro- 
lina, 181 ; in Georgia, 194 ; in Ohio, 327. 
Morgan, Gen., 338-340; raid into Ohio, 573. 
Morgan, Margarette, 477. 
Mormons in Utah, 468, 520. 
Morris, Robert, 290. 

Morse, S. F. B , mvents telegraph, 461, 480. 
Morton, Levi P. , elected Vice-President, 679. 
Moultrie, Fort, 279, p. 231, 532. 
Moultrie, William, 277. 
Mound builders, i, 5, 6. 
Mounds, ancient, 2-6. 
Mountain Meadows massacre, 520. 
Mugwumps, 667. 
Mijhlenberg, Frederick, 372. 
Murfreesboro, battle of, 564. 

N 

Narvaez, de, 44, 45, p. 62. 

Nashville, Tenn., settled, 334; battle of, 592. 

Nassau, N.J., Fort, 131, 147. 

Nassau, N.Y., Fort, 130. 

Natchez, French fort at, 204, p. 418 ; Indian 
massacre at, 207; captured by Galvez, 

^ 336. 

Natchitoches, French fort at, 204. 

National Road, the, 442. 

Naturalization Laws, 409, 514. 

Naval battles : Bon Homme Richard and Se- 
rapis, 314; Constellation, Lisurgent, and La 
Vengeance, 391 ; Chesapeake and Leopard, 



402; President and Little Belt, 410; in war 
of 1812, 415; Virginia and Monitor, 548. 

Naval, college established by Henry of Portu- 
gal, 18; flag, the, 275; academy at Annap- 
olis established, 499. 

Navigation Act, 99, 174, 17s, p. 126, p. 128, 

239- 

Navy, the new, 686. 

Nebraska Territory, 512 ; admitted, 616, p. 419. 

Necessity, Fort, built, 222. 

Negroes first vote at presidenrial election, 627. 

Nevada, part of Utah Territory, 503 ; admitted 
and settled, 616, p. 419. 

New Albion, 161. 

New Amsterdam, settled, 129; sunender of, to 
English, 142. 

New Berne, N.C., Indian massacre at, 178. 

New Castle, Del., 153, 158. 

New England, settlement of, 61, 104-116; and 
Virginia compared, 127. 

Newfoundland, Corte-Real at, 38 ; Cartier sails 
for, 66. 

New France, 66. 

New Hampshire, settled, 115, 127, p. 127, p. 
128, p. 418 ; ratifies Constitution, p. 418. 

New Haven, Conn., plundered, 311. 

New Jersey, coast explored, 65, 130; settled, 
131, 147-150, p. 127, p. 128, p. 418 ; included 
under New Albion, 161 : Washington's re- 
treat through, 286; ratifies the Constitution, 
p. 418. 

New Madrid, earthquake at, 417. 

New Mexico, occupied, 492; ceded to U. S., 
495 ; organized as Territory, 503 ; admitted 
and settled, p. 419 . 

New Netheriand, settled, 129-137; fall of, 138- 
146. 

New Orleans, French in, 203 ; founded, 205 ; 
battle of, 430; fall of, 561 ; Cotton Exposi- 
tion, 669 ; tragedy, 689. 

Newport, Christopher, 80, 83, 85. 

Newport, R.I., settled, in ; attacked, 305. 

Newspaper, first, at Boston, p. 128. 

New Sweden, 138, 141. 

New York State, settled, 129-137, 145, p. 127, 
p. 128, p. 418; Dutch governors of, 132; 
named, 142; first Legislature of, 144; city 
besieged by British, 280; evacuated by Brit- 
ish, 348; State claims Western lands, 351; 
city, seat of U. S. government, 359, 377; 
State ratifies Constitution, p. 418 . 

Nez Perces war, 651. 

Niagara, 228, 231 ; battles about, 422. 

Nicolet, Jean, discovers Lake Michigan, 71. 

Ninety-Six besieged, 343, p. 231. 

Nonconformists, 104, 108, p. 126, p. 127. 

Non-importation, 250. 

Non-intercourse Act, 407. 

Norfolk, Va., burning of, 273; navy -yard 
seized, 535. 

North Carolina, explored, 56, 57, 59, 65 ; set- 
tlement and growth of, 172-181, p. 127, p. 
128, p. 418 : Bancroft's eulogy, 181: Cher- 
okees attack, 236 ; riot in, 242 ; resistance 
to Stamp Act in, 247; bloodshed at Ala- 
mance, 255 ; Provincial Congress in, 260, 
266; Tories in, 274; independent govern- 
ment of, 325; education in, 370; ratifies 
Constitution, 374, p. 418; cedes Western 



45° 



INDEX. 



lands to U. S., 387 ; negroes denied suffrage 
in, 476; secedes, 535. 

North Dakota admitted, 684, p. 419. 

North, Loid, 257. 

Northmen, 1, 13, 15, 16. 

Northwest Territory, ceded to U. S., 351 ; pros- 
perity of, 360, 361, 362, 442; States and 
Terntories formed from, 361, 403; capital 
of, 380; boundary decided by arbitration, 
634. 

Norumbega, 115. 

Norwalk, Conn., burned, 311. 

Notre Dame Chapel, Quebec, 211. 

Nova Scotia, settled by French, 69; Jesuit 
mission in, 7K : Acadia changed to, 215; 
captured by English, 227. 

Nullification measures, p. 128, 453, 454. 

Nunez, Alvar. See De Vaca. 



Oconostota, 186, 236. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward, 191, 192, 195, 196, 

198, 199. 
Ohio, explored by La Salle, 73 ; mission among 

Wyandottes in, 78 ; settled, 361, 362, p. 418 ; 

Indian wars in, 380; admitted, 403, p. 418. 
Ohio Land Company, 220. 
Ohio River, military expedition to, 225. 
Ojeda, p. 6t. 

Oklahoma Territory, 682; admitted, p. 419. 
Old Hickory, 437. 
Old Man Eloquent, 445. 
Old North State, 322. 
Old Rough and Ready, 490. 
Old Silver-leg, 140. 
Omnibus Bill, 503. 
Ontario, Port, 231. 
Orange, Fort, 130. 
Ordinance of 1787, 360. 
Oregon, boundary of, 439, 486, 488 ; admitted, 

523, p. 419. 
Oriskany. 295, p. 231. 
Orleans, Territory of, 433. See Louisiana. 
Osceola, 459. 
Oswego, Fort, 231. 
Otis, James, 240, 249. 



Pacific Ocean, Magellan in, 36; Balboa dis- 
covers, 39. 

Pacific Railroad frauds, 640. 

Paedo, Juan, 190. 

Palatinates, the, 145, p. 126. 

Palmer, J. M., 701. 

Palo Alto, 490. 

Panic, financial, of 1837, 465; of 1873, 641. 

Paris, treaty of (1763), 234; treaty of (1783), 
348. 

Parker, Sir Peter, 27^, 427. 

Parsons' case, Virginia, 243. 

Patroons, the, 135. 

Paulus Hook, capture of, 313, p. 231. 

Peabody fund, 638. 

Peace Congress, 530. 

Pea Ridge, Ark., Ixittle at, 547. 

Pendleton, George H., 603. 

Peninsular campaign, 549. 



Penn, William, 147, 151-155. 157-160, 168. 

Pennsylvania, settled, 151-161, p. 127, p. 128, 
p. 418; boundary between Maryland and, 
159, 168; education in, 370; whisky insur- 
rection in, 379; ratifies Constitution, p. 418 ; 
invaded \>y Lee, 569. 

Pennsylvania Canal, 449. 

Pensacola, occupied by Spanish, p. 128, 204; 
captured by Galvez, 336. 

Pension act, 436 ; dependent, 678. 

People's party, 688. 

Pepperrell, William, 216. 

Pequod war, 114. 

Perry, Commodore, 420, 515. 

Personal Liberty Bills, 477, 511. 

Petersburg, attacked, 593, 597, 598 ; evacuated, 
607. 

Petersburg Railroad, 449. 

Philadelphia, Peim., settled, 154, p. 127, p. 
128; growth of, 157; captured by Howe, 
299; evacuated by British, 303 ; seat of gov- 
ernment, 377. 

Philip, King, 119-121. 

Philippi, W. Va., battle at, 539. 

Philippine Islands discovered, 36. 

Phips, Sir William, 211. 

Phonograph, 664. 

Pickett at Seminary Ridge, 570. 

Pierce, Franklin, President, 509; biography, 
Sio. 

Pilgrims, the, 104,106, 117, 136, p. 126; land- 
ing of, 105 ; Georgian, 194. 

Pillow, Fort, 560, 586. 

Pilot Knob, battle of, 580. 

Pinckney, Charles C, 391 ; biography, 406. 

Pineda, Alvarez de, 41, 47, p. 61. 

Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, 25, p. 6i. 

Pioneers in the West, 326. 

Pirates, Algerine, 384, 432. 

Pitt, Fort, 226. 

Pitt, William, 229, 241, 251. 

Pittsburg, 203, 226; riots, 649. 

Pittsburg Landing, battle of, 559. 

Plattsburg, battle of, 423. 

Plowden, Edmund, 161. 

Plymouth Company, 79. 

Plymouth, Mass., settlement at, 106, p. 127; 
government of, 108. 

Plymouth Rock, 106, p. 128. 

Pocahontas, 82, 88. 

Point Pleasant, battle of, 329. 

Poland, partition of, p. 126. 

Polk, James K., President, 486; biography, 
p. 300. 

Ponce de Leon, Juan, 40, p. 61. 

Pontiac's war, 235. 

Pope, Gen., 555. 

Popish Plot, the, p. 126. 

Porter, Capt. David, 415. 

Porto Rico pillaged, 48. 

Port Royal, N.S.. founded by De Monts, 60; 
captured by Phips, 211 ; returned to French, 
213; recaptured, 214; named Annapolis, 
215. 

Port Royal, S.C, settled, 48, 51, 52. 

Portsmouth, R.I., settled, in. 

Portuguese, early explorations of, 18, 37, 38; 
map of America, first (Corte-Real's), 38. 

Potato first introduced into England, 58, 61. 



INDEX. 



451 



Powhatan, 81, 82, 88. 

Praying Indians, 126. 

Presbyterianism in Scotland, p. 126, p. 127. 

Presidential Succession Bill, 675. 

President's message, first, 396. 

Presidents of U. S., list of, p. 420. 

Presque Isle, 220. 

Prevost, Gen., 308, 310. 

Price, Gen., 562, 563, 580. 

Prideaux, Gen., 231. 

Prince George, Fort, 236, 237. 

Princeton, battle of, 287, 289, p. 231. 

Pring, Martin, 62, p. 62. 

Printing press, first, in United States, 116, 

164 ; invented, 480. 
Privateers, in American ports, 378, 382, 415 ; 

Confederate, 543, 583, 632. 
Prohibition party, 667, 679. 
Protection, tariff for, 446, 447, 453, 454, 455, 

474, 517. 
Protestants, French, 48, 183, 206; German, 

145, 194. 
Providence, R.I., settled, 110, p. 127, p. 128. 
Prudhomme, Fort, 75. 
Pulaski, Count, 291, 316. 
Pullman strike, 699. 
Purisburg, the, 194. 

Puritans, the, 104, 117, 147, p. 126, p. 127. 
Putnam, Gen., 281, 297, 361. 



Quakers, persecutions of, 95, 117, 118, 172, p. 
126, p. 127; settlements of, 103, 147, 149, 
154, 156; meetings of, 150. 

Quartering Act, 252. 

Quebec, Cartier in, 66; founded by French, 
70, 203; Franciscans in, 78; Phips's expe- 
dition to, 211 ; captured by English, 232, 
233; besieged by Montgomery, 272, p. 231. 

Quebec Bill, the, 257. 

Queen Anne's war, 145, 169, 177, p. 126, p. 
128, 209, 214. 

Queenston Heights, battle of, 414. 

Quincy, Josiah, 184, 433. 

Quivira, expedition to, 52. 



Railroads, first, in U. S., p. 128; the National, 
442; improvement in, 449, 461 ; the under- 
ground, 504 ; Continental, 508 ; Pacific, 
628. 

Raisin River massacre, 418, 421. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 55-57, 59, 60. 

Randolph, Edmimd, attorney-general, 372. 

Randolph, Peyton, 259. 

Reagan arrested, 612. 

Rebellion, the. See Southern Confederacy 
war. 

Reciprocity, 692. 

RecoUet missionaries, p. 62. 

Reconstruction of Southern States, 617-620. 

Reform party in Rhode Island, 475. 

Regulators, North Carolina, 255. 

Reid, Whitelaw, nominated for Vice-President, 

Religious intolerance in England, 98, 104 ; in 
Germany, 145; liberty, 102, no, 152, 167, 
177. 396. 



Republican party, 389, 396, 445, 450, 516, 524 ; 
divides, 635. 

Resaca de la Palma, 490. 

Restoration in England, the, p. 126. 

Resumption of specie payment, 655. 

Revenue, tariff for, 373, 436, 446, 517. 

Revolution, American, p. 128, 261-324, 338- 
345 ; French, 378. 

Revolutionary events. Centennial celebrations 
of, 644, 659. 

Reynolds, Gen., 570. 

Rhode Island, settled, no, in, 127, p. 127, 
p. 128, p. 418 ; Narragansetts in, extermi- 
nated, 120; attacked by British, 305, p. 231; 
ratifies Constitution, 374, p. 418. 

Ribault, 48-50, p. 62, 190. 

Rice, culture of, 184. 

Richmond, Va., Confederate capital moved 
to, 537; movements around, 551-553, 555, 
562, 566; evacuated, 607. 

Rich Mountain, W.Va., battle at, 539. 

Ringgold, battle of, 577. 

Riot in New York over draft, 568. 

Roanoke Island, first settlement, 56, 57; second 
settlement, 59; captured, 547. 

Robertson, James, 325, 334, 387. 

Rogers, Commodore, 410. 

Rolfe, John, 87, 88. 

Rosecrans, Gen., 539, 563, 564, 574, 575. 

Roundheads, 98. 

Roxbury, Mass., settled, 108. 

Russia sells Alaska to U. S., 625. 

Rutledge, John, 259, 372. 

Ryswick, treaty of, 213. 



Sackett's Harbor, 419. 

Saguenay River explored, 68. 

St. Augustine, 49 ; expedition against, 187. 

St. Clair, Gen., 293, 297, 361, 380. 

St. Genevieve, Mo., founded, 208, 357, p. 418. 

St. John, J. P., nominated for President, 667. 

St. Johns, Can., 272. 

St. Johns, the, Florida, 49. 

St. I^awrence, Gulf of, 68. 

St. Lawrence River, Cartier discovers, 66 ; 

Champlain in the, 70; French occupy, 203. 
St. Louis Bridge, 650. 
St. Louis, Fort, 76, 481. 
St. Louis, French in, 203 : founded, 397. 
St. Marks, Fla. , captured, 437. 
St. Marys, Md., settled, 163, p. 127, p. 128. 
St. Philip, Fort, 561. 
St. Pierre. 221. 
Salem, Mass., settled, 108, p. 128; witchcraft 

in, 124. 
Salem, N.C., settled, 181. 
Salt Lake City, Utah, founded, 468. 
Salzburgers in Georgia, 194. 
Samoset, 106. 

San Antonio, battles of, 483, 494. 
Sancoix Bridge, 294. 
Sander's Creek. See Camden, battle of. 
Sandusky, Fort, 220, p. 418. 
Sandy Creek Expedition, 225. 
San Mateo. See Caroline, Fort. 
San Miguel settled, 42. 
San Salvador, 27. 



452 



INDEX. 



Santa Anna, Gen., in Texas revolution, 482- 
485 ; in RIexican war, 494. 

Santa F6, N.Mex., 52, 492. 

Saratoga, battles of, 296, p. 231. 

Sassafras, an important production in the Col- 
onies, 58, 61, 62. 

Savannah, Ga., settled, 192, p. 127; fall of, 
308; siege of, 316; evacuated by British, 
348, p. 231 ; captured by Sherman, 602. 

Schenectady, N.Y., surpnsed by Indians, 210. 

Schofield, Gen., 591, 51,2. 

Schools, first American, 52, p. 128. 

Schuyler, Gen., 296, 297. 

Scotch migration to America, 180. 

Scotch-Irish migration, 181. 

Scotland, Presbyterianism in, p. 126, p. 127. 

Scott, Winfield, in war of 1812, 422; in Mexi- 
can war, 493, 494 ; biography, 509 ; in 
Southern Confederacy war, 537, 541. 

Scovellites, insurrection of, 273. 

Secession, 526-529. 

Second Continental Congress, 267. 

Sedition Law, 392, 395. 

Seminary Ridge, 570. 

Seminole war, 437, 459. 

Semmes, Raphael, 583. 

Separatists, 104, 108. 

Seven-Days' b:(tlle, 553. 

Seven Pines, battle of, 550. 

Seven -Years' war. See French and Indian war. 

Sevier, John, 322, 325, 363, 387. 

Seward, William H., 505. 

Sewall, Arthur, 701. 

Sewing machine, the first, 500. 

Seymour, Horatio, 627. 

Shaftesbuiy, Earl of, 174. 

Shakamaxon, 155. 

Shays's Rebellion, 354. 

Shelby, Evan, 333. 

Shelby, Isaac, 386, 387. 

Shenandoah Valley, 103 ; Sigel's campaign in 
the, 599. 

Sheridan, Gen. , 564, 574, 576; valley raid of, 601. 

Sherman Act, 696. 

Sherman, Gen., 571, 576, 577, 585, 588, 589, 
591, 602, 623; Memoirs, 677. 

Sherman-Johnston Armistice, 609, 611. 

Sherman Roger, 259, 278. 

Shiloh, battle of, 559. 

Shirley, Gov., 216, 228, 231. 

Sigel, Col., 546, 547, 599. 

Silver campaign, ^01. 

Silver demonetization and remonetization, 654. 

Silver purchasing clause, repeal of, 696. 

Silver-leg, Old, 140. See Stuyvesant, Peter. 

Sioux Indian war of 1876, 645. 

Slater Fund, 639. 

Slaveholders' Convention, 476. 

Slavery in America, 90; first protest against, 
156; in Carolina, 187; in Georgia, 196, 405; 
in Virginia, 273, 405, 476; prohibited in 
N. W. Ter., 360: prohibited in U. S. by 
importation, 405; in Missouri, 440; ques- 
tion reviewed, 471, 476, 491, 502, 504, 505 ; 
Personal Liberty Bills, 477, 511; prohibited 
in District of Columbia, 503 ; Fugitive-Slave 
Law, 504 ; in i860, 524 ; Lincoln on, 533, 565. 

Slave ship, first, 405. 

Smith, Capt. John, 80-83, 85. 



Smith, Gen. E. Kirby, surrenders, 611. 

Smuggling, 240. 

Snorro, 15. 

Solemn League and Covenant, p. 126. 

Solis, p. 61. 

South American Republics, 441. 

SouthampKin, Va., slave insurrection at, 476. 

South Carolina, settlement and growth of, 
182-189, p. 127, p. 128, p. 418 ; Chcrokees at- 
tack, 236; Tory insurrection in, 273; adopts 
State Constitution, 349; education in, 370; 
slavery in, 405; secedes, 526; ratifies the 
Constitution, p. ^18. 

South Dakota admitted, 684, p. 419. 

Southern Confedenicy war, 533-614; leading 
battles of, p. 383 ; generals of, p. 384. 

Southern States, adopt 13th amendment, 615; 
troops withdrawn from, 648. 

South Kingston, R I., battle at, 120. 

South Mountain, battle of, 556. 

Spain, cedes Florida to England, 234; claims 
of, respecting Southwestern boundary, 354; 
sells Florida to the U. S., 439. 

Spaniards, in Carolina, 187; in Georgia, 190; 
in Florida, 204. 

Spanish, early explorations and settlements of, 
36, 37. 39. 40, 43-47, 49> 52, 204, 208; war 
in Georgia, 195. 

Spanish Armada, p. 126. 

Spanish Succession, war of. See Queen 
Anne's war. 

Specie payment, withdrawal of, 465 ; resump- 
tion of, 655. 

Spottswood, Gov., 103. 

Spottsylvania Court House, battle of, 595. 

Springfield, Conn., settled, 113. 

Squatter Sovereignty Law, 512. 

Stamp Act, 181, 245; opposition to, in Colo- 
nies, 246-251 ; Congress, 249; repealed, 251. 

Stanwix, Fort, 238, 295, 325, p. 231. 

Star Chamber, p. 126. 

Star-Spangled Banner, 428. 

State constitutions, 349. 

States, admission, area, population, and settle- 
ment of, p. 418, p. 419. 

Statue of Liberty, 673. 

Steamboat, first, p. 128, 404. 

Steamer, the first ocean, 438. 

Steamers, Cunard line of, established, 470. 

Steel, manufacture of, 87. 

Stephens, Alexander H., 505, 531 ; meets Lin- 
coln, 606: on War between the States, 677. 

Stephens, Miss Mollie, 652. 

Stephenson, Fort, 419. 

Steuben, Baron, 291, 301. 
tevenson, Ai'" ' 
ident, 694. 



T, 



Stevenson, Adlai E., nominated for Vice-Pres- 



Stillman's Run, 457. 
Stillwater, battles of, 296, p. 231. 
Stone River, battle of, 564. 
Stony Point, captured by British, 311; recap- 
tured. 312, p. 231. 
Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 552. 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 132, 140, 141, 142. 
Sub-treasurj' law, 466. 
Sugar Act, the, 244. 
Sullivan, (Jen., 305, 307. 
Sullivan's Island, 277. 
Sumner, Charles, 505. 



INDEX. 



453 



Sumter, Col., 319, 321. 

Sumter, Fort, 532 ; bombardment of, 534; Fed- 
erals regain, 605. 

Sunbury, Ga., attacked, 308, p. 231. 

Sunk lands, the, 417. 

Swamp Fox, the (General Marion). See 
Marion, Francis. 

Swedish, settlements, 138, 153, 154: forts cap- 
tured by Stuyvesant, 141, -p. 128. 

Swiss Colony in North Carolina, 178. 



Tables, of progress of human development, p. 
23 ; principal voyages to America before 
1525, p. 61 ; principal voyages to U. S., 1525- 
1609, p. 62 ; explorations by French, p. 62 ; 
European events that affected America, p. 
126; demands of the Puritans, p. 127; syn- 
opsis of the Colonies, p. 127 ; English rulers 
and synchronous American events, p. 128; 
exploration and settlement of the U. S., 
p. 151 ; leading battles and commanders of 
the Revolution, p. 231; Louisiana, p. 326; 
boundary of the U. S., p. 327; civil war, p. 
383 ; States and Territories (census of 1890), 
p. 418; Presidents of U. S., p. 420. 

Tariff, 373, 436; of 1824 and 1828, 446, 447; 
of 1833, 453, 454. 455; of 1842, 474, 502; 
of 1857, 517; reform, 661 ; synopsis of, 661 ; 
McKinley Bill. 691; reciprocity, 692; Wil- 
son Bill, 697 ; Act of 1897, 702. 

Tarleton's Legion, 318, 321. 

Ta.xation in Colonies, 99, 102, 143, 239-253. 

Taylor, Zachary, in Black Hawk war, 457; in 
Seminole war, 459; in Mexican war, 489, 
490, 493; President, 501; biography, 502. 

Tea, taxed, 253; thrown into Boston harbor, 
256; sent home by New York and Phila- 
delphia, 256 ; stored in damp cellars in South 
Carolina, 256. 

Tecumseh, 411, 419, 421, 464. 

Telegraph invented, 461, 480. 

Telephone inventions, 664. 

Tellico, Fort, 236. 

Tennessee, explorations in, 204 ; Bienville at- 
tacks Chickasaws in, 207; Cherokee war in, 
236, 237; settled, 334, 361, 362, p. 418 ; edu- 
cation in, 371 ; admitted, 387, p. 418 ; se- 
cedes, 535. See Franklin, State of. 

Territories, statistics from census of 1890 con- 
cerning, p. 419. 

Territory, transfers of, in X\. S., p. 421. 

Terry, Gen., at Fort Fisher, 604. 

Test Act, the, p. 126. 

Test oaths in Southern States, 620. 

Texas, French expedition to, 208 ; early settle- 
ments in, 481, p. 419; dispute over eastern 
boundary, 481, 486, 489 ; becomes independ- 
ent, 482, 485 : admitted, 485, 486, 498, p. 
419; secedes, 528; movements in, 581, 582. 

Thames, battle of the, 421, 464. 

Thirty-ninth Congress, 527. 

Thirty- Years' war, p. 126. 

Thomas, Dr., killed by Modocs, 637. 

Thomas, Evan, 440. 

Thomas, Gen. G. rl., 547, 562, 574, 576, 592. 

Thorfinn in Vinland, 15. 

Thorwaldsen, 15. 



i Thurman, A. G., for Vice-President, 679. 
I Ticonderoga, 228, 230, 264, 293, 294, p. 231. 
I Tilden, S. J., nominated for President, 646. 
' Tippecanoe; battle of, 411. 
' Tobacco culture, 58, 61, 87, 97, 171. 
I Toleration Act, 167, p. 126, p. 128. 
I Tomo-chi-chi, 192. 
I Tonti, Fort, 77. 
Toombs, Robert, 505. _ 
1 Tories of North Carolina, 274. 
j Toronto attacked, 419. 
j Toscanelli, map of, 19, 40. 
i Touching-the-pocket nerve, 250. 
1 Transylvania, 330. 
Transylvania University, 371. 
Treaty, of Penn, with Indians, 155 ; of England 
with Cherokees, 186; of Oglethorpe with 
) Indians, 192 ; of Bienville with Indians, 207 ; 
of Ryswick, 213; of Utrecht, 215; of Aix- 
la-Chapelle, 217: of Paris (1763), 234; at 
Fort Stanwix, 238, 325 ; of Versailles, 348 ; 
ofParis (1783), 348; Wayne's, with Indians, 
381 ; Jay's with England, 382 ; with Spain, 
3S3 ; with Algiers, 384; with Tripoli, 399; 
of Ghent, 431, 445; Ashburton, 478: of 
Washington, 4S8 ; of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo, 
495 ; with Japan, 515 ; of Washington (Ala- 
bama arbitration), 632; with China, 660. 
Trent affair, the, 544. 
Trenton, battle of, 287, p. 231. 
Trinidad discovered, 29. 
Tripoli, war with, 399. 
Tryon, Gov., 247, 255, 311, 325. 
Tuscaroras, 178. 

Tyler, John, Vice-President, 472; President, 
473 ; biography, p. 293. 

u 

Underground railroad, 504. 

Union Party, 524. 

United States, rise of, p. 128 ; boundaries of 

P- 327.- 

University of Georgia, 370. 

University of Ohio, 371. 

University of Virginia, 368, 396. 

Utah, organized as Territory, 468, 503; ad- 
mitted, 698, p. 419. 

Utrecht, treaty of, 215. 



Valley Forge, 300. 

VanBuren, Martin, Vice-President, 464; Pres- 
ident, 464 ; biography, 464. 

Van Dorn, Gen., 562, 563, 571, 579. 
j Van Rensselaer, Gen., 414. 

Van Twiller, Wouter, 132, 136, 137. 

Velasco, Louis de, p. 62. 

Venango, Fort, 220, 221. 

Venezuelan boundary trouble, 700. 

Vera Cruz captured, 494. 
j Vermont, admitted, 385, p. 418 ; settled, p. 418. 

Verrazani, 65, p. 61. 

Versailles, treaty of, 348. 

Vespucci, Amerigo, 34, 40, p. 61. 

Vestries of Virginia, to2. 

Vicksburg, siege of, 571. 
, Vincennes, 208, 332, p. 418. 



454 



INDEX. 



Vinland, discovery of, 14; settlement in, 15. 

Virginia, early attempts to settle, 42, 56, 57 ; 
permanent settlement in, 80, 81, p. 127, p. 
128, p. 418 : early governors of, 85, 87, 59, 
103 ; Constitution, 93 ; Indian massacres in, 
94, 97; royal province, 95; counties, 96; 
vestries of, 102; compared with New Eng- 
land, 127 ; parsons' case, 243 ; slave insur- 
rection m, 273; County of Illinois estab- 
lished, 332; cedes to U. S. claims to Western 
lands, 351 ; education in, 368, 369, 370, 396; 
slavery introduced in, 405 ; secedes, 535 ; 
campaign in, 593; ratifies Constitution, 
p. 418. 

Virginia and Monitor, 548. 

Virginia Company. See London Compaiiy. 

Volunteers in the Southern Confederacy war, 
535- 

W 

Waldseemiiller, Martin, 34. 
Wallace, Gen., at Monocacy, 600. 
Walloomsac, battle of, 294. 
Walloons, the, 131. 

War, Bacon's Rebellion, 100; Pequod, 114; 
King Philip's, 119, p. 128; Claybome's Re- 
bellion, 165, 168, p. 128; Spanish, in Geor- 
gia, 195 ; between England and Holland, p. 
126; Thirty- Years', p. 126; of Louis XIV., 
p. 126 ; Queen Anne's, p. 126, p. 128, 209, 
214; King George's, p. 126, p. 128, 209, 
216; French and Indian, p. 126, p. 128, 209, 
218-338; King William's, p. 128, 209, 210; 
Revolutionary, p. 128, 261-324, 338-345: of 
1812, p. 128,412; Mexican, p. 128,489-495; 
of the Southern Confederacy, p. 128, 533-614; 
Pontiac's, 235; Cherokee, 236, 331 ; between 
England and France, 302 ; Lord Dunmore's, 
328; French Revolution, 378; Indian, in 
Ohio, 380; with Tripoli, 399; Creek, in 
Georgia and Alabama, 424; Seminole, in 
Florida, 437, 459 ; Black Hawk, 457 ; Siou.\ 
Indian, of 1876, 645. 

Warren, Gen., 216, 270. 

Warwick, R.I., settled, iii. 

Washington, D.C., seat of government, 377, 
394; captured by British, 426; threatened 
by Early, 600. 

Washington, Fort, N.Y., captured by British, 
285, p. 231. 

Washington, Fort, O., 380. 

Washington, George, sent to Fort Venango, 
221 ; at Fort Necessity and Great Mead- 
ows, 222; aide to Braddock, 224; captures 
Fort Duquesne, 226 ; commander in chief, 
267, 280; drives British from Boston, 276; 
in New York, 280; in Long Island, 282; at 
White Plains, 284; retreat through New 
Jersey, 286 ; at Trenton, 287, 288 ; at Prince- 
ton, 289 ; at Brandywine and Germantown, 
298, 299; at Valley Forge, 300; at Mon- 
mouth, 304 ; at Stony Point, 312 ; at Morris- 
town, 317; at Cowpens, 339 ; at Yorktown, 
345; proposed as king, 347; dissolves the 
army, and retires, 348 ; president of Consti- 
tutional Convention, 355, 356; elected Pres- 
ident, 358 : inauguration of, 359 ; biography, 
372 ; cabinet, 372 ; selects site of capital, 377 ; 



maintains neutral position toward France, 
378 : death of, 393 ; monument to, 393, 666. 
Washington (State) admitted, 684, p. 419. 
Washington, treaty of, 488, 632. 
Watauga Settlement, 322, 325, 330, 331. 
Watertown, Mass., settled, 108. 
Watson, T. E. , 701. 
Wayne, Fort, 220, 380. 
Wayne, Gen., 299, 312, 380, 381. 
Weathcrsford, 425. 

Weaver, J. B., nominated for President, 694. 
Webster, Daniel, 453, 455, 478, 505. 
Wesley, Charles, 198. 
Wesley, John, 198. 
Western lands, 351. 
West Jersey settled, 131, 147. 
West Point betrayed by Arnold, 323, 324. 
West Virginia, setded, 220, p. 419 ; engage- 
ments in, during civil war, 539; separates 
from Virginia, 539 ; admitted, 616, p. 419 

Wethersfieid, Conn., settled, 113. 

Weymouth, George, 63, p. 62. 

Wheeler, W. A., elected Vice-President, 646. 

Whig party, 445, 516. 

Whisky insurrection, 379. 

White, John, 59, p. 62. 

White Plains, battle of, 284, p. 231. 

Whitney, F'-" S8. 

Wilderness, ale of the, 594. 

Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 469, 544. 

William and Mary College, loi, 365. 

William Henry, Fort, 228, 230. 

Williams, Roger, no, in, n2, 114. 

Williamsburg, Va., loi. 

Wilmington, Del., settled, 138, 180, p. 127. 

Wilmot Proviso, 491. 

Wilson Bill, 697. 

Wilson, Henry, elected Vice-President, 635. 

Wilson, James, in Supreme Court, 372. 

Windsor, Conn., settled, 113, p. 127. 

Wingfield, Edward, 80, 81. 

Winthrop, John, 108. 

Wirt, William, attorney-general, 435 ; presi- 
dential candidate, 464. 

Wisconsin, Joliet and Marquettein, 72; formed 
from Northwest Territory, 361 ; admitted, 
498, p. 419. 

Witchcraft, Salem, 124. 

Wolfe captures Louisburg, 227; takes Quebec, 

232. 233- , , 
Woolman, John, 150. 
Worid's Fair, London, 507; Chicago, 693. 
Writs of Assistance, 240. 
Wyoming (Penn.) massacre, 306, p. 231, 
Wyoming admitted, 684, p. 419. 



Yale College established, 125. 
Yellow-fever epidemic of 1878, 652. 
Yemassee, Indians, 17S, 187. 
York, Duke of, 143, 147, 153- 
Yorktown, surrender of, 345, p. 231 ; Centen- 
nial, 659. 
Young, Brigham, 468. 



Zinzendorf, Count, 146. 



»« 68 






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